21MAB102T- ADVANCED

CALCULUS AND COMPLEX

ANALYSIS; Unit II (Part-2) -
Green’s, Stoke’s and Gauss
Divergence theorem

Dr. Sahadeb Kuila

Assistant Professor
Department of Mathematics, SRMIST, Kattankulathur
 Green’s theorem
Stoke’s theorem
Gauss divergence theorem

Outline

1 Green’s theorem

2 Stoke’s theorem

3 Gauss divergence theorem

2/ 20 Dr. Sahadeb Kuila Dept. of Mathematics, SRMIST, Kattankulathur

 Green’s theorem
Stoke’s theorem
Gauss divergence theorem

Statement (Green’s theorem):

Let C be a positively oriented, piecewise smooth, simple,

closed curve and let R be the region enclosed by the curve C
in the xy -plane. If P(x , y ) and Q(x , y ) have continuous first
order partial derivatives on R, then
!
I ZZ
∂Q ∂P
Pdx + Qdy = − dxdy .
C ∂x ∂y
R

3/ 20 Dr. Sahadeb Kuila Dept. of Mathematics, SRMIST, Kattankulathur

 Green’s theorem
Stoke’s theorem
Gauss divergence theorem

Applications of Green’s theorem

Example 1:
I
Use Green’s theorem to evaluate xydx + x 2 y 3 dy , where C
C
is the triangle with vertices (0, 0), (1, 0), (1, 2) with positive
orientation.
Solution: Let P = xy , Q = x 2 y 3 and the positive orientation
curve C is as shown in the figure.

4/ 20 Dr. Sahadeb Kuila Dept. of Mathematics, SRMIST, Kattankulathur

 Green’s theorem
Stoke’s theorem
Gauss divergence theorem

Applications of Green’s theorem

Using Green’s theorem,

I I
xydx + x 2 y 3 dy = Pdx + Qdy
C C
!
ZZ
∂Q ∂P ZZ
= − dxdy = (2xy 3 − x )dxdy
∂x ∂y
R R
Z 1 Z 2x Z 1" 4 #2x
3 xy
= (2xy − x )dydx = − xy dx
0 0 0 2 0
#1
4x 6 2x 3
Z 1 "
5 2 2
= (8x − 2x )dx = − = .
0 3 3 0
3

5/ 20 Dr. Sahadeb Kuila Dept. of Mathematics, SRMIST, Kattankulathur

 Green’s theorem
Stoke’s theorem
Gauss divergence theorem

Applications of Green’s theorem

Example 2:
Verify
I Green’s theorem in the plane for
[(xy + y 2 )dx + x 2 dy ], where C is the closed curve of the
C
region bounded by y = x and y = x 2 .
Solution: Let P = xy + y 2 , Q = x 2 and the positive
orientation curve C is as shown in the figure. The curves
y = x and y = x 2 intersect at (0, 0) and (1, 1).

6/ 20 Dr. Sahadeb Kuila Dept. of Mathematics, SRMIST, Kattankulathur

 Green’s theorem
Stoke’s theorem
Gauss divergence theorem

Applications of Green’s theorem

Using Green’s theorem,
I I
[(xy + y 2 )dx + x 2 dy ] = Pdx + Qdy
C C
!
ZZ
∂Q ∂P ZZ
= − dxdy = (2x − x − 2y )dxdy
∂x ∂y
R R
ZZ Z 1Z x
= (x − 2y )dxdy = (x − 2y )dydx
0 y =x 2
R
Z 1h ix Z 1
= xy − y 2 2
dx = (x 4 − x 3 )dx
0 y =x 0
#1
x5 x4
"
1
= − =− .
5 4 0
20
7/ 20 Dr. Sahadeb Kuila Dept. of Mathematics, SRMIST, Kattankulathur
 Green’s theorem
Stoke’s theorem
Gauss divergence theorem

Applications of Green’s theorem

Now let us evaluate the line integral along C . Along
y = x 2 , dy = 2xdx and the line integral equals
Z 1 Z 1
[(x (x 2 ) + x 4 )dx + x 2 (2x )dx ] = (3x 3 + x 4 )dx
0 0
#1
4
x5
"
3x 19
= + = .
4 5 0
20

