PRACTICAL
RESEARCH I
Zione Kathleen C. Esic, RPm
QUANTITATIVE AND
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Module 1 Lesson 3
3
TYPES OF RESEARCH 4
Applied Research- designed to solve practical problems of the
modern world, rather than to acquire knowledge’s sake; its goal is
to improve human condition. It is used to find solutions to
everyday problems, current illnesses and develop technologies.
Examples: to improve crop production, treat or cure a specific
disease and to improve the energy efficiency of homes, offices, or
modes of transportations.
TYPES OF RESEARCH 5
Basic Research- referred to as fundamental or pure research, is
driven by a scientist’s curiosity or interest in a scientific question.
The main motivation is to extend man’s knowledge, not to create or
invent things.
Examples: What is the possible cure for HIV?
What is the genetic code of the fruit fly?
How do mushrooms reproduce?
TYPES OF RESEARCH 6
Correlational Research- refers to the systematic investigation or
statistical study of relationships among two or more variables,
without necessarily determining the cause and effect. It seeks to
establish a relation or association between two or more variables
that do not readily lead themselves to experimental manipulation.
Example: Relationship between academic performance and social
media usage
TYPES OF RESEARCH 7
Descriptive Research- refers to the research that provides an
accurate portrayal of a class or a particular individual or a group. It
is also known as statistical research. It collects large amount of notes
for a detailed study. It deals with everything that can be counted
and measured and which has a n impact on people or communities.
Example: finding the most and common and frequent disease that
affects the children of the town
TYPES OF RESEARCH 8
Ethnographic Research- refers to the investigation of a culture
through an in-depth study of the members of the culture; it
involves the systematic collection, description, and the analysis of
data for development of theories of cultural behavior.
Two Approaches: 1. Realist- objective account of the situation
2. Critical- shows advocacy for marginalized group
Example: study on Tasaday tribe
TYPES OF RESEARCH 9
Experimental Research- is an objectives, systematics, controlled
investigation, for the purpose of predicting and controlling
phenomena and examining probability and causality among
selected variables. It best establishes cause-effect relationship.
Example: Effect of online gaming to the cognition of Grade 12
students; laboratory experiment of products, animal experiment on
laboratories
TYPES OF RESEARCH 10
Exploratory Research- is a type conducted for a problem that has
not been clearly defined. It helps determine the best research
design, data collection method and selection of subjects. It can be
informal.
TYPES OF RESEARCH 11
Historical Research- is one involving analysis of events that
occurred in the remote recent past. Understanding this can add
perspective on how we examine current events and educational
practices; can be external (lower) criticism or internal (higher)
criticism.
TYPES OF RESEARCH 12
Phenomenological Research- is an inductive descriptive research
developed from phenomenological philosophy. Its aim is to
describe the experience as it is actually lived by the person. It is
concerned with the study of experience from the perspective of the
individual. It emphasizes the importance of a personal perspective
and interpretation.
Example: Interview with the person involved in Marawi Seige
TYPES OF RESEARCH 13
Action Research- involves the application of the steps of the
scientific method in the classroom problems. This type of research
is done on a very limited scope. Conducted primarily by education
students and teachers.
Example: What instruction strategies do students think are
engaging and why?
TYPES OF RESEARCH 14
Case studies
• Intrinsic case study- conducted to understand a particular case that may
be unusual or unique
• Instrumental case study- represents some other issues under stud and the
researcher believes that this particular case can provide additional insights
into that issue
• Multiple or collective case study- uses several cases selected to further
understand and investigate a phenomenon, population, or general
condition.
TYPES OF RESEARCH 15
Content Analysis- is a type of research applied to written or visual
materials. This research type may be laborious and time consuming.
However, with the use of computers, content analysis can be made
more quickly and accurately.
16
Qualitative Quantitative
Objective It aims to create new The purpose is to test a
theory based on the hypothesis or theory.
gathered data. Measures problem using
A fact-finding research rating scale and other
used to gain research parameters of
understanding of group similarities.
individual differences in
terms of feelings and
experiences.
