CALAMANSI EXTRACT FOR HAND SANITIZER PRODUCTION

An Undergraduate Research Proposal

Presented to the Faculty of Mater Dei College.

Mater Dei College

Tubigon, Bohol, Philippines

In Partial Fulfillment

Of the Requirement for the Course

Practical Research 2

BY

Mausisa, Sean Lawrence T.

Adtoon, Nicole B.

Alisaca, Janna Faye

Celmar, Hyacith M.

Magnanao, Jorwen R.

Petalcorin, Normie A.

December 2022
 ii

Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................1

The Rationale of the Research Study.......................................................................1

Theoretical Background............................................................................................2

Review of Related Literature and Related Studies...................................................5

THE PROBLEM............................................................................................................8

Statement of the Problem.........................................................................................8

Statement of the Hypothesis.....................................................................................8

Significance of The Study.........................................................................................9

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY..................................................................................10

Research Design.....................................................................................................10

Research Environment...........................................................................................10

Research Participants.............................................................................................10

Research Instruments.............................................................................................11

Research Procedure...............................................................................................11

Statistical Treatment of Data...................................................................................12

DEFINITION OF TERMS............................................................................................14

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA.........................15

SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS...................16

Summary.................................................................................................................16

Findings...................................................................................................................16
 ii

Conclusion..............................................................................................................16

Recommendations..................................................................................................16

REFERENCES...........................................................................................................17

Appendix A..................................................................................................................20
 Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

INTRODUCTION

The Rationale of the Research Study

Calamansi, also known as Philippine Lime, is a small, round citrus fruit native

to Southeast Asia. It is known for its distinctive sour and slightly sweet flavor, and is

commonly used in cooking and as a natural cleaning agent. The extract of

calamansi, which is obtained by pressing the juice from the fruit, can be used in

various applications, including as a flavor enhancer in food and beverages, as a

natural alternative to synthetic cleaners, and as a source of antioxidants and other

nutrients.

Calamansi extract has been shown to have antimicrobial properties, which

means it can kill or inhibit the growth of harmful microorganisms such as bacteria

and viruses. This makes it an effective ingredient in hand sanitizers, which are used

to kill germs and prevent the spread of illness. Calamansi extract hand sanitizers

may be particularly effective against certain types of bacteria and viruses, due to the

high concentration of citric acid and other antimicrobial compounds present in the

extract. In addition to its germ-killing properties, calamansi extract may also have a

pleasant, refreshing aroma due to the presence of natural citrus oils.

Conducting a study on the use of calamansi extract for hand sanitizer

production can have numerous benefits for society. In addition to providing a natural

and effective way to kill germs and prevent the spread of illness, it can also support

local agriculture by promoting the use of locally grown fruits. This can provide
 2

economic opportunities for farmers and other individuals involved in the production

and harvesting of calamansi.

Overall, the use of calamansi extract for hand sanitizer production can have

numerous benefits for the society and community.

Theoretical Background

There are three theoretical frameworks that can serve as a foundational basis

for the study on the production of hand sanitizer using Calamansi Extract.

The first is the antimicrobial theory, this refers to the idea that certain

substances, such as drugs or chemicals, have the ability to kill or inhibit the growth

of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. These

substances are known as antimicrobials.

This theory suggests that calamansi extract may have antimicrobial

properties, which can help to kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria and other germs on

the skin. There are several potential mechanisms by which calamansi extract may

exhibit antimicrobial activity. One factor is that the extract contains compounds that

can directly inhibit the growth of microorganisms. Calamansi extract is rich in

compounds such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, and terpenoids, which have been

shown to have antimicrobial activity in some studies.