Along y = x , dy = dx and the line integral equals

#0
3x 3
Z 0 Z 0 "
2 2 2
[(x (x ) + x )dx + x dx ] = (3x )dx = = −1.
1 1 3 1

19 1
Therefore, the required line integral = 20
− 1 = − 20 . Hence
the theorem is verified.
8/ 20 Dr. Sahadeb Kuila Dept. of Mathematics, SRMIST, Kattankulathur
 Green’s theorem
Stoke’s theorem
Gauss divergence theorem

Statement (Stoke’s theorem):

Let S be a smooth surface that is bounded by a simple closed,

smooth boundary curve C with positive orientation and
→
− →
− →
− →
−
F = F1 i + F2 j + F3 k be any vector function having
continuous first order partial derivatives, then
I
→
− →− ZZ
→
−
F .dr = curl F .nb ds,
C
S

where nb is the outward normal unit vector at any point of S.

9/ 20 Dr. Sahadeb Kuila Dept. of Mathematics, SRMIST, Kattankulathur

 Green’s theorem
Stoke’s theorem
Gauss divergence theorem

Applications of Stoke’s theorem

Example 1:
I
→
− → −
Use Stoke’s theorem to evaluate F .dr , where
C
→
− →
− →
− →
−
F = y 2 i + x 2 j − (x + z) k and C is the boundary of the
triangle with vertices (0, 0, 0), (1, 0, 0), (1, 1, 0) with positive
orientation.
Solution: We note that z-coordinate of each vertex of the
triangle is 0. Therefore, the triangle lies in the xy -plane. So
→
−
nb = k and the positive orientation curve C is as shown in the
figure.

10/ 20 Dr. Sahadeb Kuila Dept. of Mathematics, SRMIST, Kattankulathur

 Green’s theorem
Stoke’s theorem
Gauss divergence theorem

Applications of Stoke’s theorem

Let F1 = y 2 , F2 = x 2 , F3 = −(x + z) and we have

→
− →
− →
−
→
− i j k →
− → − →
−
curl F = ∂
∂x
∂
∂y
∂
∂z
= 0 i + j + 2(x − y ) k
2 2
y x −(x + z)

11/ 20 Dr. Sahadeb Kuila Dept. of Mathematics, SRMIST, Kattankulathur

 Green’s theorem
Stoke’s theorem
Gauss divergence theorem

Applications of Stoke’s theorem

→
− →
− →
− → −
and curl F .nb = [ j + 2(x − y ) k ]. k = 2(x − y ).
The equation of the line OB is y = x . Using Stoke’s theorem,

I
→
− →− ZZ
→
− Z 1Z x
F .dr = curl F .nb ds = 2(x − y )dxdy
C 0 y =0
S
#x
Z 1"
y2 Z 1
x2 1
=2 xy − dx = 2 dx = .
0 2 0 0 2 3

12/ 20 Dr. Sahadeb Kuila Dept. of Mathematics, SRMIST, Kattankulathur

 Green’s theorem
Stoke’s theorem
Gauss divergence theorem

Applications of Stoke’s theorem

Example 2:
→
− →
− →
− →
−
Verify Stoke’s theorem for F = (2x − y ) i − yz 2 j − y 2 z k
over the upper half surface S of the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1
bounded by its projection on the xy -plane and C is its
boundary.

Solution: The boundary C of S is a circle in the xy -plane of

radius unity and centre at origin. Let x = cos t, y = sin t,
z = 0, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π are parametric equations of C .