17
Qualitative Quantitative
Data -natural setting -measurement setting
Description -making stories out of a -performs measures out
certain phenomenon. of a certain
-Uses pictures, words, phenomenon.
sentences, paragraphs, - Uses numbers, scales,
compositions, narrations hypotheses, calculations,
and short stories computations and
statistics tools.
18
Qualitative Quantitative
Sample Size -Small judgment (by Large sample
decision) sampling representatives of
population.
Qualitative
19
Quantitative
Data -Unstructured or semi structured Standardized /Structured
Gathering (flexible processes) Uses census, survey
Activities Uses interviews, participant questionnaire, checklist,
observation, group discussions. paper-pencil test and
Ex: Case Study, field research experimentation.
Uses open ended questions. Uses closed ended
It is a freeform survey questions questions.
allow a participant to answer in This questions can only
open-text format, responses are be answered by selecting
unlimited to a set of options. from a limited number of
options, usually
“multiple-choice”,
Qualitative Quantitative 20
Data -Example: Example:
Gathering Guide questions for the interviews Strongly agree to strongly disagree
Activities 1. What was your experiences during In quantitative research closed
quarantine period on the COVID-19 ended questions are the basis of all
pandemic? How did you handle the statistical analysis techniques
situation caused by the pandemic? applied on questionnaires and
2. Was the support of the National surveys.
and Local Government enough for Sample Question:
your basic needs? Did they conduct Do you agree on online modality
evaluation for those who were class in transitioning the new
affected? normal of education?
a. Strongly agree
b. Agree
c. Disagree
d. Strongly disagree
Qualitative Quantitative
21
Data -Inductive -Deductive
Gathering The researcher starts with the Starts from a hypothesis or
Activities observations, an open mind already created theory
without biases, gathering all emphasizing the previously
exact details of the topic and researched phenomenon from
generalization or new theory is different views (tested against
given towards the end of the observations).
research process.
Qualitative Quantitative
22
Data Uses both inductive and deductive
discussions
and They are not mutually exclusive with each other in research.
Presentation Inductive method or “bottom-up” is used if the researcher
starts discussions from the lowest and highest means then
explains the overall mean.
Deductive or “top-down “if discussion is from the overall
mean going to the lowest and highest means, deductive.
Qualitative Quantitative
23
Data Opinions are based on Opinions are based on laws,
discussions experience or observation. rules, or other recognized
and There are no criteria used in principles.
Presentation data discussions.
Qualitative Quantitative
24
Data Synthesize data, interpret, Statistical
Analysis thematic.
Objective
Subjective
The researcher employs
Data analysis is influenced by standard criteria in analyzing
the personal experiences and data.
views.
Qualitative Quantitative
25
Outcome Cultivates understanding with Endorse a development.
high validity.
Has high output replicability.
There are no conclusions
formulated. Conclusion is formulated
towards the end of the
research process.
SIMILARITIES: QUALITATIVE &
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
1. Both have the process of inquiry and investigation.
2. Both improve life and help us in understanding various issues
of life and in giving solutions to our problems
3. Both start with a problem and end with a new problem.
4. Both use textual forms in analyzing and interpretation of
data.
7. Both use inductive and deductive methods of presenting data.
References:
Prieto, N.G. et al. (2017).Practical Research for Senior High School 1 Qualitative. Lorimar
Publishing, Inc., Metro Manila.
Baraceros, E.L. (2016).Practical Research 1. Ist ed. Rex Book Store. Manila
Buenseco, D.B, Dacanay, D.E., Manalo, G.A. (2016).Department of Education
Practical Research 1. Teachers Guide .Ist ed. Lexicon Press, Inc. Pasig City.
Calmorin, L.P. (2016).Research and Thesis Writing with Statistics and Computer
Application. [Link] Book Store
Cristobal, A.P., Jr, & Cristobal, M.D. (2016). Practical Research 1 for Senior High
School. Ist ed.C & E Publishing Inc. Quezon City.
THANK YOU
Zione Kathleen C. Esic, RPm
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