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SINGAPORE STANDARD 217 : 1996 (ICS 01.080.20) SPECIFICATION FOR Industrial Safety Signs Copyright Reserved Singapore Productivity and Standards Board 1 Science Park Drive Singapore 118221 ISBN 9971-67-573-0 ‘Singapore Standard 217 : 1996 SPECIFICATION FOR INDUSTRIAL SAFETY SIGNS ERRATUM NO. 1 October 1997 Pages 7 and 8, Subclauses 5.3.2, 5.3.3 and 5.3.4 ‘The contrast colour of the diagrams for the safety markings should be white instead of black. SS 217 : 1996 ‘This Singapore Standard having been approved by the Industrial Safety Standards Committee was endorsed by the Standards Council on 22 November 1996. First published, 1979 First revision, 1996 ‘The Industrial Safety Standards Committee appointed by the Standards Council consists of the following members Name Organisation Chairman: Mr Tan Pui Guan Standards Council Secretary : Mr Kiew Hock Thiam Singapore Productivity and Standards Board Members : Mr Cheah It Cheng Institution of Engineers, Singapore Mr Chow Yew Seng Singapore Contractors Association Limited Mr William Goh Singapore Confederation of Industries Mr Ho Heng Huat Singapore Institution of Safety Officers Dr Lee Kim Seng National University of Singapore Dr Samuel Lim Nanyang Technological University Mr Tan Cheok Kwang Association of Consulting Engineers, Singapore Mr Yeo Boey Chua Association of Singapore Marine Industries The Technical Committee appointed by the Industrial Safety Standards Committee and responsible for the preparation of this standard consists of representatives from the following organisations : Name Organisation Chairman : Mr Wiliam Goh Industrial Safety Standards Committee Secretary : Ms Barbara Bok Singapore Productivity and Standards Board Members : Mr Chan Yew Kwong Department of Industrial Safety Prof Foo Swee Cheng National University of Singapore Mr Kwan Koon Seng Association of Singapore Marine Industries Dr Naresh Kumar Ministry of Defence Mr Ong Nan Shing Nanyang Tectinological University MrT. Gopalakrishna Rao Singapore Contractors Association Limited Ms Soh Guat Hiong Singapore Confederation of Industries Mr Teo Kong Poon Institution of Engineers, Singapore Dr Peter Tay Department of industrial Health Co-opted , Member: Mr Lee Woo! Individual Capacity ‘The Working Group appointed by the Technical Committee on Personal Safety In Workplace to assist in the preparation of this standard consists of the following members: Name Organisation WG Leader : Mr Teo Kong Poon Seagate Technology International Members: Dr Foo Swee Cheng National University of Singapore Mr Kwan Koon Seng Far East Levingston Shipbuilding Ltd Dr MB Ullah National University of Singapore SS 217: 1996 CONTENTS Page Foreword ~ : - - - : - : : 4 ‘SPECIFICATIONS Introduction - : : : - : : : Definitions Purpose of safety colours and safety signe : Safety colours and contrast colours - : Colorimetric and photometic properties of safety colours and contrast - colours Geometric form and meaning of safety signs - 5 a : Layout of safety signs - - - - - : Supplementary signs - - : - : : - 1 eesene waaaan een soo APPENDICES Examples of safety signs : : 5 - 13 Colorimetric and photometic properties of materials” - - - 2 ‘Advice on selection and use of safety signs - : ; : 33 e@> TABLES 1. Safety colours and contrast colours. - : : : 5 2. Geometric form and meaning - 3:1 Chromaticty coordinates and luminance factor 6 for ordinary tetroreecting and combined illuminated and transilluminated materials - 3:2 Chromaticity coordinates for tighter areas in the chromaticity diagram for ordinary non-luminescent and retro-reflecting materials - - 4, Chromaticity coordinates for fluorescence material = - : : 5. Minimum coefficient of retro-reftection R’ : : - : 6. 7. oo Luminance contrast k for transilluminated materials. 