International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056

Volume: 02 Issue: 06 | Sep-2015 [Link] p-ISSN: 2395-0072

SOLAR POWERED REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION IN SINGLE-PHASE

OPERATION OF MICROGRID

B.Praveena1, S.Sravanthi2

1PG Scholar, Department of EEE, JNTU Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India

2 PG Scholar, Department of EEE, JNTU Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India

ABSTRACT: A new coordinated control of distributed to secure system reliability. Main measure among many is
generators and distributed static compensator the collaborated regulation of DGs and compensation
(DSTATCOM) is presented in this project. Microgrids are devices. Alleviation of power quality circumstances can be
combination of many renewable resources connected accomplished by keeping under systematic review and
together. The voltage limit may change due to the high recompense through power electronic devices in present
penetration of the renewable resources. So the reactive time microgrids [4]. High usage of DGs results in voltage
power control is not always possible to achieve with drop which is one among the contentious challenges in a
optimum location and three-phase supply. A microgrid and Voltage drop acceptable limit is 10% [5].
communication based single-phase control of Pressing case about power quality arises due to usage of
DSTATCOM is presented. The power flow in the line is multi micro-sources [6]. Problem of voltage regulation
also controlled in this project. The Power flow and prevails at feeders’ end which necessitates the improvised
voltage at different locations are communicated with collaboration of DGs with DSTATCOM to avoid the case of
the DSTATCOM to modulate the reactive compensation. voltage falling below the acceptable value. Voltage control
The single phase DSTATCOM compensates the reactive and load sharing are done by parallel DGs operations.
power deficiency in the phase when DG supplies the DSTATCOM equips entailed voltage support and power
maximum available active power. A primary control quality improvement. DSTATCOM is helpful in elimination
measures the DSTATCOM ensures the part of reactive of harmonics, provision of load balance, improvisation of
power in case of communication failure. The control supply power factor and load terminal voltage at point of
method is extended to test the system with real model of common coupling. Either in voltage control mode or
solar panel and results are discussed. current control mode DSTATCOM can be operated. For the
purpose of feedback signals in PI controllers DSTATCOM
Keywords: Distributed generators (DG), Photovoltaic (PV), dc bus voltage is used. DSTATCOM compels distribution
Distribution Static Compensator (DSTATCOM). bus voltage as sinusoids of balanced type in voltage control
mode where as in current control mode cancellation of
1. INTRODUCTION distortion due to loads can be done. Operation of DGs with
voltage control and to accomplish reactive power
Systematic coordinated control of DGs and DSTATCOM collaboration with DGs is worth having DSTATCOM in
done in single-phase operation of microgrid [1]. Microgrid voltage control. Every time with three-phase devices it is
formation involving Distributed generators benefits the not possible to result compensation of reactive power with
consumers and power utilities with local power generation feeders spread out apart by three-phase devices. Hence,
[2]. Distributed generation refers to power generation at with single phase devices it is reliable to accomplish
the point of consumption generating power on-site, rather reactive power compensation. DSTATCOM gives faster
than centrally, eliminates the cost, complexity, response independent of network impedance, modular,
interdependencies, inefficiencies associated with can be interfaced with real power sources, superior
transmission and distribution. Although feeders’ capacity performance compared to some other compensating
increased with the help of suitable DG, improvement of devices. Photovoltaic (PV) is the name of a method of
power quality or system reliability is not inevitable [3]. converting solar energy into direct current electricity
Assumption that DGs alone enhances the reliability of the using semiconducting materials that exhibit the
system cannot be done and further demand rises for effort photovoltaic effect, a phenomenon commonly studied in

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subjects physics, photochemistry and electrochemistry. TABLE II

Photovoltaic is a renewable resource of electricity which
uses the sunlight as a source of power generation which is CONVERTER AND CONTROLLER
advantageous to use compared to some other non-
renewable resources Photovoltaic array is the complete
No. of Converter in Phase A 4
power-generating unit consisting of any number of PV
modules and panels. Photovoltaic is helpful in electrical
energy production in a reliable and eco-friendly manner. No. of Converter in Phase B 3