Furthermore, Research has shown that Plant extracts are a rich source of

bioactive compounds, including antimicrobial agents, that have potential for the

development of new therapeutics (Cowan, 1999). For example, Akhtar (2014)

conducted a review on the antimicrobial activity of essential oils extracted from

medicinal plants against pathogenic microorganisms. Which examined several

studies that reported the antimicrobial potential of essential oils from various
 3

medicinal plants against a range of pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and viruses. The

review highlighted the potential of essential oils as an alternative source of

antimicrobial agents for the development of new therapeutics. It concluded that plant

extracts have the potential to be a valuable source of novel antimicrobial agents for

treating multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. Some of the plant extracts used in

the study were garlic bulb extract, rosemary leaf extract, sage leaf extract, ginger

root extract, and pomegranate fruit extract. (Add more specific, the research

instruments og results)

Another factor is that calamansi extract may have antimicrobial activity due to

its high vitamin C content. Vitamin C is a potent antioxidant that has been shown to

have antimicrobial properties in some studies. It is thought that vitamin C may inhibit

the growth of microorganisms by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and

neutralizing the oxidative stress that can be caused by ROS.

The second theory is the skin conditioning theory, which refers to the use of

various products and techniques to improve the appearance, texture, and overall

health of the skin. These products and techniques can help to moisturize the skin,

remove dead skin cells, and improve the skin's barrier function, which helps to keep

the skin hydrated and protected from external irritants.

This theory suggests that calamansi extract may have skin conditioning

effects, which can help to nourish and moisturize the skin. There is some evidence to

support the theory that calamansi extract has skin conditioning effects.

Rippke (2002) conducted a study on the effects of a moisturizer containing

5% urea and 10% lactate on the skin of individuals with dry, rough skin. The study

found that after four weeks of daily use, the moisturizer significantly improved skin

hydration and reduced the severity of scaling and roughness compared to a placebo
 4

cream. The researchers also noted a significant improvement in skin elasticity and

softness, indicating that the moisturizer was effective in conditioning and improving

the overall texture of the skin. These findings provide evidence that skincare

products can effectively condition and improve the appearance of dry, rough skin.

(Find alternative study that can be searched, maximum of 10 years)

Moreover, Calamansi extract is high in vitamin C and other nutrients that are

known to be beneficial for the skin. Vitamin C is an antioxidant that can help to

protect the skin from oxidative stress and damage caused by free radicals. It is also

thought to help stimulate the production of collagen, a protein that is important for

maintaining the skin's structure and elasticity. In addition to vitamin C, calamansi

extract also contains other skin-beneficial compounds such as flavonoids, phenolic

acids, and terpenoids. These compounds are thought to have antioxidant and anti-

inflammatory properties, which may help to protect the skin from environmental

stressors and improve its overall appearance.

The skin conditioning effects of calamansi extract may be particularly useful

for individuals who use hand sanitizers frequently. Hand sanitizers can be drying to

the skin due to the alcohol content, and the use of a hand sanitizer containing

calamansi extract may help to counteract this drying effect and improve the skin's

overall condition.

Lastly, The Phenolic Acid theory states that certain compounds have a class

of chemicals that are found in a variety of plant-based foods, including fruits,

vegetables, tea, coffee, and whole grains. These compounds are known for their

antioxidant properties, which means that they can help to neutralize harmful

substances called free radicals that can damage cells and contribute to the

development of chronic diseases.

 5

There are several types of phenolic acids, including hydroxybenzoic acids,

hydroxycinnamic acids, and flavonoids. These compounds are known to have a

range of biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and

antimicrobial effects. It is thought that phenolic acids may help to protect the skin

from environmental stressors and improve its overall appearance.

In a study conducted by Kong, J. M (2003) on the analysis and biological

activities of anthocyanins. The study found that anthocyanins, which are a type of

phenolic compound found in many fruits and vegetables, possess potent antioxidant

properties that can help protect the skin from oxidative stress and prevent skin aging.

