ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The real spirit of achieving a goal is through the way of excellence and lustrous discipline. I
would have

never succeeded in completing my task without the cooperation encouragement and help
provided to me by various personalities.

I would like to take this opportunity to express my heartfelt thanks to my guide Prof.
[Link] for his esteemed guidance and encouragement, especially through difficult
[Link] suggestions broaden my vision and guided me to succeed in this work. I am also very
grateful for his guidance and comments while studying part of my seminar and learnt many
things under his leadership.

I extend my thanks to Prof. P.O. Modani, Head of Civil Engineering Department, Pankaj
Laddhad Institute of Technology & Management Studies, Buldana for their valuable support
that made me consistent performer.

I also extend my thanks to Dr. P. M. Jawandhiya, Principal, Pankaj Laddhad Institute of

Technology & Management Studies, Buldana for their valuable support.

Also, I would like to thanks to all teaching and non-teaching staff for their encouragement,
Cooperation and help. My greatest thanks are to all who wished me success especially my
parents, my friends whose support and care makes me stay on earth.

ii
 ABSTRACT

Wastewater and ground water treatment are mostly using Polyaluminum Chloride (PAC), a
synthetic coagulant, which possess health risk and require expensive cost. This research was
carried out to observe the effect of Moringa oleifera seed as natural coagulant to replace
synthetic coagulant. M. oleifera reduced 98.6% turbidity of wastewater, 10.8 % of its
conductivity, 11.7% of its BOD and removed its metal contents (Cd, Cr, Mn). When applied to
ground water, M. oleifera removed the turbidity of ground water as much as 97.5%, while
reduced the conductivity and BOD of ground water 53.4 % and 18%, respectively. The use of M.
oleifera also reduced total number of coliform. The advantage of using M. oleifera is that it does
not reduce pH as PAC, hence does not require further treatment to adjust pH of the treated water.

Supply of clean drinking water is still a major problem in most developing countries especially
in rural areas. Although many water purification methods exist, they are far beyond the reach of
common people because of unaffordable cost or lack of technical how-how for operation. A new
simple and cost-effective method for purification of river water for use by rural communities has
been developed and tested. It involves use of moringa seed powder as a natural coagulant and
flocculent to clarify turbid water and copper as an antibacterial agent to destroy pathogens like E.
coli to produce clean drinking water. Raw water samples from nearby rivers were collected in
glass beakers and moringa seed powder was prepared from locally obtained seeds. Seed powder
was mixed with water and copper wire mesh was immersed in it. After about 4 h the supernatant
was decanted through a closely woven cotton cloth and tested for turbidity and E. coli counts.
Turbidity level was in the range 3 NTU–5 NTU and E. coli count was Non- Detected (N.D) in all
treated samples, which were within the accepted levels for drinking water. The technique is
reproducible, cost effective and capable of producing clean drinking water for domestic use,
without any power source or technical assistance. It can be practiced with little effort in rural
community households. Being a Point–of–Use (PoU) method, it is exceptionally useful in
providing drinking water as an immediate solution in disaster areas affected by cyclone or
floods.

Keywords: Moringa oleifera, extracts, adsorbent, dewatering agent, coagulant, disinfection

iii
 LIST OF CONTENTS

Sr. No. Chapter Name Page

No.
CERTIFICATE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i
ABSTRACT ii
LIST OF FIGURES iii
LIST OF TABLE iv
iv
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 General 1
1.2 Objectives 3
2. LITERATURE REVIEW 4
2.1 General
2.2 Literature Review
3. METHODOLOGY 9
3.1 Sample Collection 9
3.2 Materials and equipment 10
4. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS 12
4.1 The effect coagulant addition to water temperature 13
4.2. The effect of the use of M. oleifera to water turbidity 13
4.3. The effect of M. oleifera usage to water pH 14
4.4. The Effect of M. oleifera Usage on Conductivity 15
4.5. The Effect of M. oleifera Usage in Metal Level 16
[Link] Effect M. oleifera usage on Total Coliform 17
4.7. The Effect of M. oleifera Usage on Dissolved Oxygen 19
[Link] Discussion 20
4.9 Limitations of Using Moringa in Water Purification 21
5. CONCLUSION 23
REFERENCES 24
 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig List of Figure Page No.

No.
3.1 Figure of Raw Sample of Water 9
3.2 Figure of Sample After Jar test 10
3.3 Figure of Flowchart 11
4.4 Figure of Raw Sample and Treated Sample of Water 20

LIST OF TABLES

Table Name of the Table Page No.