No. of Converter in Phase C 3

Rated output power of Phase A phase B phase C

DGs
DG-1 1.5KW 4.0KW 5.0KW
DG-2 4.0KW 4.0KW 4.0KW
DG-3 5.0KW 3.0KW 5.0KW
DG-4 5.0KW xx xx
Converter Structure Single-phase H-Bridge Inverter
Converter Loss R=0.1 Ω per phase
Transformer 0.400/0.230 KV, 0.5MVA,
Fig.1 System under consideration. Ltr=4.4mH
LC Filter Lf=49.8 mH , Cf=50 µF
2. STRUCTURE OF MICROGRID SYSTEM

Fig. 1 shows the microgrid system structure under

consideration with three feeder sections of DGs and loads TABLE III
connected. DGs represented by DG1a, DG2a, DG3a, DG4a,
DG1b, DG2b, DG3b, DG1c, DG2c, DG3c which means DGs DG CONTROLLER GAINS
first, second, third, fourth connected to corresponding
phases a, b, c. Assumption of DGs as VSC interfaced is
Power Controller Proportional 0.001
made. DGs supply maximum available power and utility
Gain Kp
supplies extra power required by loads in grid-connected
mode. DGs supply total power demanded in islanded Power Controller Integral Gain Tn 0.01
mode. Assumption of islanded mode power demand more
Reactive Power Controller 0.0013
than DGs total power output and to meet power balance
Proportional Gain Kq
loads shedded partly. Ld1a, Ld2a, Ld3a, Ld4a, Ld1b, Ld2b,
Ld3b, Ld4b, Ld1c, Ld2c, Ld3c, Ld4c represents loads. Reactive Power Controller Integral 0.011
DSTAT a, DSTAT b, DSTAT c indicates DSTATCOM Gain Tn
locations. Feeder impedance not neglected. Parameters of
system and DG ratings given in table format I-IV d Axis Current Controller 2
Proportional Gain Kid
TABLE I d Axis Current Controller Integral 0.01
Gain Tn
GRID AND LOAD IN THE MICROGRID
q Axis Current Controller 2
Grid Proportional Gain Kid
Voltage 400 V L-L RMS q Axis Current Controller Integral 0.012
Frequency 50Hz Gain Tn
Line Impedance R=0.1 Ω, L=0.001 H
Load Type Voltage Controller Gain m1 0.016V/VAr
Resistive Single-Phase Resistive load

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TABLE IV Depending upon power flow and voltage in the line

reactive compensation regulated. Due to frequent load
DSTATCOM CONTROLLER GAINS switching and DG power output variations, feeders’ real
and reactive power flow changes as a result voltage
changes. For accomplishment of voltage profile quick
Power Controller Proportional Gain 0.0013
control, it is profitable to take power flow into account in
Kps
DSTATCOM control.
Power Controller Integral Gain Tn 0.012
Reactive Power Controller 0.0034 Assumptions made are as follows:
Proportional Gain Kqs
 Depending upon converter safe operating area,
Reactive Power Controller Integral 0.04 DGs inject maximum available power in microgrid
Gain Tns and reactive current limit derived from maximum
current rating and d axis active current limits the
d Axis Current Controller 2.5 reactive power generation.
Proportional Gain Kid  According to DGs ratings in islanded mode
d Axis Current Controller Integral 0.016 reactive power shared by them in the time of low
Gain Tn reactive power demand.
 Reactive power generated by DSTATCOM during
q Axis Current Controller 3.3 DG reaches reactive power limit and DG bus
Proportional Gain Kid voltage goes below voltage regulation limit.
 Reactive power capability increased by lowering
q Axis Current Controller Integral 0.027
the active power generation within limit When a
Gain Tn
DG with reactive power limit stays for 5 cycles.
Voltage Controller Gain m1 0.012V/VAr  Generated or absorbed reactive power by
DSTATCOM limited based on converter circuit
parameter and maximum rating.

3. FORMULATION OF CONTROL
PRINCIPLES FOR DG AND DSTATCOM

Fig.2 Two machine system

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Fig.3 Multi machine system

Fig. 2 shows the two machine system of 2 DGs Output voltage of DG-1 is
connected in 2 buses and a load and Fig 3. shows the multi
machine system of 4 DGs connected in 4 buses and DSTAT
connected at Bus DSTAT. Both two machine and multi (6)
machine configurations are used in formulating the control
principle for the DGs and DSTATCOM. Consideration of
grid connected and islanded mode operations done.