The authors also noted that anthocyanins have anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial

properties, making them useful for preventing and treating skin disorders. These

findings suggest that incorporating anthocyanins into skincare products can provide

significant benefits for the skin

Review of Related Literature and Related Studies

According to an article done by Golin (2020), hand sanitizers contain a variety

of ingredients, including alcohols (e.g., ethanol or isopropanol) and surfactants,

which work by denaturing proteins and disrupting the lipid membranes of

microorganisms. In the findings of the study, it is observed that to be effective

against viruses, including the coronavirus, hand sanitizers must contain at least 60%

alcohol. Although there are several gaps in the existing research on hand sanitizers

stated in the article, including a lack of data on the long-term effects of repeated use

of hand sanitizers, the potential for the development of antimicrobial resistance, and

the impact of hand sanitizers on the skin microbiome. Overall, the study provides
 6

evidence that hand sanitizers that are alcohol based should contain at least 60%-

90% of alcohol to be effective against bacteria.

On another note, in a study done by Mascarinas (2015), the author formulated

an herbal hand sanitizer using calamansi peel extract and evaluated its effectiveness

against common bacterial and fungal strains. The hand sanitizer was tested for

antimicrobial activity using the agar well diffusion method against bacterial strains

such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, as

well as fungal strains such as Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. The results of

the study showed that the hand sanitizer had strong antimicrobial activity against all

the bacterial and fungal strains tested, with the highest activity against S. aureus and

P. aeruginosa. The authors concluded that the calamansi peel extract could be a

potential natural antimicrobial agent for the formulation of herbal hand sanitizers,

though a potential gap in this study is that it only evaluated the antimicrobial activity

of the hand sanitizer against a limited number of bacterial and fungal strains.

Hand sanitizers are a popular alternative or supplement to hand washing with

soap and water. The effectiveness of a hand sanitizer largely depends on the

content of alcohol in it. According to the Centers for Disease Control, a hand

sanitizer should contain at least 60% alcohol to be effective against germs. Hand

sanitizers without alcohol are generally less effective in killing germs and may lead to

skin irritation and dryness. Hand sanitizers come in different forms, including gel,

foam, and liquid solutions. The active ingredient in hand sanitizers can be isopropyl

alcohol, ethanol, n-propanol, or povidone-iodine. The inactive ingredients in alcohol-

based hand sanitizers include thickening agents, humectants, propylene glycol, and

essential oils. Alcohol-based hand sanitizers are more effective in killing

microorganisms compared to soap and do not dry out the hands as much.
 7

Similarly, in study conducted by Chojnacki (2021), the antimicrobial properties

of several commercial hand sanitizers were evaluated. The study found that all of the

tested hand sanitizers were effective against a range of microorganisms, including

bacteria and fungi. However, the effectiveness of the sanitizers varied depending on

the specific microorganism being tested. The study also found that hand sanitizers

containing higher concentrations of alcohol (above 60%) were more effective at

reducing microbial growth than those with lower concentrations. These findings

support the recommendation that alcohol-based hand sanitizers should contain at

least 60% alcohol to be effective in reducing the spread of infections

In a study by Bocala (2014), the antibacterial and antioxidant properties of

hydroethanolic extract of sweet orange peel were investigated. The peel extract

showed mild activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and

demonstrated antioxidant activity as well. The results of the study highlight the

potential of using sweet orange peel as a natural ingredient in food and cosmetic

products.

In line with the Antimicrobial, Skin conditioning, and Phenolic Acid theories, as

well as the above-mentioned related literature, the researchers will make a Hand

Sanitizer with the use of Calamansi Extract.

 8

THE PROBLEM

Statement of the Problem

This study seeks to learn if calamansi extract hand sanitizers will be more

preferred in comparison to hand sanitizers without calamansi extracts.

Specifically, this study seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What is the likability of Hand Sanitizers without Calamansi Extracts in terms

of;

1.1 fragrance,

1.2 smoothness, and

1.3 color appeal?

2. What is the likability of Calamansi Extract Hand Sanitizers in terms of;

2.1 fragrance,

2.2 smoothness, and

2.3 color appeal?

3. Is there a significant difference between the likability of Calamansi Extract

hand sanitizers and hand Sanitizers without Calamansi extracts in terms of;

3.1 fragrance,

3.2 smoothness, and

3.3 color appeal?