No.
4.1. Effect of coagulant addition to the tested parameters of the sample 12

4.2. The effect of coagulant addition on the metal level 16

4.3. The effect coagulant addition on total coliform, DO and BOD of 19

Wastewater and ground water.

iv
 Coagulation By Using Agro Waste

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1Genral

Water is an important resource for life. Entire living organisms on earth need water for life.
However, water can be problematic if it is not available in the right conditions. Water is used by
human for various purposes, therefore the cleanliness of water consumed is very important since
water is known to affect the health. Today, the quality of water becomes a major problem that
needs serious attention. Good quality water has become an expensive item, because many water
sources has been polluted by waste coming from the various human activities. This leads to
declining quantity of water sources that could not meet the ever growing need.
In the provision of clean drinking water, besides the quantity and continuity, the quality must
meet the applied standards. The ideal water should have some characteristics such as clear,
colorless, tasteless, odorless, phatogen-free, harmful chemical-free and non-corrosive. Water is
also expected not to leave sediment in all distribution organs. This standard was set to prevent
the occurrence and the spread of waterborne diseases.
To achieve this standard, there is one common technique applied in water treatment process,
which is coagulation-flocculation. Coagulation is the process of coagulating colloidal particles
due to the addition of synthetic materials to neutralize charged particles thus forming a
precipitate due to the force of gravity. Coagulant can be synthetic materials such as ferrous
sulfate (Fe(SO4)), aluminum sulfate or alum Al2(SO4)3, and Poly Aluminum Chloride (PAC)
Al2(OH)3( Cl3)10.

Coagulation is one of the most common ways to reduce the pollutant contents in the water
body that are present as turbidity, color and organic matters. Coagulation is also used to reduce
the metal ion content in water. Separation of these colloids can be done by the addition of
synthetic coagulan or biocoagulant followed by slow agitation (flocculation) that causes
coagulation of colloidal particles so they can be separated by sedimentation .

The common methods of water purification using synthetic materials such as aluminum
sulfate(alum) and calcium hypochlorite are not efficient, because these materials are imported
and thus make the water cost becomes relatively expensive in most economically developed

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countries and is not affordable for most rural population. Therefore, some people try to get the
water source from dams, mining, small streams, rivers, and lakes. Water from these sources is
usually turbid and contaminated with microorganisms that may cause various diseases.

Several findings from previous research in Postnote (2002) demonstrated the use of synthetic
materials for water purification can be severely hazardous to health if something goes wrong in
their treatment during processing. The report considered the high level of aluminum in the brain
is a risk factor causing Alzheimer's disease. Other studies have raised doubt about the feasibility
of inserting aluminum into the environment by the use of aluminum sulfate as a coagulant
continuously in the water treatment process. However, Davis (2006) found no conclusive
evidence about the correlation between aluminum and Alzheimer's disease .

Besides synthetic chemicals, there are natural ingredients that can be derived from tropical plants
which can be used as coagulants, including moringa seeds (Moringa oleifera). The use of natural
ingredients from local indigenous plants to clear muddy water is not a new idea . From existing
reports, there were allegations that the powder of Moringa seeds has antimicrobial properties.
Previous research found that Moringa is not toxic and recommended for use as a coagulant in
developing countries. Various studies have been conducted and showed that moringa seeds are
effective as biocoagulant to improve physico-chemical properties of contaminated water. M.
oleifera functions as coagulant trough adsorption and neutralization mechanisms. Moringa
oleifera is potential as organic pollutant absorber in simulation solution . M. oleifera is reported
able to eliminate the turbidity and dissolved organic matters of river water . Damayanti et al.
(2011) made a membrane consisted of M. oleifera, PAC and zeolite for palm oil effluent
treatment .

Indonesia is rich in biodiversity, and moringa tree can grow well, easy to find and easy to
cultivate in various regions. Therefore it is not difficult to use Moringa seeds as a natural
coagulant or biocoagulant for water clarifying process. The use of natural coagulants in water
treatment process is expected to provide more advantages than the use of synthetic materials
because they are natural and reported as safe to be consumed. The cost of using natural
coagulants will be less expensive than that of alum. Effectiveness of natural coagulant for water
purification will be tested also in the wastewater treatment process. Therefore, research should
be conducted to find out the effectiveness of moringa seed in improving water quality. Water

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quality parameters that need to be investigated are including turbidity, electrical conductivity, pH
and temperature, metal absorbing capability, and ability to decrease microbial content.

1.2 Objectives

 To provide water safe for drinking .

 To remove impurities and bacteria from water .

 To clarify turbid water and heavy metals .

 To enhance the removal of contaminants in coagulation such as functionalization

nanoparticles .

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 General

Generally, water purifiers are made using sand, coarse aggregate, etc. But eventually we will
require another source for the purpose of filtration of water. Also, the source should not be
harmful to human health. So, many researchers studied about the various other materials which
can be used for purification of the water. Over the years, in order to purify water at cheap cost,
studies were made and many are ongoing. As a result, there are much research made based on
using different materials for the purification of water. Some were based on application of
cheaper materials and waste materials like waste from construction, agriculture, and other
sectors.

2.2 Literature Review

[1] SM Mangale, SG Chonde, [Link] (2018), The high cost of treated water makes most people
in the rural communities to resort to readily available water sources which are normally of low
quality exposing them to waterborne diseases. The present study was carried out to confirm the
effectiveness of seed powder extracted from mature-dried Moringa oleifera seeds which are
commonly available in most rural communities. The main objective of this work is to evaluate
the antimicrobial activity and efficiency of a natural absorbent from Moringa oleifera seeds in
treating river water. During this study, surface water samples were collected for treatment by
Moringa seeds in powdered form, resulting in an effective natural clarification agent for highly
turbid and untreated pathogenic water. Various doses of Moringa seed powder viz. 50, 100 and
150 mg/l were taken and checked for the efficiency dose on raw water.