Assumption of Preflim and Qreflim as DG-1 maximum available

active and reactive power and DG-1 converter voltage
reference regulated with droop control in islanded mode
and calculated as V1mag
Linearizing (4) over nominal voltage V0 then
(1)

Q1 limited to maximum reactive power value Q1max.

(7)
For Fig. 2, Bus 1 power flow is as follows
DSTATCOM voltage reference in two machine system is

(2) (8)

(3) QSTATLIM is DSTATCOM capacity that limits the QSTAT

Linearization of (2) and (3) over nominal values of V110 Gains- mSTAT, K1, K2
and δ110 then

(4)

(5)

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DSTATCOM voltage reference in multi machine system is Technique of dq transformation for single phase is
implemented for transformation of voltage and current in
DG and DSTATCOM.

(9)

and
(10)
DG: The structure and control for all the DG converters are
Reactive current reference is similar. Here, only structure and control of DG-1 converter
are described. Converter structure of DG-1 is as shown in
(11) Fig. 4. Single-phase converter consists of 4 IGBT switches
output voltage of ac side connected to output filter
imax is maximum converter current rating, id is d axis capacitor through transformer. Converter control scheme
converter current. of DG-1 is shown in Fig. 5.

DSTATCOM: DSTATCOM converter structure is shown in

Fig. 10. DC side capacitor connected to H-Bridge and ac
side voltage eSTAT connected to output filter capacitor
4. CONVERTER CONTROL FOR DGS AND through transformer. Converter structure of DSTATCOM is
DSTATCOM shown in Fig. 6. Converter control scheme of DSTATCOM is
shown in Fig. 7. Equation (9) is used for the calculation of
DSTATCOM output voltage reference.

Fig.4a Converter structure of DG-1 without PV array

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Fig.4b Converter structure of DG-1 with PV array

Vcom

pcom,qcom Communication TO DSTATCOM

Network

imeas p
P and Q P and Q
Calculation Reference
vmeas q

Power Reference pref qref Current Reference Generation

Generation Power rating Vdmeas Vmeas

limitation

preflim P idref Vdref Frequency Vref

Control and
p Voltage Voltage
Reference Regulation
qreflim Q iqref Calculatio Vqref ref
Control n
q

Vqmeas

Fig. 5 Converter control scheme of DG-1

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In the converter control of DG-1, the main blocks the real power is used to calculate the d axis current
are the power reference generation, current reference reference by using p controller while the error in reactive
generation and voltage reference generation. In power power is used to calculate the q axis current reference by
reference generation, real and reactive power generated using q controller. In the voltage reference generation,
based on the converter current limit and available power. current errors are passed through PI controller and added
The Real and reactive powers are limited to their to get the d axis and the q axis voltage references.
respective real and reactive power limits. In the current Important point to be considered is that in the islanded
reference generation, the current reference is generated mode of operation only, the frequency and the voltage
from reference power and measured power. The error in regulation are active and not in the other modes.

Fig. 6a Converter structure of DSTATCOM without PV array

Fig. 6b Converter structure of DSTATCOM with PV array

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Measured signals

Vcom

DSTATCOM Voltage Reference Communication

Network
Generation pcom,qcom

imeas p
P and Q Voltage
Calculation Reference
vmeas q Current Reference

Vstatref VCref Generation

VCmeas Vmeas

VCref P idref Vdref Vref

Control Voltage
Voltage Magnitude
Reference and Angle
Vstatref Q iqref Calculation Vqref Calculation ref
Control