7 5 Luminance contrast k for luminescent materials - - 7 : sssee FIGURES 1. Boundaries for red, yellow, green, blue, white and black ordinary surface colours - 2 Boundaries for red, yellow, green, blue and white rero-reflective surface colours and for fluorescent red and orange-red - : - 32 8S 217: 1996 ‘SINGAPORE STANDARD ‘SPECIFICATION FOR INDUSTRIAL SAFETY SIGNS FOREWORD This spectfication was first drawn up in 1979 and was revised in 1996 by the Technical Committee on Personal Safety In Workplace under the direction of the Industrial Safety Standards Committee. The revision was prepared to bring the standard up-to-date and to be in line with current practice. This standard introduces new safety signs and new areas le geometry forms of safety signs, colorimetric and photometric properties. In preparing the specification, reference was made to the following publications: 1 BS 5978 : - Safety signs and colours Part 1: 1980 Specification for colour and design Part 2: 1980 Specification for colorimetric and photometric properties of materials Part 3 : 1982 Specification for additional signs to those given in BS 5378 : Pt 1 2. 180 6209 : 1987 Fire protection - Safety signs 3. 180 3864: 1984 Safety colours and safety signs 4. $8364: 1993 ‘Specfication for fire safety signs ‘Acknowledgement is made for the use of information from the overseas standards. ‘The Committee would like to express its appreciation to all individuals and organisations who have assisted in the preparation of this standard. NOTE 1. Singapore Standards are subject to periodic review to keep abreast of technological changes ‘and new technical developments. The revision of Singapore Standards are announced through the issue of either amendment slips or revised editions. 2. Compliance with a Singapore Standard does not exempt users from legal obligations. 4 SS 217: 1996 1 INTRODUCTION ‘There is a need to standardize a system of giving safety information which eliminates the use of words as much as possible. The need arises because of the increase in international trade and travel, and the growth of work forces lacking a common language. Education is an essential part of any system for giving safety information. It is desirable to standardize a system for use in all fields of application because lack of standardization may lead to confusion and perhaps accidents. The use of safety colours and safety signs does not replace proper working instructions and precautionary measures. 2 SCOPE This standard defines safety colours and geometrical forms (layout, symbols and dimensions) of safety signs for the prevention of industrial accidents, health hazards and for meeting certain industrial emergencies. Advice on the selection and use of safety signs is given in Appendix C. 3. DEFINITIONS For the purpose of this standard, the following definitions apply. 3.1 Safety Colour. A colour of specified properties to which a safety meaning is attributed. 3.2 Symbol. A pictorial representation used on a safety sign. 3.3. Safety Sign. A sign which gives a particular safety message, obtained from a combination of 8 geomet form anda safety colour together with a safety symbol or text (ie. words, letters, numbers) 3.3.1 Supplementary Sign. A sign with a text only for use where necessary in conjunction with a safety sign. 3.3.2. Prohibition Sign. A safety sign that indicates that certain behaviour is prohibited. 3.3.3 Warning Sign. A safety sign that gives waming of a hazard. 3.3.4 Mandatory Sign. A safety sign that indicates that a specific course of action is to be taken. 3.3.5 Safe Condition Sign. A safety sign that provides information about safe conditions. 3.3.6 Safety Marking. Marking to indicate a risk location. 3.4 Luminescence. Emission, by atoms, molecules or ions ina materia, of optical radiation which for certain wavelengths or regions of the spectrum is in excess of the radiation due to thermal emission from that material at the same temperature, as a result of these particles being excited by energy other than thermal agitation, 3.8 Fluorescence. Photoluminescence in which the emitted optical radiation results from direct transitions from the photo-excited energy level to a lower level, these transitions taking place generally within 10 nanoseconds after the excitation. 3.6 Phosphorescence. Photoluminescence delayed by storage of energy in an intermediate energy level. SS 217 : 1996 3.7 Long Afterglow. Slowly decaying luminescence persisting the excitation of the luminescent ‘material has ceased, the duration of which may be greater than 30 minutes with a luminance of more than 3 md/m?. 3.8 Photoluminescent Materials. Materials which luminesce by absorption of optical radiation. 