[2] Fayos, B. G., J. M. Arnal, G. Verdú, I. Rodrigo, [Link] (2010) , Ground water is fresh water
located in the core space of soil and rocks. Wells and springs constitute groundwater supplies.
Present study deals with the suitability of the coagulation-flocculation process using Moringa
oleifera seeds as natural absorbent and environmentally friendly antimicrobial agent for
purification of ground water for drinking purpose. In present study various doses of Moringa
oleifera seed powder like 50, 100 and 150 mg/l were taken and checked for the efficiency dose

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on raw groundwater. After treatment of water samples with Moringa oleifera seed powder were
analyzed for different parameter like pH, turbidity, TDS, TS, hardness, chlorides, alkalinity,
acidity, MPN and SPC. All parameters were reduced with increased dose of Moringa oleifera
seed powder except alkalinity and pH. Application of this low cost Moringa oleifera seeds is
recommended for eco-friendly, nontoxic, simplified water treatment where rural and peri-urban
people living in extreme poverty are presently drinking highly turbid and microbiologically
contaminated water.

[3] Jennifer Adline, Anchana Devi, [Link] (2012), Moringaoleifera is commonly known as
“Drumstick”. It is the most popular tropical crop. All its parts were used especially for their
pharmacological, nutritional and water purification properties. The seeds of Moringa tree is used
as a natural flocculant which is considered to be a natural alternative in purification of water. The
pure cultures of bacterial strains were isolated from various sources. The isolated organisms were
characterized by biochemical tests. The organisms were sub cultured in nutrient broth for further
use. Moringaoleifera leaves were collected fresh and air dried. The leaves were grounded into
fine powder. The leaves were soaked in three different solvents such as water, ethanol and
chloroform, kept overnight and filtered out using whatmann filter paper no. 2. The
phytochemical analysis were carried out. Antimicrobial assay were done with aqueous, ethanol,
chloroform extract at different concentrations. The zone of inhibition were observed and
tabulated.

[4] IM Aho, JE Lagasi, [Link] (2012), Moringa seed (Zogale in Hausa) is applied as coagulant in
place of Aluminium Sulphate (Alum) used in conventional treatment plants. Design and
construction of a water treatment system based on average water demand for drinking of 25 litres
per person per day is undertaken. Components of the system include a coagulant tank. Hand
mixer, Sedimentation and Filtration tanks of diameters 0.690 m, 0.230 m, 0.391 m and 0.44 m
respectively. Jar test analysis for Well, Borehole and surface water samples revealed that
between 120,000-3000, 000mg/L of Moringa seed powder is adequate enough to reduce the
turbidity of Well and Borehole water samples to between 0–3 NTU, which satisfies WHO
standards for portable water. The research is viewed as revolutionary for small household
applications, particularly in rural areas, where water purification is absent and moringa widely
consumed.

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[5] Amanpreet Kaur Virk, Chandresh Kumari, [Link] (2019), The purpose of this study was to
develop a water purification kit using seeds of Moringa Oleifera (MO). For this purpose, aqueous
extract of MO seeds was investigated for antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacterial
strains viz. Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella
typhi and MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus). It was determined that
100 mg/mL of extract of MO seeds was effective against these 26.0 ± 0.707 mm against S.
aureus, 26.75 ± 0 mm against S. typhi, 29.75 ± 0.707 mm against P. aeruginosa and
25.5 ± 0.707 mm against MRSA. MIC (Minimum inhibitory concentration) of 12.5 ± 0 mg/mL
against E. coli and 6.25 ± 0 mg/mL against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, S. typhi, and MRSA was
obtained.

[6] PM Lar, EE Ojile, E Dashe, JN Oluoma, [Link] (2011), The antibacterial activity of aqueous
and ethanolic extracts of Moringa oleifera (Zogale) seed was examined against some Gram
negati ve bacteria (Escherichia coli, Shigella flexneri and Salmonella typhi). The concentration
of the extracts used was between 5Omg/ml and 400mg/ml. The results evaluated by zones of
inhibition showed that the ethanolic extract at 400mg/ml, 200mg/ml and 100mg/ml were
inhibitory to both ShigeLLa ilexneri and Escherichia coLi while Salmonella typhi was not
susceptible to the extract. The aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera seeds at the various
concentrations tested was inactive against the tested organisms. The minimum inhibitory
concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were lOOmg/ml for the
two organisms. The results of this study confirms the efficacy of Moringa seeds against diarrheal
agents, [Link] and Sh. flexneri, and extends the scope of use of Moringa seeds as a water purifier

[7] Shweta Chauhan, [Link] (2015) , conducted a study on “Purification Of Drinking Water With
The Application Of Natural Extracts” This work has been carried out to improve the quality of
drinking water of municipal supply of Thatipur,Gwalior (M. P.) region with the application of
plant extracts of Moringa oleifera, Arachis hypogaea (peanuts), Vigna unguiculata (cowpeas),
Vigna mungo (urad) and Zea mays (corn silk). During this work, examination of treated and
untreated sample water for heavy metals and microbial counts was analysed. The result shows
the significant decreased, up to 92% in the reduction of microbial counts. Treatment with these
natural extracts also helped in the coagulation of the heavy metals like lead, copper, nickel etc.
present in treated water samples. It has been examined that seeds and leaves extracts were also