Vmeas

Fig. 7 Converter control scheme of DSTATCOM

In converter control of DSATATCOM, its output voltage To test performance, three sequences phenomenon
reference Vstatref is calculated by the equation (9) and its dc sequence 1(grid connected mode operation), sequence
voltage is fixed to a value of Vcref. In current reference 2(autonomous operation), sequence 3(grid connected
generation, the error in dc capacitor voltage is passed followed by islanding) used. Simulation layout is as shown
through PI controller which generates the d axis current in Fig. 9
reference and error in DSTATCOM output voltage
generates the q axis current reference. These current Consideration of similar set of change in DG power
references and measured voltage are helpful in calculation output and load switching sequence done for the purpose
d and q axis voltage reference calculation and these further of comparison of controller performance for all the cases.
helps in calculation of voltage magnitude and angle.
Sq-1: Assumption that system operation is in utility-
connected mode is made. System running in steady state,
all DGs supplying rated power and all loads are connected,
5. SIMULATION OF TEST SYSTEM 3 DGs power outputs are connected to phase A for which
each ones limit is 2 kW. Limitation of 300 VAr for reactive
Fig. 1 is the test system simulated for various cases of powers is done.
no reactive compensation, reactive compensation on local
measurement, and reactive compensation with operation Sq2: Assumption that system operation is in islanded
of DG and DSTATCOM, Communication node failure at DG, mode is made. System running in steady state, all DGs
Communication node failure at DSTATCOM. supplying rated power and all loads are connected, 3 DGs

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power outputs connected at Bus 2 of all 3 phases for which connected, at 0.8 sec microgrid is islanded. Load demand
each ones limit is 2 kW. Limitation of 400 VAr for reactive supplied by the DGs. 3 DGs power outputs connected at
power is done. Bus 2 of all 3 phases for which each ones limit is taken as 2
kW at 1.1 sec. At 2.0 sec, loads connected at Bus 1 of
Sq3: Assumption that system operation is in utility- phases A and B are disconnected to reduce the power
connected mode is made. When system running in steady demand in microgrid.
state, all DGs supplying rated power and all loads are

Case 1: Reactive
Case 1: No reactive Case 2: Reactive Compensation Case 1: Node Case 1: Node
Compensation with
compensation Based on Local Measurement Failure at DG Failure at
Proposed Method
DSTATCOM

Sq 1 Sq 1 Sq 1
Grid Connected Grid Connected Grid Connected
Mode operation Mode operation Mode operation
Sq 1 Sq 1
Sq 1 Sq 1 Sq 1 Grid Grid
Autonomous Autonomous Autonomous Connected Connected
operation operation operation Mode Mode
operation operation
Sq 1 Sq 1 Sq 1
Grid Connected Grid Connected Grid Connected
followed by followed by followed by
islanding islanding islanding

Fig. 9 Simulation Layout

6. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

WITHOUT PV ARRAY:

Fig. 11a RMS Voltages at phase A

Fig. 10 Power output of the DGs in phase A

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Fig. 12b RMS Voltages at phase B in Sq-3

Fig. 11b RMS Voltages at phase B

Fig. 13 RMS Voltages of phase A in Sq-1 with D-STATCOM

Fig. 11c RMS Voltages at phase C

Fig. 12a RMS Voltages at phase A in Sq-2 Fig. 14a RMS Voltage of phase A in different location

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Fig. 14b Reactive power injected by DSTATCOM in three

different phases Fig. 16a RMS Voltages phase A in Sq-1 with proposed
method

Fig. 15a RMS Voltages of phase A in Sq-3

Fig. 16b Reactive power injection of DSTATCOM and DGs

Fig. 15b RMS Voltages of phase B in Sq-3

Fig. 17a RMS Voltages in phase A in Sq-2

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Fig. 20 RMS Voltages of phase A in Sq-1 followed by a

DSTATCOM node failure
Fig. 17b Reactive power injection of DSTATCOM in three
phases

WITH PV ARRAY:

Fig. 18 RMS Voltages of phase A in Sq-3

Fig. 21 Power output of the DGs in phase A

Fig. 19 RMS Voltages of phase A in Sq-1 followed by a DG

Fig. 22a RMS Voltages at phase A
node failure

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Fig. 22b RMS Voltages at phase B Fig. 23b RMS Voltages at phase B in Sq-3

Fig. 22c RMS Voltages at phase C Fig. 24 RMS Voltages of phase A in Sq-1 with D-STATCOM

Fig. 23a RMS Voltages at phase A in Sq-2

Fig. 25a RMS Voltage of phase A in different location

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Fig. 25b Reactive power injected by DSTATCOM in three Fig. 27a RMS Voltages phase A in Sq-1 with proposed
different phases method