4. Is there a significant difference between the overall likability of Calamansi

Extract hand sanitizers and hand Sanitizers without Calamansi extracts?

 9

Statement of the Hypothesis

1. There is a significant difference between the likability of Calamansi Extract hand

sanitizers and hand Sanitizers without Calamansi extracts in terms of;

1.1 fragrance,

1.2 smoothness, and

1.3 color appeal.

2. There is a significant difference between the overall likability of Calamansi Extract

hand sanitizers and hand Sanitizers without Calamansi extracts.

Significance of The Study

The results of the study may be beneficial to the following:

Consumers. Consumers of calamansi extract hand sanitizers may benefit the

most from this study, as they will be able to use a natural and effective hand sanitizer

that is safe for their skin, prevents the spread of germs/diseases as well as keeps

the environment clean.

Farmers Involved in the Production of Calamansi. If the use of calamansi

extract for hand sanitizer production becomes more widespread, it could potentially

provide economic opportunities for farmers and others involved in the production and

harvesting of calamansi.

Environment. The use of natural ingredients like calamansi extract in hand

sanitizers can be more environmentally friendly compared to synthetic alternatives,

 10

as they do not contribute to the pollution caused by the production and disposal of

synthetic chemicals.

Researchers. Researchers and scientists who study calamansi extract and its

potential uses may benefit from this study by gaining new knowledge and

understanding about the potential benefits and applications of calamansi extract.

Future Researchers. The findings of the study can serve as a starting point for

future researchers on this topic. Any identified limitations or areas for improvement in

the use of calamansi extract for hand sanitizer production can be vital for future

researchers who wish to address these issues in their own studies and later on

improve it.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

The study will utilize a quantitative research method of design known as

Comparative. Quantitative research involves collecting and analyzing numerical data

to test a hypothesis, in this case the preference of the participants. Comparative

research design involves comparing two groups. The groups being compared in the

study are the hand sanitizers with and without Calamansi Extract. The goal of

comparative research is to understand the differences of the said sanitizers.

Research Environment
 11

The study will take place in Mater Dei College at Cabulijan, Tubigon Bohol.

The researchers specifically chose this school due to the fact that it has integrated

face-to-face classes, making it a perfect place to conduct a study on the use of Hand

Sanitizers as it encourages students to practice appropriate measures amidst the still

ongoing pandemic.

Research Participants

The study’s intended participants are the students of Mater Dei College. The

researchers will select 50 participants. To select the participants, the researcher will

use Simple Random Sampling, which is a method in which every individual in the

population has an equal chance of being selected as a participant. Participants will

be selected at random, as it allows the focus on the perception of the common

people.

Research Instruments

To measure the preference of the participants of the study, the researchers

will use a standard 6-point hedonic scale, that indicates the extent of respondents'

overall liking or disliking for the sanitizers. The parameters used in the questionnaire

will be as follows:

1- Dislike Extremely

2- Dislike Strongly

3- Dislike Moderately

4- Dislike Slightly
 12

5- Neither Like or Dislike

6- Like Slightly

7-Like Moderately

8-Like Strongly

9-Like Extremely

Research Procedure

The research procedure will involve a number of steps. First, the researchers

make a hand sanitizer with the calamansi extract, as well as a hand sanitizer without

calamansi extract, with the recommendations of WHO (Word Health Organization).

To start the researchers will first collect all the necessary materials, including

isopropanol, hydrogen peroxide, glycerol, sterile distilled or boiled cold water, a

container, a mixing tool, and calamansi extract. The researchers will then calculate

the required amount of each ingredient based on the WHO-recommended formula:

75.1% alcohol (ethanol or isopropanol), 1.45% hydrogen peroxide, 4.17% glycerol,

and 11.08% sterile distilled or boiled cold water. For the hand sanitizer without

calamansi extract, the researchers will mix the alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, and

glycerol in the container. Then add the sterile distilled or boiled cold water to the

container and mix the ingredients well using a mixing tool until fully incorporated. For

the hand sanitizer with calamansi extract, the researchers repeat the same process,

but will also add the appropriate amount of calamansi extract to the mixture, making

sure that it does not reach more than 10%. The researchers will mix the ingredients
 13

well until fully incorporated. Followed by segregating the hand sanitizers into

separate bottles for ease of use.