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more effective in clearing and in sedimentation of suspended organic and inorganic matter
present in water samples. In control water samples, total bacterial count (TBC) was found to be
more than 1000 cfu/ml but the total bacterial count in the treated samples was reduced to 10
cfu/ml. 95% of heavy metals were also removed in treated samples. This work evaluates the use
of plants, which are an economical andeco - friendly. Preparation of plant extracts (seeds and
leaves) of Moringa oleifera, Arachis hypogaea (peanuts), Vigna unguiculata (cowpeas), Vigna
mungo (urad) and Zea mays (corn silk). Firstly, leaves and seeds were collected from V.R.G
college garden, then after drying them fine powder was obtained with the help of grinder, then
extracts were collected. Application of plants extracts (seeds and leaves) were applied in water
sample. Treatment A was named Control (water sample without any treatment) and Treatment B
was Combine plant extracts (seeds and leaves) of Moringa oleifera, Arachis hypogaea (peanuts),
Vinga unguiculata (cowpeas), Vigna mungo (urad) and Zea mays (corn) at the concentration of
0.01%, 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% were added in 100 ml of each water sample. This work concluded
that application of combine seeds and leaves plant extracts can be highly recommended for
domestic drinking water for purification and this technique can be applied for water purification
in developing countries, where people are used to drink contaminated turbid water. It will also
improve both health and wealth. This technology will encourage small - scale enterprises to be
established in the rural area

[8] Abiyu et al. (2018), Water is an important natural resource for human life. Increased
population, economic development, and industrialization have resulted in not only increased
freshwater consumption but also significant mismanagement of this natural resource. The
researchers show that progress in the population's way of life in terms of production and
consumption has resulted in an exponential increase in household waste. Effluents from various
sources reduce the consistency of natural and surface water by flowing and discharging into the
rivers because of the harmful and undesirable chemical compounds that are found in them and
are therefore a significant cause of water contamination. The most harmful of these sewage
materials in the oxidizing process, possessing water degradation, oxygen, resulting in increased
chemical oxygen demand in one of the water contents. discussed, the lack of safe drinking water
is a major source of death and disease around the world. Today, environmental engineers'

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primary concern is how to reduce the cost of coagulants and flocculants and improve the
characteristics of the generated sludge for safe use.

[9] Damayanti, a, Ujang, Z., & Salim, M. R., [Link] (2011), The study's needs are: aluminum
causes chronic effects. Long-term aluminum exposure can cause brain and bone effects.
Aluminum, once allowed to penetrate the bloodstream, is a neurotoxic agent. The sludge
generated after treatment is voluminous and not biodegradable and therefore poses problems
with disposal, which leads to increased treatment costs. The cost of these chemicals for imported
chemicals has increased at an alarming rate for foreign exchange problems in developing
countries. Most of the study was focused on the use of Moringa oleifera to remove turbidity from
wastewater. In addition, determining the efficiency of natural coagulants at different wastewater
characteristics is very crucial. Therefore, this experiment was designed to remove pollutants
from wastewater using natural coagulants at different pH ranges. The specific work of this study
was evaluating the performance of Moringa seed powder for removing pollutants (color,
turbidity, and COD) from wastewater. The study also sought to explore protocols for assessing
the potency of main water treatment by evaluating the ability of its seed powder to remove
turbidity, color, and COD. It also allows estimation of the optimum amount of Moringa seed
extract that should be used minimized residues in treated water. The study also used methods
from the response surface to optimize the operating parameters.

[10] Sharma et al., (2006), According to the seed’s ability to remove heavy metals were
investigated using Fourier Transform Intrared (FTIR) spectrometry that highlighted an amino
acids-metal bonding interactions responsible for the sorption phenomenon. Munirat Abolore
Idris et al. Metals removed from water by using Moringa oleifera seed include arsenic, cadmium,
zinc, nickel. Moringa oleifera seed has been shown to remove arsenic from water according to
study carried out by in the research, sorption studies in the batch experiment showed that the
optimum condition for the removal of arsenic and arsenic was 60.21% and 85.06% respectively.
For cadmium removal, 85.10% removal was achieved, for the removal of nickel, 90% removal
was achieved . Selected revelant literature on the use of Moringa oleifera as an adsorbent for the
removal of heavy metals and organic concominants . The role of moringa oleifera seed in the
removal of heavy metal as well as organic pollulant from water cannot be over emphasized.

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CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1. Sample Collection

Wastewater samples were taken from a textile industry in Karawang. Wastewater sampling was
conducted in March, April and May 20, where the company is in normal production period.
Wastewater samples were taken from the equalization basin. Groundwater samples were taken
from a well in Pamulang. Analysis was conducted at the Research Laboratory, Center for
Integrated Laboratory, SyarifHidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta.