3.9 Retro-reflective Materials. Materials which reflect radiation in direction close to the opposite Of the direction from which it came. 3.10 Combined Materials. Materials which combine the optical characteristics of photoluminescent and retro-reflective materials. 3.11 Photopic Vision. Vision by the normal eye when itis adapted to levels of luminance of at least several candelas per square metre. 3.12 Scotopic Vision. Vision by the normal eye when itis adapted to levels of luminance less than ‘some hundredths of a candela per square metre. 3.13 Mesopic Vision. Vision intermediate between photopic and scotopic vision. 4, PURPOSE OF SAFETY COLOURS AND SAFETY SIGNS The purpose of safety colours and safety signs is to draw attention rapidly to objects and situations affecting health and safety. The use of safety colours and safety signs does not replace the need for proper accident prevention measures. Safety signs shall be used only for instructions which are related to health and safety. 5. SAFETY COLOURS AND CONTRAST COLOURS 5.1, General Meaning Assigned To Safety Colours. Table 1 gives a lst of safety colours and the meanings which shall be assigned to them. 5.2 Contrast Colours. If a contrast colour is req Table 1. |, it shall be white or black, as shown in 5.3. Layout Of Safety Marking. ‘This marking is used to identify the perimeter of the hazard. It may be used with or without a safety sign, but where a safety sign is appropriate to identify a particular hazard, or where the situation is covered by a sign set out in Appendix A, the safety marking shall not be used as a substitute for the safety sign. SS 217: 1996 5.3.1 Risk Location Marking. The following combination of safety yellow and contrast black may ‘be used to indicate risk locations: + Location of obstacles, steps or holes in the floor. = Risk of collision, falling or stumbling - Location of hazardous materials, solvents, etc. Yellow shall cover at least 50% of the sign. 5.3.2 Prohibition Location Or Fire Fighting Equipment Marking. The following combination of safety red and contrast white may be used to indicate prohibition or location of fire fighting equipment: Red mf Wa vipeo Red shall cover at least 50% of the sign. 5.3.3 Mandatory Instruction Marking. The following combination of safety blue and contrast white may be used to indicate a mandatory instruction: Keep out. - Keep clear. - Wear protective clothing, Sue and Wisk Skies Blue shall cover at least 50% of the sign. SS 217 : 1996 5.3.4 Sate Condition Marking. The following combination of safe condition green and contrast whi may be used to indicate a safe condition. al + Emergency equipment. = Safe condition, Creme ard Lisle S a a Green shall cover at least 50% of the sign. Table 1. Safety colours and contrast colours Safety Meaning or Examples of use Contrasting | Symbol colour objective colour (if | colour required) Red Stop Stop signs White Black Prohibition Emergency stops Prohibition signs This colour is also used for fire-prevention and fire-fighting equipment and its location Blue” | Mandatory action | Obligation to wear personal protective | White White equipment Yellow | Caution, risk of | Indications of dangers, Black Black danger (fire, explosion, radiation, toxic hazards, etc.) ‘Warning for steps, low passages, obstacle ® Green | Safe condition _| Escape routes White White Safety equipment | Emergency exits Emergency showers First-ald and rescue station Blue is considered a safety colour ony if used in a circular shape. 7 Fluorescent orange-red (see Appendix 8) may be used in place of safety yellow except on safety signs, This colour is very ‘conspicuous, especially in conditions of poor natural lighting, 3. COLORIMETRIC AND PHOTOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF SAFETY COLOURS AND CONTRAST COLOURS Colorimetric and photometric properties of safety colours and contrast colours are given in ‘Appendix B, which forms an integral part of this Singapore Standard, 7. at SS 217 : 1996 GEOMETRIC FORM AND MEANING OF SAFETY SIGNS Table 2 gives the general meaning of geometric forms, Table 2. Geometric form and meaning Geometric form Meaning Prohibition or mandatory action Warning LILI Fire fighting equipment ‘Safe conditions ‘Supplementary Information LAYOUT OF THE SAFETY SIGNS Prohibition Signs Background colour (contrast colour): white Circular band and cross bar : red ‘Symbol or text : black The symbol or text shall be placed centrally on the background, and shall not obliterate the cross bar. Itis recommended that the colour red should cover at least 35% of the area of the sign. Where a symbol is not available to indicate a particular desired meaning, the meaning shall be obtained preferably by using the prohibition sign without a symbol together with a text on a supplementary sign, or alternatively by using a text in place of a symbol on the prohibition sign. SS 217 : 1996 .2 Mandatory Signs. 