13/ 20 Dr. Sahadeb Kuila Dept. of Mathematics, SRMIST, Kattankulathur

 Green’s theorem
Stoke’s theorem
Gauss divergence theorem

Applications of Stoke’s theorem

Now
I
→
− →−
F .dr
IC
→
− →
− →
− →
− →
− →
−
= [(2x − y ) i − yz 2 j − y 2 z k ].[dx i + dy j + dz k ]
C I I
= (2x − y )dx − yz 2 dy − y 2 zdz = (2x − y )dx
C C
Z 2π
=− (2 cos t − sin t) sin tdt = π. (1)
0

14/ 20 Dr. Sahadeb Kuila Dept. of Mathematics, SRMIST, Kattankulathur

 Green’s theorem
Stoke’s theorem
Gauss divergence theorem

Applications of Stoke’s theorem

→
−
Also nb = k , ds = dxdy ,
→
− →
− →
−
→
− i j k →
−
curl F = ∂
∂x
∂
∂y
∂
∂z
= k
2x − y −yz 2 −y z2

→
− →
− →−
and curl F .nb = k . k = 1.
Using Stoke’s theorem,

ZZ
→
− ZZ
curl F .nb ds = dxdy = π, (2)
S S

where π(1)2 is the area of the circle C .

Hence from (1) and (2), the theorem is verified.
15/ 20 Dr. Sahadeb Kuila Dept. of Mathematics, SRMIST, Kattankulathur
 Green’s theorem
Stoke’s theorem
Gauss divergence theorem

Statement (Gauss divergence theorem):

→
−
If V is the volume bounded by a closed surface S and F is a
vector point function with continuous derivatives in V , then
ZZ
→
− ZZZ
→
−
curl F .nb ds = div F dV ,
S V

where nb is the outward normal unit vector at any point of S.

16/ 20 Dr. Sahadeb Kuila Dept. of Mathematics, SRMIST, Kattankulathur

 Green’s theorem
Stoke’s theorem
Gauss divergence theorem

Applications of Gauss divergence theorem

Example 1:
Use Gauss divergence theorem to evaluate
[(x 3 − yz)dydz − 2x 2 ydzdx + zdxdy ] over the surface S of
RR
S
a cube bounded by the coordinate planes and the plane
x = y = z = a.
Solution: Let F1 = x 3 − yz, F2 = −2x 2 y , F3 = z. Using
Gauss divergence theorem,
ZZ
→
− ZZZ
→
−
curl F .nb ds = div F dV
S V
!
ZZZ
∂F1 ∂F2 ∂F3
= + + dxdydz
∂x ∂y ∂z
V
17/ 20 Dr. Sahadeb Kuila Dept. of Mathematics, SRMIST, Kattankulathur
 Green’s theorem
Stoke’s theorem
Gauss divergence theorem

Applications of Gauss divergence theorem

Z a Z a Z a Z a Z a " 3 #a
2 x
= (x + 1)dxdydz = +x dydz
x =0 y =0 z=0 z=0 y =0 3 x =0
a3 a3 3
" #Z " #Z " #
a Z a a a
= +a dydz = a +a dz = a2 +a .
3 z=0 y =0 3 z=0 3

18/ 20 Dr. Sahadeb Kuila Dept. of Mathematics, SRMIST, Kattankulathur

 Green’s theorem
Stoke’s theorem
Gauss divergence theorem

Applications of Gauss divergence theorem

Example 2:
Use
RR
Gauss divergence theorem to evaluate
[(x + z)dydz + (y + z)dzdx + (x + y )dxdy ] over the
S
surface S of the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4.
Solution: Let F1 = x + z, F2 = y + z, F3 = x + y . Using
Gauss divergence theorem,
ZZ
→
− ZZZ
→
−
curl F .nds =
b div F dV
S V
!
ZZZ
∂F1 ∂F2 ∂F3
= + + dV
∂x ∂y ∂z
V

19/ 20 Dr. Sahadeb Kuila Dept. of Mathematics, SRMIST, Kattankulathur

 Green’s theorem
Stoke’s theorem
Gauss divergence theorem

Applications of Gauss divergence theorem

ZZZ ZZZ
= 2dV = 2 dV = 2V ,
V V

where V is the volume of the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 22 (∵ the

volume of a sphere of radius r is 34 πr 3 ).

4 64
 
=2 π(2)3 = π.
3 3

20/ 20 Dr. Sahadeb Kuila Dept. of Mathematics, SRMIST, Kattankulathur