Fig 3.1: Photograph of Raw sample of Water

3.2. Materials and equipment

Materials used in this study were the test substance (sample) and chemicals. Wastewater test
material was taken from a textile industry in Karawang and ground water was taken from the

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Pamulang, Moringa oleifera seeds were taken in March 20, in Pasawahan, Purwakarta. The
chemicals used were Poly Aluminum Chloride (PAC) brand Kuriflock concentration of 100
mg/L, Single Strength Lactose Broth (Merck), Double Strength Lactose Broth (Merck), oxygen-
alkali iodide azide reagent Sodium Iodide (NaI) as an oxidant, sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3)
0.025 N (Merck), sulfuric acid (H2SO4) 6 N (Merck), manganese sulfate (MnSO4) 4 M (Merck),
and starch indicator.

The instruments used were pH meter (Myron L ARH1), digital thermometer, portable
conductometer (Myron L ARH1), portable turbidity meter (HANNA Instrument), Atomic
Adsorption Spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer), magnetic stirrer (Cymarec*2), cuvet, durham
tube and glasswares.

Fig 3.2: Photograph of Sample After Jar Test

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Fig 3.3: Flowchart

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CHAPTER 4

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS

In the wastewater and groundwater treatment process using M. oleifera as coagulant, the
optimum dose required to treat the wastewater and ground water is different. This can be seen in
Table 1, a dose of 100 mg/L gave the best result for the wastewater as the treated water showed
the lowest value of turbidity, closest pH value to 7, and the lowest value of conductivity. While
the ground water needed 80 mg/L of coagulant. This showed that the optimum dose of M.
oleifera as coagulant was influenced by the level of the initial turbidity of the water to be
processed. The optimum dose to treat water with initial turbidity around 300 FTU (wastewater)
is 100 mg/L or higher. The lower the initial turbidity, the lower the optimum dose. Excessive
coagulant addition will not cause turbidity to disappear until the lower limit. Determination of
optimum dose can be done by the lab-scale Jar Test method.

Table 4.1. Effect of coagulant addition to the tested parameters of the sample

Waste Ground
water water
Contro
Tested PAC [Link] PAC [Link]
Control
parameter a (100mg/ era
100mg/L 100mg/L
(100 L
80mg/L 80mg/L
mg/L

Temprature(
28.27 28.63 28.66 28.83 28.40 28.90 28.90 29.00
C)

6.75
5.44
32.19 4.913 21.68 6
97.5%
(97.9%
Turbidity 85.79 49.92
(89.6%R (98.6%re 89.4%re 97.4%
reducti
eduction) Reduction duction duction reduction
on
)

pH 5.10 4.83 5.67 6.20 6.96 5.21 7.38 7.42

219
1004.65
Conductivity 1109.70 1906.30 1052.50 227 238.70 (53.4% 216.35
(10.8%re
reducti
duction)
on)

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4.1 The Effect Coagulant Addition To Water Temperature

The addition of powdered moringa seed (M. oleifera) and the PAC as a coagulant in wastewater
treatment processes and water purification did not significantly affect the temperature. The initial
temperature of the wastewater samples was 28.27 °C and the highest temperature after the
addition of coagulant was 29 oC. While the initial temperature of ground water sample was
28.40 °C and the highest temperature after coagulant addition was 29.00 oC. The use of
coagulant in water treatment process did not drastically change the temperature. Temperature of
each sample was still in the normal temperature range for water.

4.2. The Effect of the Use of M. oleifera to Water Turbidity

Table 4.1 shows that the optimum concentration of M. oleifera coagulant to reduce wastewater
turbidity was 100 mg/L, while the ground water only need 80 mg/L of Moringa oleifera, which
reduced 97.9% and 97.5% turbidity, respectively. M. oleifera coagulant has better coagulation
capability to reduce water turbidity compared with PAC at concentration of 100 mg/L that was
able to reduce turbidity by 89.6% in wastewater and 89.4% in ground water.

The highest turbidity value in wastewater after coagulation process using M. oleifera was 6.75
FTU and the lowest turbidity value was 4.913 FTU. Meanwhile, the highest turbidity value in
ground water after coagulation process using M. oleifera was 5.44 FTU and the lowest was 6
FTU. When M. oleifera concentration exceeded the optimum dosage, turbidity raised up because
all colloids have been neutralized and precipitated with an optimum dosage, so the excess
coagulants will cause turbidity in water as they did not interact with oppositely charged colloidal
particles.

Turbidity in the water is caused by suspended solids, both organic and inorganic substances.
Inorganic substances include crack of rock, sand, mud, and dissolved metals. Organic matters
originating from domestic and industrial waste could serve as good environment for bacteria to
grow. Besides microorganisms, algae and plankton can also cause cloudiness in the water.

When the coagulant was added to the sample and followed by rapid stirring, the resulting
cationic protein from M. oleifera was distributed to all parts of the liquid and then interacted with
the negatively charged particles that caused dispersed turbidity. Such interactions disturb the

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force that stabilize the particles, so that it can bind to small particulates to form precipitate. This
process is called ISS-CNS IOP Publishing IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science
coagulation. An additional advantage in this case is, that all the mud that comes from grain
coagulation M. oleifera is biodegradable and is an organic material. Unlike alum, coagulation
activity is strongly influenced by the natural alkalinity of the water itself. So it is necessary to
add material, such as lime, to increase alkalinity or pH of the water that will be coagulated using
alum. As a result, the sludge that is produced through this process has a larger volume than the
one produced by the coagulant M. oleifera seeds.