83 Warning Signs Background colour : blue ‘Symbol or text : white ‘The symbol or text shall be placed centrally on the background, The colour blue shall cover at least 50% of the area of the sign. ‘Where a symbol is not available to indicate a particular desired meaning, the meaning shall be obtained Preferably by using the general mandatory action sign together with a text on a supplementary sign or alternatively by using a text in place of a symbol on the mandatory action sign, Background colour : yellow. Triangular band : black ‘Symbol or text : black ‘The symbol or text shall be placed centrally on the background, The colour yellow shall cover at least 50% of the area of the sign. Where a symbol is not available to indicate a particular desired meaning, the meaning shall be obtained Preferably by using the general warning sign together with a text on a supplementary sign or alternatively by using a text in place of a symbol on the warning sign. 10 SS 217: 1996 8.4 — Safe Condition Signs 8.4.1 Concerning safety equipment, escape routes, etc. Background colour : green ‘Symbol or text : white The symbol or text shall be placed centrally on the background and the shape of the sign shall be square or oblong as necessary to accommodate the symbol or text. ‘The colour green shall cover at least 50% of the area of the sign, Where a symbol is not available to give a particular desired meaning, the meaning shall be obtained by using a text in place of a symbol on the information sign. 2 Fire Fighting Equipment Sign. _Conceming fire-ighting equipment and Its location, the Principles of Subclause 8.4.1 apply except that the background colour shall be red, 8.5 Design Of Symbols. The design of symbols shall be as simple as possible and details not essential for the understanding of the safety message should be omitted. Appendix A gives recommended safety symbols in common use. NOTE. It symbols shown inthis standard do not cover a particular desired meaning, other symbols already standardized in ‘ther connection’ should be tied or text only should be used, 86 Dimensions. The dimensions of the safety signs should be large enough to ensure effectiveness for the intended population of workers at the specified areas or distances. The preferred sizes for the overall dimensions of safety signs (‘as indicated in figures shown in Subclauses 8.1 - 8.4) are: = 100 mm = 150 mm = 300 mm = 600 mm - 1200 mm " SS 217 : 1998 9 SUPPLEMENTARY SIGNS Background colour : white Text : black or Background colour : colour of the safety sign Text: relevant contrast colour ‘The shape of the sign shall be rectangular or square and shall not comprise any graphic symbol. ‘The supplementary sign shall be underneath the safety sign or included in its limits. More examples on supplementary signs are given in Appendix C. 12 APPENDIX A EXAMPLES OF SAFETY SIGNS SS 217 : 1996 Safety sign Meaning Comments on use A.A Prohibition Signs (General) prohibition ‘Smoking prohibited Fire, open light and smoking prohibited It should be supplemented with appropriate text on a supplementary sign. To be used in cases where ‘smoking can cause danger of fire and health. To be used in cases where ‘smoking or open flame can cause danger of fire or explosion. 13 SS 217 : 1996 Safety sign Meaning Water as extinguishing ‘agent prohibited Thoroughfare prohibited for pedestrians Do not operate Comments on use To be used in all cases when the use of water on a fire is inappropriate. 