When the sanitizer is complete, the researchers will ask permission from the

research advisor to conduct a research survey on the students of Mater Dei College.

Once permission is given, 50 students will be selected through simple random

sampling. Each participant, after obtaining informed consent, will be asked to test the

both sanitizers, and shortly followed by the application of the instrument which is the

Hedonic Scale. The researchers will then collect all the data for analysis and

interpretation.

Statistical Treatment of Data

A T-test will be utilized to evaluate the mean ratings of the likability (fragrance,

smoothness, and color appeal) of the Calamansi extract hand sanitizer with the hand

sanitizer without Calamansi extract. This test analyzes the means of two groups to

see if there is a significant difference between them.

Excel will be used to execute the T-test analysis because it is an efficient tool

for statistical computations. This software makes it simple and quick to compute

statistical parameters like mean and standard deviation, which are required for the T-

test. Excel's user-friendly design allows it to produce accurate and dependable

results in a short period of time.

Legend: Interpretation of the Likability of the Sub-concepts.

Legend Interpretation

1-1.89-: Dislike Extremely

 14

1.90-2.78: Dislike Strongly

2.79-3.67: Dislike Moderately

3.68-4.56: Dislike Slightly

4.57-5.45: Neither Like nor Dislike

5.46-6.34: Like Slightly

6.35-7.23: Like Moderately

7.24-8.12: Like Strongly

8.13-9.0: Like Extremely

 15

DEFINITION OF TERMS

The following terms are defined operationally in order to give the readers a

clear understanding of the terms used in the study.

Calamansi- is a small, round citrus fruit with a sour, acidic flavor. It is native to

Southeast Asia and is commonly used in cooking and as a natural remedy.

Hand Sanitizer- is a product used for sanitation, and will either have calamansi

extract or no calamansi extract.

Production- process of creating a product, typically involving a series of steps or

stages, such as planning, sourcing materials, manufacturing and testing.

Natural alternative- a product or substance that is derived from Calamansi and is

intended to serve as a substitute for a synthetic or artificial product or substance.

Fragrance- the perceived pleasantness, intensity, or naturalness of the smell or

aroma of the hand sanitizer product, as evaluated by participants on a 6-point

hedonic scale.

Smoothness- the feeling of the hand sanitizer product on the skin, as evaluated by

participants on a 6-point hedonic scale.

Color Appeal- the perceived attractiveness, brightness, saturation, or

appropriateness of the color of the hand sanitizer product, as evaluated by

participants on a 6-point hedonic scale.

Preferability- the overall likeness of the hand sanitizer.

 16

Chapter 2

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

The presentation, analysis, and interpretation of the collected data are

highlighted in this chapter. It provides a summary of the information gathered about

consumers' preferences for hand sanitizers with and without calamansi extracts.

Table 1

Likeability of Hand Sanitizer without Calamansi Extract in terms of Fragrance

Fragrance Mean Interpretation

1. The hand sanitizer smells good 6.90 Like Moderately

2. The hand sanitizer emits a subtle, yet 6.66 Like Moderately

pleasant aroma that lingers on the skin.
3. The scent does not irritate the nose. 6.46 Like Moderately

4. The fragrance is unique. 6.12 Like Slightly

5. The hand sanitizer has a sweet and 5.96 Like Slightly

fruity fragrance.
6. The hand sanitizer has a clean and 6.22 Like Slightly
crisp fragrance that evokes a sense of
purity
7. The hand sanitizer has a calming and 5.84 Like Slightly
soothing fragrance that helps to
alleviate stress.
8. The scent does not cause headaches. 6.58 Like Moderately