4.3. The effect of M. oleifera usage to water pH

The degree of acidity (pH) is one of the most important factors affecting the coagulation process.
When the coagulation process is not carried out at optimum pH range, it could lead to failure of
the floc formation and poor quality of water produced. The optimum pH for each coagulant is
different. Specific coagulant will not work optimally in more acidic or more alkaline
environment than the optimum pH value. Based on the analysis, the optimum pH obtained using
M. oleifera biocoagulant is at pH 6-8. At this value, amino acids ionize to produce carboxylate
ion and proton, proton charge attracts electrons (colloids) to form neutral group and then produce
floc .

Recommended pH range for water by WHO (2006) is between 6.0 and 8.0 [11]. The treatment
was performed in the range of 4.83 to 7.42 which increased by increasing the coagulant dosage.
The pH of 100 mL of distilled water increased from 7.6 to 8.28 mg after the addition of M.
oleifera powder. This can be explained by the fact that the solution becomes more alkaline due to
the ability of M. oleifera as a coagulant lies in the presence of cationic water-soluble protein
found in its skin and seeds. This causes the acceptance of protons in water by the alkaline amino
acids present in M. oleifera protein that results in the release of hydroxyl groups which make the
solution becomes alkaline .

In the sample that used the PAC as coagulant, the pH will be more acidic with the addition of
coagulant dosage. During water treatment process, alum produces acid which in turn lower the
pH. Increased acidity may occur due to the aluminum trivalent cation that act as Lewis acid and
accept lone electron pairs [4] In the synthetic coagulant (PAC), a decrease of pH was caused by

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the presence of free hydrogen ions (H+ ) generated from the hydrolysis reaction, which is when
the coagulant reacts with water. Generally, the higher the amount of coagulant, the higher the
decrease of pH.

4.4. The Effect of M. oleifera Usage on Conductivity

Conductivity in water is vary widely. The solubility of minerals in different geographic regions
also varies. There is no standard value but high level of conductivity is not allowed in drinking
water for consumers [12]. Table 1 shows that the optimum dosage of M. oleifera to decrease
conductivity was at 100 mg/L. At this concentration, M. oleifera reduced 10.8% conductivity of
wastewater and 53% conductivity of ground water. Compared with the initial conductivity, the
addition of a coagulant in wastewater and ground water made the conductivity value down to
1109.70 μS/cm and 227 μS/cm, respectively. The decline of conductivity value was affected by
the initial conductivity value. Initial low conductivity value decline larger than the higher initial
conductivity value. However, the excess use of M. oleifera beyond optimum dosage made
conductivity value rise again due to the presence of unbound ions.

Table 1 shows increasing conductivity value with the addition of coagulant PAC, from 1109.7
μS/cm to 1906.3 μS/cm. Whereas initial conductivity in the control of ground water was 227
μS/cm and after the addition of PAC was 238.6 μS/cm. High conductivity value was determined
by the presence of mineral ions and dissolved inorganic compounds. The addition of coagulant
M. oleifera may result in the dispersion of some mineral ions and inorganic compounds into a
floc which will then be precipitated and separated from the solution. This caused the reduction of
electrical conductivity.

The addition of coagulant PAC increased the conductivity of water due to the reaction of water
with acidic or alkaline metals. Water can also react with salt which will cause the rise of
conductivity value. Another reason is the inorganic compounds that dissociate in water, which
contribute to water’s ability to conduct very large electric current. Conductivity or electrical
conductivity of water depends on the concentration of ions in water. moringa seeds give little
effect on the degree of acidity and conductivity. M. oleifera seed solution reacted as positively
charged natural polymer coagulant.

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4.5. The Effect of M. oleifera Usage in Metal Level

environment. One of them is coagulation process. The observed metals in this study were Cd, Cr,
and Mn. Cd and Cr metals components of dying agents used in textile industries, while Mn are
found in the groundwater. There have been many efforts conducted by scientists to reduce the
concentration of dissolved metals in the Determination of metal content in this study was carried
out by using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. The result can be seen in Table 2.

Table 4.2. The effect of coagulant addition on the metal level

Wastewater Groundwater

Tested
Parameter
Control PAC [Link] Control PAC [Link]

100 80mg/L 100 100 mg/L 80 mg/L 100

mg/L mg/L mg/L

Mn(mg/L) 6 0.092 - - 0.594 0.265 - -

Cd(mg/L) 6 0.024 - - - - - -

Cr(mg/L) 6 - - - - - - -

Tabe 4.2 shows that the addition of coagulants can reduce the level of metals in wastewater
significantly. The addition of M. oleifera coagulant decreased the Cd metal content from 6 ppm
to undetectable, whereas PAC coagulant decreased the Cd content from 6 ppm to 0.024 ppm
(99% reduction). Cr content was decreased from 6 ppm to undetectable with the addition of
Moringa oleifera and PAC. The addition of Moringa oleifera lowered the Mn content from 6
ppm to undetectable, whereas the addition of PAC lowered the Mn content from 6 ppm to 0.092
ppm (98% reduction). The presence of dissolved Cd and Cr metals was not detected in tested
ground water. Dissolved Mn amount in ground water is 0.594 mg/L. After the addition of M.
oleifera coagulant, it became undetectable. Meanwhile, Mn level decreased to 0.265 after the
addition of PAC (55.4% reduction).