4 SS 217 : 1996 Safety sign Meaning Comments on use A.2 Mandatory Signs General mandatory action Head protection must be worn Eye protection must be worn lt should be ‘supplemented with appropriate text on a supplementary sign. To indicate that safety helmet must be worn 16 Safety sign Meaning Comments on use i 88 217 : 1996 i Respiratory protection must be oe = f Hearing protection must be To indicate noisy area worn Hand protection must be worn 16 SS 217: 1996 Safety sign Meaning Comments on use. Foot protection must be worn Face shield must be worn Safety harness/belt must be worn 7 SS 217 : 1996 Safety sign Meaning Comments on use Use adjustable guard Use guard Wash hands This symbol may also be used on a safe condition sign 18 SS 217 : 1996 Safety sign Meaning Comments on use Keep locked 3 Warning Signs (General) hazard It should be supplemented Caution, risk of fire with appropriate text on a supplementary sign. To indicate the presence of highly flammable materials and high temperature 19 SS 217 : 1996 Safety sign Meaning ‘Comments on use, Caution, risk of To be used to indicate the ‘explosion Caution, oxidizing materials Caution, toxic hazard Possible existence of an explosive atmosphere, flammable gas or explosives SS 217: 1996 Safety sign Meaning Comments on use Caution, risk of corrosion Caution, risk of ionizing radiations Caution, laser beam Corrosive materials To be used in an area where there is a rush of radioactive exposure at SS 217: 1996 Safety sign Meaning Comments on use Caution, overhead load Caution, overhead hazard (fixed hazard) Caution, trip hazard 22 SS 217: 1996 Safety sign Meaning Comments on use Caution, slippery surface Caution, fork lit trucks Caution, risk of electric shock To be used in area where industrial vehicles are in operation 23, SS 217 : 1996 Safety sign Meaning Comments on use A.4 Sate Condition Signs (General) safe condition General indication of direction to... First aid It should be supplemented with appropriate text on a supplementary sign To be used to indicate the direction to an exit which can be used in the event of an emergency To indicate first aid facility like station, first aid box 24 SS 217: 1996 Safety sign Meaning Comments on use Emergency shower To be used to indicate the presence of safety shower Emergency eye wash Telephone to be used in emergency Sign to indicate, or to show the position of a telephone available for giving warning in case of fire emergency SS 217 : 1996 Safety sign Meaning ‘Comments on use Emergency stop push-button 26 SS 217: 1996 APPENDIX B COLORIMETRIC AND PHOTOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS (This Appendix forms an integral part of this standard) B.1 DEFINITIONS B.1.1 Colour Boundary : (Straight) line in the CIE chromaticity diagram (CIE 45.18.200") separating the area of the permitted colours from that of the non-permitted colours. B.1.2 Luminance Factor 6 (At a point on the surface of a non-setf-radiating body, in a given direction, tunder specified conditions of illumination) : Ratio of luminance of the material to that of a perfect reflecting diffuser identically illuminated (CIE 45.20.200'), B.1.3 Luminance Contrast k : The luminance contrast is the quotient of the luminance of the contrast colour L, to that of the safety colour L, ket B.1.4 Coefficient Of Retro-retlection R' (of a plane retro-reflecting surface) : The quotient obtained {from dividing the luminous intensity () of the retro-reflecting material in the direction of observation, by the product of the illuminance (E.) at the retro-reflecting surface on a plane perpendicular to the direction of the incident light and its area (A). B.1.5 Ordinary Materials : Materials which are neither retro-reflecting nor fluorescent. B.2 CONDITIONS B.2.1_ The physical requirements which safety signs have to meet are primarly related to daytime colour. B.2.2 Measurements of chromaticity coordinates and luminance factor B shall be made as specified in CIE Publication No. 15.2. For the measurement of chromaticity coordinates and luminance factor 8, the material is considered to be illuminated by daylight as represented by the Standard illuminant Dy, (CIE 45.15.145") at an angle of 45° with the normal to the surface and the observation made in the direction of the normal (45/0° geometry). B.2.3 The coefficient of retro-reflection R’ shall be measured in accordance with CIE Publication No.7, Vol. D, 1960 : pp. 566-571, (proceedings 14th session, Brussels), using Standard illuminant A, with the ‘condition that the entrance and observation angles are in the same plane. The numbers refer to CIE (Commission internationale de Iécairage) Vocabulary Publication No. 174 27 SS 217 : 1996 B.3 REQUIREMENTS ‘The colour areas shall be as shown in Figures 1 and 2, as appropriate; the x and y coordinates of the comer points of the colour areas, and the luminance factors required, shall be as given in Tables. 