Composite Mean 6.3425 Like Slightly

 17

Table 2

Likeability of Hand Sanitizer without Calamansi Extract in terms of Smoothness

Smoothness Mean Interpretation

1. The hand sanitizer has a smooth 6.78 Like Moderately

texture that glides easily over the skin.
2. The hand sanitizer leaves no sticky or 6.9 Like Moderately
greasy residue after use
3. The hand sanitizer feels soft and supple 6.98 Like Moderately
on the skin.
4. The hand sanitizer does not leave any 7.66 Like Strongly
visible clumps or lumps on the skin.
5. The hand sanitizer provides a seamless 6.98 Like Moderately
application experience.
6. The hand sanitizer does not cause any 7.58 Like Strongly
irritation or discomfort.
7. The satiny finish of the hand sanitizer 7.06 Like Moderately
gives your hands a polished look and
feel.
8. The cooling effect of this hand sanitizer 7.24 Like Strongly
gives your hands a refreshing and
rejuvenating sensation.
Composite Mean 7.1475 Like Moderately
 18

Table 3

Likeability of Hand Sanitizer without Calamansi Extract in terms of Color Appeal

Color Appeal Mean Interpretation

1. The color of the hand sanitizer is 6.78 Like Moderately

visually appealing
2. The color of the hand sanitizer is 6.66 Like Moderately
vibrant.
3. The color of the hand sanitizer stands 6.16 Like Slightly
out.
4. The color of the hand sanitizer is easily 6.02 Like Slightly
recognizable and distinguishable from
other products.
5. The color of the hand sanitizer leaves a 6.36 Like Moderately
lasting impression.
6. The color of the hand sanitizer adds a 6.3 Like Slightly
shimmering and dazzling effect to your
hands.
7. The color of the hand sanitizer makes it 6.3 Like Slightly
easy to see when applying.
8. The color of the hand sanitizer makes 6.5 Like Moderately
me feel more likely to use it.
Composite Mean 6.385 Like Moderately
 19

Table 4

Summary of the Likeability of the Hand Sanitizer without Calamansi Extracts

Sub-Concepts Mean Interpretation

1. Fragrance 6.3425 Like Slightly

2. Smoothness 7.1475 Like Moderately

3. Color Appeal 6.385 Like Moderately

Overall Mean 6.63 Like Moderately

 20

Table 5

Likeability of Hand Sanitizer of Calamansi Extract Hand Sanitizers in terms of

Fragrance

Fragrance Mean Interpretation

1. The hand sanitizer smells good 7.48 Like Strongly

2. The hand sanitizer emits a subtle, yet 7.34 Like Strongly

pleasant aroma that lingers on the skin.
3. The scent does not irritate the nose. 7.26 Like Strongly

4. The fragrance is unique. 7.44 Like Strongly

5. The hand sanitizer has a sweet and 6.94 Like Moderately

fruity fragrance.
6. The hand sanitizer has a clean and 7.28 Like Strongly
crisp fragrance that evokes a sense of
purity
7. The hand sanitizer has a calming and 7.1 Like Moderately
soothing fragrance that helps to
alleviate stress.
8. The scent does not cause headaches. 7.18 Like Moderately

Composite Mean 7.2525 Like Strongly

 21

Table 6

Likeability of Hand Sanitizer of Calamansi Extract Hand Sanitizer in terms of

Smoothness

Smoothness Mean Interpretation

1. The hand sanitizer has a smooth 7.5 Like Strongly

texture that glides easily over the skin.
2. The hand sanitizer leaves no sticky or 7.44 Like Strongly
greasy residue after use
3. The hand sanitizer feels soft and supple 7.62 Like Strongly
on the skin.
4. The hand sanitizer does not leave any 7.72 Like Strongly
visible clumps or lumps on the skin.
5. The hand sanitizer provides a seamless 7.46 Like Strongly
application experience.
6. The hand sanitizer does not cause any 8 Like Strongly
irritation or discomfort.
7. The satiny finish of the hand sanitizer 7.5 Like Strongly
gives your hands a polished look and
feel.
8. The cooling effect of this hand sanitizer 6.62 Like Moderately
gives your hands a refreshing and
rejuvenating sensation.
Composite Mean 7.6075 Like Strongly
 22