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This study proved that the coagulant may reduce level of metals in the wastewater. This could be
due to the addition of a coagulant that will form flocs and pull those metals into the flocs.
Chemical wastewater treatment is usually performed to remove particles that are not easily
precipitated (colloidal), including heavy metals. With the addition of coagulant, removal of such
materials in principle takes place through changes in the properties of these materials, which can
be precipitated from not easily deposited (coagulation-flocculation), either with or without
oxidation-reduction reactions, and also takes place as a result of the oxidation reaction.
Decreased levels of these metals may also occur because of Moringa amphoteric protein binds to
the oppositely charged metal ionsbinding compounds, which causes the metal ions to precipitate.
Alkaline pH generated by the addition of Moringa also allows the positively charged metal ions
to precipitate as insoluble metal hydroxides due to the release of OH groups of M. oleifera. This
is supported by the fact that in the treatment without coagulant, to precipitate the metal is done
by applying a solution of alkali (eg. lime) to form hydroxide precipitate of the metals.
Precipitated metal will be more stable if the pH of water is above 10.5. This of course is not
effective in the treatment of wastewater and ground water because it will require additional
process to lower the pH value.

[Link] Effect M. oleifera usage on Total Coliform

More than 80% of diseases in tropical areas are caused by the use of unclean water. The
presence of coliform in surface water, such as ground water, comes from poor sanitation, while
the presence of microbes in the wastewater comes from biological treatment of wastewater
treatment processes. This process involves decomposing bacteria to decompose organic
compounds in wastewater. The use of water for consumption without prior treatment can cause
serious illness that spread through the water (serious water-borne disease).

Processing the water by coagulation using M. oleifera as natural coagulant showed that the
treatment with M. oleifera provided additional advantage of reduced total microbes (Table 4.3).
M. oleifera treatment reduced e-coli values by 80% in wastewater treatment. While the use of M.
oleifera in ground water treatment reduced microbial content by 45%.

With proper mixing, the moving particles will enlarge and form flocs that tend to fall to the
bottom of the vessel due to gravity. This confirms the effectiveness of Moringa as coagulant for

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the purification of dirty water. Furthermore, the decrease in total coliform number was also
affected by alkaline condition generated by Moringa. Most microorganisms grow well at pH 6.0-
8.0, but some of them can grow well at pH 3 (acidophiles) and at pH 10.5 (alkaliphiles).
Coliform bacteria are facultative anaerobic microorganisms that can grow in aerobic
environments and in fermentation condition that produces lactic acid. Therefore these bacteria
can still grow at low pH environment, coliform bacteria can still grow, but they can not survive
alkaline pH 14. The addition of Moringa as caogulant affect the increase in pH which in turn stop
them from growing..

M. oleifera seeds also have bactericidal activity, which have been proved by Oluduro and
Aderiye (2007) in their research. Bacterial species S. faecalis and P. aerugenosa which were
cultured in water, stop growing back after M. oleifera seeds were added. When the seeds of M.
oleifera are crushed and dissolved into the water, protein produces a positive charge that acts like
a magnet and attracts dominant negatively charged particles such as clay, silk, and other toxic
particles. This is in accordance with the invention of Schwarz (2000) that the flocculation
process removes about 90-99% of bacteria that are usually attached to solid particles, so the
bacteria will be aggregated together to form flocs and can be removed from the water .This
suggests that bacteria in water were not only inactivated in a dormant state, but also were killed.
M. oleifera removes both gram negative and gram positive bacteria .

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Table 4.3. The effect coagulant addition on total coliform, DO and BOD of Wastewater and
ground water.

Wastewater Ground Water

Tested
Parameter Control PAC M. oleifera Control PAC M. oleifera
(100
(100 mg/L) 100 mg/L mg/L) 100 mg/L
Total Coliform 210 (80% 11 (45%
(MPN/100ml) >1100 1100 reduction) 28 20 reduction)
14
DO (mg/L) Control 12.4 11.2 10.8 10 8.4

BOD (mg/L) 6.8 6.3 6 6.4 6.2 5.2

[Link] Effect of M. oleifera Usage on Dissolved Oxygen

Contaminants in industrial wastewater of textiles consist of organic and inorganic materials that
are dissolved or dispersed in water and coarse solids, like the residue of the fiber and yarn.
Textile dyes from organic or inorganic compounds can also cause an increase in the BOD.

Solute removal originated from textile dyes in wastewater will reduce its BOD. Table 3 shows
that the addition of coagulant can affect the decline of dissolved oxygen in wastewater and
groundwater. The addition of 100 mg/L M. oleifera in control wasterwater reduced 20% DO
from 14 mg/L to 11.2 mg/L. The addition of PAC decreased the DO content by 11.5%. In
groundwater, M. oleifera lowered 22% DO value from 10.8 mg/L to 8.4 mg/L. PAC only
decreased 8% of DO value. The level of biological oxygen demand (BOD) also declined 11.7%
from 6.8 mg/L to 6 mg/L in the control wastewater after the addition of M. oleifera. Meanwhile,
PAC decreased the BOD level by 7%. The addition of M. oleifera as coagulant into ground water
decreased 18% of BOD level from 6.4 mg/L to 5.2 mg/L, whereas the addition of PAC was only
able to decrease the BOD level by 3%. The addition of coagulant decreased the DO level due to
the increase in inorganic (PAC) and organic (M. oleifera) substances which cause increased
oxygen needs to oxidize these substances.