3 and 4 (see note 2). Table 5 contains the minimum coefficients of retro-reflection R’ for retro-reflecting materials. For transilluminated signs the x and y coordinates shall be in the colour area given in Table 6 and the luminance contrast as given in Table 7. NOTES 1. The signe (inluding the colours) shall maintain the same meaning under ll relevant ighting conditions. 2 Retro-efiecting materials: if, n practice, the photometric values of the retro-eflecting material drop below 50% of the ‘required minima, of the chromaticity coordinates fall outside the area boundaries in Table 3, the materiale are no longer ‘considered suitable for safety use 3. Fluorescent materials: in practice, the chromaticity coordinates fll outside the boundaries in Table 4, the materials are ‘no longer considered sultabe for safety use, Table 3.1. Chromaticity coordinates and luminance factor B for ordinary retro-reflecting and combined illuminated and transiliuminated materials Colour! — Chromaticity coordinates of Ordinary materials Luminance | Combined ‘comer points determining the factor8 | ‘material permitted colour area: Standard retro-reflecting Mlluminant D,, (45/0 geometry) Non- Luminescent | materials CIE 2° standard observer__| luminescent 1{2]3]4 Type 1 | Type 2 Red |x| 0.735 > 0.07 >030 |>0.05]>0.03) > 0.25 y | 0.265 Blue | x| 0.094 > 0.05 > 005 |>001]>001] > 003 y| 0.125 Yellow | x | 0.545 > 0.45 >080 |>027)>0.16] > 0.70 y| 0.454 Green | x | 0.201 > 0.12 > 040 | >0.04]> 0.03] > 0.95 y| 0.776 White | x | 0.350 > 0.75 >10 |>095]>027] - y| 0.360 Black | x | 0.385 <0.02 : : : - y | 0.955 Table 5. SS 217 : 1996 Table 3.2, Chromaticity coordinates for tighter areas in the chromaticity diagram for ordinary ‘non-luminescent and retro-reflecting materials Colour | Chromaticity coordinates of comer points determining the permitted tighter colour area, for Standard illuminant Dy, 45/0 geometry CIE 2° observer Ordinary non-luminescent Retro-reflecting materials materials Type 1 Type 2 4 1 2 03 4h tt es lt lk a 0.660 | 0.610 | 0.638 | 0.690 | 0.660 | 0.610 | 0.638 | 0.690 | 0.660 | 0.610 | 0.638 | 0.690 0.340 | 0.340 | 0.312 | 0,310 | 0.340 | 0.940 | 0.312 | 0.310 | 0.340 | 0.340| 0.312 |0.310 +— 0.140 | 0.160 | 0.160 | 0.140 | 0.130 | 0.160 | 0.160 0.130] 0.130 | 0.160 0.160 | 0.130 0.140 | 0.140 | 0.160 | 0.160 | 0.086 | 0.686 | 0.120 | 0.120 | 0.090 | 0.090 | 0.140 | 0.140 0.494 | 0.470 | 0.493 | 0.522 | 0.494 | 0.470 | 0.493 | 0.522 | 0.494 | 0.470 | 0.513 | 0.545 0.505 | 0.480 | 0.457 | 0.477 | 0.505 | 0.480 | 0.457 | 0.477 | 0.505 | 0.480 | 0.437 | 0.454 0.230 | 0.260 | 0.260 | 0.230 | 0.110 | 0.150 | 0.150] 0.110] 0.110 0.170 0.170 | 0.110 0.440 | 0.440 | 0.470 | 0.470 | 0.415 | 0.415 | 0.455 | 0.455 | 0.415 | 0.415 | 0.500 | 0.500 0.305 | 0.335 | 0.925 | 0.295 | 0.305 | 0.395 | 0.328 | 0.295 | 0.305 | 0.335 | 0.325] 0.295, 0.315 | 0.345 | 0.355 | 0.325 | 0.315 | 0.345 | 0.925 | 0.325 | 0.315 | 0.345 | 0.325 | 0.325, 1 Red Blue | Yellow Green White 0.25 and orange-red y 0.310 0.315 0.375 0.390 Table 5. Minimum coefficient of retro-reflection R’ Observation | Entrance Minimum coefficient of retro-reflection R'*, in od.x.m angle | angle MWuminant: Standard iluminant A Type 1 Type 2 Write | Yellow| Red_| Green | Blue | White| Yellow| Red |Green] Blue we 70 }s0 |145 Jo fa aso J170 fas fas [20 30° 30 j2z [6 fas 17 |150 J100 |25 os | 40° to_|7 “2 |15 Jos [110 } 70 fie fi2 fa 20 s 50 95 tof? fa ago x22 fas for aa 30° 24 16 fa fs 1 |to0 Jer fra far [7 40° 9 |6 1812 |o4 [95 Jos fis |i [7 + 2 s 5/3 os jos jo2|s |s3 Joe los loz 30° 26 115 |o4 jos jor | 2s} 15 |o4 fos for 40° 15 [10 [os |o2 oo} 15 | 10 |o3 [oz Joos * For coloured parts ofthe sign which are printed, the costficiont of retro-atlection Ri shal be not less than 80% of the value ‘given in Table 5. Table 6. Luminance contrast k for transilluminated materials Safety colour Red Blue Yellow Green Contrast colour White White Black White Luminance contrast] 5

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