Table 7

Likeability of Hand Sanitizer of Calamansi Extract Hand Sanitizer in terms of Color

Appeal

Color Appeal Mean Interpretation

1. The color of the hand sanitizer is 7.12 Like Moderately

visually appealing
2. The color of the hand sanitizer is 6.98 Like Moderately
vibrant.
3. The color of the hand sanitizer stands 6.92 Like Moderately
out.
4. The color of the hand sanitizer is easily 7.22 Like Moderately
recognizable and distinguishable from
other products.
5. The color of the hand sanitizer leaves a 7.32 Like Strongly
lasting impression.
6. The color of the hand sanitizer adds a 7.28 Like Strongly
shimmering and dazzling effect to your
hands.
7. The color of the hand sanitizer makes it 7.32 Like Strongly
easy to see when applying.
8. The color of the hand sanitizer makes 7.3 Like Strongly
me feel more likely to use it.
Composite Mean 7.1825 Like Moderately
 23

Table 8

Summary of the Likeability of Calamansi Extract Hand Sanitizer

Sub-Concepts Mean Interpretation

1. Fragrance 7.2525 Like Strongly

2. Smoothness 7.6075 Like Strongly

3. Color Appeal 7.1825 Like Moderately

Overall Mean 7.35 Like Strongly

 24

Table 10

Significant Relationship between the smoothness of Calamansi Extract Hand

Sanitizers and Hand Sanitizers without Calamansi Extracts

Variable Level of P-Value Decision on Interpretation

Significance Null
Hypothesis

Color Appeal 0.05 0.006 Rejected Significant

 25

Table 11

Significant Relationship between the smoothness of Calamansi Extract Hand

Sanitizers and Hand Sanitizers without Calamansi Extracts

Variable Level of P-Value Decision on Interpretation

Significance Null
Hypothesis

Without 0.05 0.06 Not Rejected Not Significant

Calamansi

With Calamansi
 26

Table 12

Significant Relationship between the color appeal of Calamansi Extract Hand

Sanitizers and Hand Sanitizers without Calamansi Extracts

Variable Level of P-Value Decision on Interpretation

Significance Null
Hypothesis

Without 0.05 0.006 Rejected Significant

Calamansi

With Calamansi
 27

Table 13

Significant Relationship between the overall likability of Calamansi Extract Hand

Sanitizers and Hand Sanitizers without Calamansi Extracts

Variable Level of P- Decision on Null Interpretation

Significance Value Hypothesis

Without 0.05 0.004 Rejected Significant

Calamansi

With
Calamansi
 28

Chapter 3

SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents a comprehensive overview of the study, in

consideration of the findings that were presented, analyzed, and interpreted in the

preceding chapter. The previous chapter's analysis of the acquired and discussed

data was utilized to draw well-supported conclusions. Lastly, recommendations

pertinent to the issues and concerns identified are proffered.

Summary

Findings

Conclusion

Recommendations
 29

REFERENCES

Golin, A. P., Choi, D., & Ghahary, A. (2020). Hand sanitizers: A review of ingredients

mechanisms of action, modes of delivery, and efficacy against coronaviruses.

[Link]

Ranganathan, P., Jayakumar, R., & Ramesh, V. (2006). A pilot study on the

antioxidant potential of neem bark extract in keratinocyte-rich culture. Journal

of Ethnopharmacology, 107(1), 330-336. doi: 10.1016/[Link].2006.03.014

[Link]

Kong, J. M., Chia, L. S., Goh, N. K., Chia, T. F., & Brouillard, R. (2003). Analysis and

biological activities of anthocyanins. Phytochemistry, 64(5), 923-933. doi:

10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00438-2.

[Link]

World Health Organization. (2010). Guide to Local Production: WHO-recommended

formulations.