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Fig 4.4: Photograph of Raw sample and Treated Sample of Water

[Link] Discussion

In the wastewater and groundwater treatment process using M. oleifera as coagulant, the
optimum dose required to treat the wastewater and ground water is different. This can be seen in
Table 1, a dose of 100 mg/L gave the best result for the wastewater as the treated water showed
the lowest value of turbidity, closest pH value to 7, and the lowest value of conductivity; while
the ground water needed 80 mg/L of coagulant. This showed that the optimum dose of M.
oleifera as coagulant was influenced by the level of the initial turbidity of the water to be
processed. The optimum dose to treat water with initial turbidity around 300 FTU (wastewater)
is 100 mg/L or higher. The lower the initial turbidity, the lower the optimum dose. Excessive
coagulant addition will not cause turbidity disappear until the lower limit. Determination of
optimum dose can be done by the lab-scale Jar Test method.

Compared with Indonesian regulation number KEP-51/MENLH/10/1995 on Standard Quality of

Liquid Waste for Industrial Activities, the result achieved by this research is safe to be use. The
standard quality for pH ranges from 6.0 to 9.0. The pH score after the addition of coagulant were
6.2 and 7.38. The standard quality of BOD is 60 mg/L, while the coagulation process gave 5.2
mg/L and 6.2 mg/L. Maximum levels of Cr, Cd, and Mn permitted in the industrial waste are 0.5

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mg/L, 2 mg/L, and 2 mg L, respectively, whereas the result of using M. oleifera treatment was
undetected.

Several scientific studies suggested that Moringa seeds could serve as coagulant because it
contains low molecular weight water soluble protein. Protein will be positively charged when
dissolved in water. Protein will act as positively charged synthetic materials and can be used as
synthetic polymer coagulant. Therefore, Moringa can be called as a coagulant. Since this
coagulant is derived from plants and without any synthetic process, it is also called natural
coagulant or biocoagulant. The most likely mechanism that occurs in the coagulation process is
the adsorption and neutralization of the voltage or adsorption and bonding between unstable
particles. It is difficult to determine which mechanism that occurs because both mechanisms may
occur simultaneously. But, the most common mechanisms of coagulation that involves Moringa
seeds are the adsorption and voltage neutralization. When Moringa seeds that have been
processed (powder) were poured into the dirty water, the protein in the seeds will bind the
negatively charged particulates that cause turbidity, such as clay, bacteria, dust, and others. Thus,
the particulates are collected and agglomerated into larger molecules, which will settle to the
bottom, then it will be easy to separate the water and contaminant.

4.9 Limitations of Using Moringa in Water Purification

The problem of using moringa seed for cleaning water is that it does not remove 100% water
pathogens; it only inhibits their growth. There are several reports on the decrease in E. coli count
on water treatment with moringa seeds and their extracts

While the leaves are perfectly safe, consuming large quantities of the bark or pulp may be
harmful. Moringa side effects may include: Lower blood pressure and slow heart rate because of
the alkaloids in the [Link] ability of Moringa oleifera to reduce turbidity of the water sample
is due to their coagulation capacity which involves adsorption and neutralization of the positive
charges colloidal that attracts in charged particles in the water.

Seeds from the Moringa tree have unique water purification properties. The seed extract can
separate unwanted particulates from water sedimenting impurities. They also have potential as
anti-microbial treatment – the unprocessed seed powder may sediment over 90% of the bacteria
from raw water.

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CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

i. Moringa oleifera was proven to be able to be used for textile wastewater treatment and
ii. purification of groundwater.
iii. M. oleifera can be used in the coagulation process because it has properties as a natural
coagulant.
iv. Our result suggested that M. oleifera is effective at the concentration of 80 to 100 mg/L as a
coagulant to treat wastewater from textile industry and ground water.
v. M. oleifera optimum coagulant dose is also influenced by the initial state of the sample to be
coagulated.
vi. The heavier the burden of pollution, the higher the optimum dose that is needed.
vii. The seeds and leaves extracts of plant moringa oleifera were significantly decreased the total
bacterial counts up to 90% .
viii. It also helped in the coagulation of the heavy metals like lead, copper, nickel [Link] in
the treated water [Link] has been examined that seeds and leaves extracts were also more
effective in clearing and in sedimentation of suspended organic and inorganic matter present
in water samples, 95% of heavy metals were also removed in treated samples.
ix. This work concluded that application of combine seeds and leaves plants extracts can be
highly recommended for domestic drinking water for purification and this technique can be
applied for water purification in developing countries, where people are used to drink
contaminated turbid water.
x. It will also improve the both health and wealth . this technology will encourage small-scale
enterprises to be established in the rural areas .
xi. It is environmentally safe method of water purification .

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