Fig. 26a RMS Voltages of phase A in Sq-3 Fig. 27b Reactive power injection of DSTATCOM and DGs

Fig. 26b RMS Voltages of phase B in Sq-3 Fig. 28a RMS Voltages in phase A in Sq-2

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DSTATCOM, the reactive power injection takes place. The

RMS voltage for Sq-1 is shown in Fig. 13 and 24. The
reactive power injections by the DSTATCOMs and RMS
voltages in Sq-2 and Sq-3 are shown in Figs. 14, 25 and 15,
26 respectively. It can be seen that in comparison to the
case where no compensation is used, voltage profile is
improved in this case. Though voltages are below limit is
some cases, reactive power compensation works well only
close to DSTATCOM.

Fig. 28b Reactive power injection of DSTATCOM in three C. Case 3: Reactive Compensation with Proposed Method
phases
The reactive compensation is achieved with
proposed method given by the equation from (9)–(11) in
which with the help of local bus voltage and power flow in
the line, DSTATCOM reactive compensation modulated and
depending upon voltage sag, active power injections of
DGs are modulated to increase the reactive power
injection limit.
The RMS voltages of phase A in Sq-1 are shown in
Fig. 16a and 27a. The voltage profile improves within 10%
tolerance. Fig. 16b and 27b shows the reactive power
injection by the DSTAT-a and DGs connected to A phase.
The change of reactive power in DG3a and DG4a validates
(10).
The system response in Sq-2 with the proposed
Fig. 29 RMS Voltages of phase A in Sq-3 controller is shown in Fig. 17 and 28. Phase A voltage and
reactive power injection from different DSTATCOM shows
system operation in efficient and stable manner.
In Sq-3, the voltages in phase A are shown in Fig.
A. Case 1: No Reactive Compensation 18 and 29. Because of the proposed method, compensation
is achieved and voltages kept within acceptable range.
Reactive compensation not considered in this case
and the DGs supplied total reactive power and utility in the
grid-connected mode and in autonomous mode only by the D. Case 4: Communication Node Failure at DG
DGs. For Sq-1, the power output of the DGs connected to
phase A is shown in Fig. 10 and 21, while the voltage Assumption of communication node failure at DG-
profile in three phases is shown in Fig. 11 and 22. It can be 1a is made in this case., The system operates in Sq-1 with
seen that in the far end and middle of the feeders, voltage proposed control method. The system response is shown
regulation problem is more. In utility-connected side, in Fig. 19. With DG power limit as described in Sq-1, phase
voltage sag remains within 2%. The voltage unbalance and A voltage changes at 1.1 sec. At 1.75 sec, node failure
RMS voltage for Sq-2 and Sq-3 are shown in Fig. 12 and 23. simulated, and the utility side voltage falls. No visible
It can be seen that the voltage regulation problems exist changes experienced in voltages at the middle and far end
and the voltage drop is far more than the acceptable of the feeder.
values.
E. Case 5: Communication Node Failure at DSTATCOM
B. Case: Reactive Compensation on Local Measurement
Consideration of communication node failure at
DSTATCOM works in a conventional way in this DSTATCOM is made in this case. The system response for a
case. Depending upon the local bus voltage of the node failure at DSTAT-a is shown in Fig. 20 Assumption
that system operates with proposed controller in Sq-1 and

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at 1.1 sec, DG power is limited as described in Sq-1. At 1.75

sec, node failure simulated, and voltages dropped in utility
side, middle, and far end of the feeder. DSTAT-a operates
with local measurements similar to Case 2 in this case.
However, in comparison to case 2, improvement in
voltages resulted due to modulating the DG active power
as (10)

Fig. 31 Average voltage drop with PV array

TABLE VI

PHASE A RMS VOLTAGE FROM SIMULATION

Fig. 30 Average voltage drop without PV array RESULTS WITH PV ARRAY

TABLE V

PHASE A RMS VOLTAGE FROM SIMULATION

RESULTS WITHOUT PV ARRAY

Comparison of the controllers performance:

From simulation results, proposed controller

ensures acceptable voltage regulation in all cases.
Performances in various operating modes are compared as
follows:

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•Without any reactive compensation, voltage goes below

acceptable limit in grid-connected mode [Case 1, Fig. 11a
and 22a]. Depending upon local measurement, reactive 8. CONCLUSION
compensation (Case 2, Fig. 13 and 24) results in
improvement of voltage profile, but at the far end of the In this project, a new control technique for single-
feeder, voltage regulation is not good. Proper reactive phase DSTATCOM with DG is presented. The application is
compensation provided by the proposed controller and aimed for microgrid feeding single-phase loads with
voltage kept within acceptable value [Case 3, Fig. 16a and feeders spanned geographically far apart covering small
27a]. communities. This reactive power compensation is based
on local measurement as well as the power flow in the
•Without any compensation, voltage goes below regulation lines. It is shown that the proposed method reduces the
limit in autonomous mode [Case 1, Fig. 12a and 23a]. voltage drop more effectively while maintaining the
while depending upon local measurement, reactive voltage regulation with a high penetration of the DGs. The
compensation results in improvement of voltage profile simulation of test system validates the DSTATCOM
[Case 2, Fig. 14a and 25a]. The proposed controller further superior performances under different operating
results in improvement of voltage profile [Case 3, Fig. 17a conditions. The results are analyzed with the extension of
and 28a]. using the solar energy system for checking the real time
performance of the system given. And the results are
•Performance wise the proposed controller in islanding achieved as per the ideal simulations in practical solar
sequence (case 3, Fig. 18 and 29) is much better than local system also.
reactive compensation in case 2 [Fig. 15a and 26a]. In this
autonomous operation case, improvement of voltage by
proposed controller takes place significantly.
REFERENCES
•At utility side of DG communication node failure, the
impact is very less (Case 4, Fig. 19) as other DGs continue
[1] [Link], “Reactive power compensation in single
to communicate with DSTATCOM.
phase operation of microgrid,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.,
vol. 60, no. 4, pp. 1403 -1416, Apr. 2013.
•DSTATCOM communication node failure has a larger
impact (Case 5, Fig. 20) because of all communications to
[2] [Link], [Link], [Link], [Link], and
DSTATCOM ceased. Without communication to
[Link], “Topologies of single-phase inverters for small
DSTATCOM is similar to Case 2 with local measurement
distributed power generators: An overview,” IEEE Trans.
only. However, a little difference is created due to DG
Power Electron., vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 1305–1314, Sep. 2004.
adaptation of reactive limit works properly.
[3] [Link] and [Link], “Distributed generation
Different cases are simulated with the proposed
impact on reliability and power quality indices,” in Proc.
method, and the average voltage drop stays within limit in
IEEE Rural Elect. Power Conf., 2002, pp. D3_1–D3_7.
all the cases. The average voltage drop without
compensation, with conventional DSTATCOM, and with the
[4] National Energy Technology Laboratory, U.S.
proposed method is shown in Fig. 30 and 31 without and
Department of Energy Provides Power Quality for 21st
with PV array.
Century Needs, Jan. 2007.
Table V and VI gives the initial, intermediate and final
[5] 978-1-84800-317-0 [Link] and [Link],
steady-state values of phase A without and with PV array.
“Active power quality controllers,” in Power Electronic in
Smart Electrical Energy Network. New York: Springer-
Verlag, 2011.
7. APPENDIX [6] [Link], [Link], [Link], and [Link],
“Operation and control of single phase micro-sources in a
Tables I, II, III, IV gives the data for grid and load in the utility connected grid,” in Proc. IEEE PES, Jul. 26–30, 2009,
microgrid, converter and controller, DG controller gains pp. 1–7.
and DSTATCOM gains.

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BIOGRAPHIES

[Link] is currently pursuing her

[Link] degree in Electrical and Electronics
Engineering with specialization in
Electrical Power Systems from Jawaharlal
Nehru Technological University,
Anantapur, India. She did her [Link]
Degree in Electrical and Electronics
Engineering from Intell Engineering College
Anantapur,India 2013.

[Link] is currently pursuing her

[Link] degree in Electrical and
Electronics Engineering with
specialization in Electrical Power
Systems from Jawaharlal Nehru
Technological University, Anantapur,
India. She did her [Link] Degree in
Electrical and Electronics Engineering
from AudiShankara institute of
technology Gudur,India 2012.

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