[Link]

[Link]?sequence

Asumbrado, R. (2013). Citrifortunella Hand Sanitizer Research Paper

 30

[Link]

marketing/citrifortunella-hand-sanitizer-research-paper/17414173

Citrus Calamansi PH. (2014). Description of Calamansi Fruits.

[Link]

calamansi-fruits/

Chojnacki, M., & Walecka-Zacharska, E. (2021). Evaluating the Antimicrobial

Properties of Commercial Hand Sanitizers. International Journal of

Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(4), 1503. doi:

10.3390/ijerph18041503

[Link]

Mascarinas, M. C., Palisoc, J. J., & Dizon, M. R. (2015). Formulation and evaluation

of herbal hand sanitizer from calamansi (Citrus microcarpa) peel extract.

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 6(11), 4436-

4440.

Tiu, G. C., Saguil, L. C., & Tiu, L. L. (2014). Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of

calamansi (Citrus microcarpa) juice and its potential as a natural preservative

in food products. International Food Research Journal, 21(6), 2023-2028.

American Journal of Infection Control, 48(9), 1062-1067.

doi: 10.1016/[Link].2020.03.011

Prado, M. A., & Lavado, R. S. (2012). Antimicrobial activity of Citrus microcarpa fruit

extract against selected foodborne pathogens. Molecules, 17(5), 5728-5739.

Tandon, S., Gupta, K., Dixit, S., & Tiwari, V. (2018). Antimicrobial activity of herbal
 31

formulations against various microorganisms. Journal of traditional and

complementary medicine, 8(3), 352–357.

[Link]

Alarcon, J., & Lao, C. (2020). Evaluation of the antibacterial activity of calamansi

(Citrus microcarpa) extract against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus

aureus. Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 45(3), 118-122.

Kim, S. K., Kim, S. H., & Lee, J. H. (2013). Anti-aging effects of Citrus reticulata

Blanco on human dermal fibroblasts. Journal of Dermatological Science,

71(3), 196-203.

Kim, M. J., & Lee, J. H. (2015). Protective effects of Citrus reticulata Blanco against

UVA-induced photoaging in human dermal fibroblasts. Journal of

Dermatological Science, 78(1), 26-33.

Chen, S. Y., & Lu, F. J. (2009). Antioxidant activities and total phenolic and flavonoid

contents of various solvent extracts from leaves of Phyllanthus emblica L.

Food Science and Technology, 42(7), 1459-1464.

Kim, S. K., & Lee, J. H. (2013). Anti-aging effects of Citrus reticulata Blanco on

human dermal fibroblasts. Journal of Dermatological Science, 71(3), 196-203.

U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (202). Safely using hand sanitizer.

[Link]

sanitizer
 32

APPENDICES

Appendix A

Mater Dei College

Cabulijan, Tubigon, Bohol

February 17, 2023

MRS. ROSARIO POLIGRATES

Dean, College of Nursing

Mater Dei College

Dear Mrs. Poligrates:

Warm greetings!

We are Grade 12 Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics

(STEM) students of Mater Dei College. In partial fulfillment of our subject Practical

Research 2, we are currently undertaking study with the title CALAMANSI EXTRACT

FOR HAND SANITIZER PRODCUTION. The purpose of this study is to explore the
 33

preference of students in regards to hand sanitizers with and without calamansi

extract.

With regard to this, we would like to request permission from your respected

office that the students from your department shall take part in our study as

participants. We would be grateful if you would enable us to pursue this research

and conduct surveys with our study participants.

Your approval of our request is highly anticipated.

Thank you very much and God bless us all!

Respectfully yours,

(Sgd.) Mausisa, Sean Lawrence

(Sgd.) Adtoon, Nicole

(Sgd.) Celmar, Hyacith

(Sgd.) Magnanao, Jorwen

(Sgd.) Petalcorin, Normie

(Sgd.) Alisaca, Janna Faye

Noted by:

MRS. JASMIN SUMIPO

Research Adviser
 34

Approved by:

MRS. ROSARIO POLIGRATES

Dean, College of Nursing