ST.

THERESA’S SCHOOL OF NOVALICHES

THE MOBILE APPLICATION USAGE OF GRADE 12 STUDENTS AT

ST. THERESA’S SCHOOL OF NOVALICHES

AND THEIR PERSONALITY TRAITS

A Research Paper

Presented to the Faculty of Senior High School Department

St. Theresa’s School of Novaliches

S.Y. 2022 - 2023

Camitan. Abigail T.

Marcelo, Princess Reign T.

Nalia, Thea Loraine S.

Jerez, Stephen Jacob N.

Roa, Antoine T.

Verceles, GL Casey M.

Mr. Wilson Rada

Research Adviser

MARCH, 2023
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Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

People have become accustomed to using smartphones and mobile applications

in the modern age of information and communication systems. Nonetheless, the use and

development of mobile applications is a new and fast-growing sector. Mobile applications

are run on a small handheld mobile device that is portable, simple to use, and accessible

from anywhere and at any time. Software or a set of software is used to create mobile

applications. An application that runs on a mobile device and handles some functions for

the user. Several people nowadays use mobile applications for communicating with

friends and browsing the internet, file content management, document creation, Handling,

entertainment, and so forth. The system is accessible to the user from any location.

Humans are capable of many things—daily and student life items. The impact of mobile

applications on users is significant but plays a vital part in education.

The smartphone application has a social impact. The mobile application runs in a

mobile environment, and some constraints, including screen resolution, hardware limits,

expensive data usage, connectivity challenges, and limited interaction options, determine

its usefulness. In recent years, mobile businesses have attempted to build mobile devices

with higher screen resolution, more storage, and better connectivity to provide a better

environment for modern mobile applications.

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Background of the Study

According to Wang et al. (2013), a mobile application is an information software

that runs on a mobile device that users from app stores or the Internet can download. In

2007, Apple released its first iPhone, with features for internet surfing and other

applications consumers may need in a touch-screen style. It clicked on the market as

other technology companies copied the idea of Steve Jobs (the owner of Apple).

Mobile applications have gone into abrupt development as smartphones evolve,

enhancing the specification of the overall operating performance of the system and

increasing people’s frequency of use in their daily lives. In a statistical report on the

number of mobile internet and app users in 2022 conducted by Statista Research

Department, Filipinos are the most active users in Asia Pacific in mobile application

accessibility usage. Wang et al. (2013) stated that the function and emotional value of

mobile apps affect the satisfaction of the users, which impacts their behavioral intentions

and needs. People have developed an unhealthy emotional dependence on mobile

applications as smartphones have become more multifunctional. Insecure attachments,

poor cognitive-emotional driven regulation, communication issues, fear of missing out

(FOMO), and other psychological comorbidities may result from uncontrolled usage of

mobile applications (Wacks & Weinstein, 2021).

Nonetheless, the researchers aim to gather data about the usage of mobile

applications among Grade 12 Students and conduct a study about how their screen time

may affect their Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), or simplified as personality traits.

Furthermore, the study will help the students understand how mobile application

use can influence their behavior or personality. Katherine Cook Briggs and Isabel Myers
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developed the MBTI assessment; they spent years studying Swiss psychologist Carl

Jung's theory of psychological types. According to The Myers-Briggs Company (2023),

using MBTI assessment is to understand strengths and blind spots. This assessment

helps people understand how they might differ from one another and how individuals and

teams handle challenges such as communication, conflict, managing change, making

decisions, being a leader, or changing careers. However, it is not designed to describe

every aspect of our personality but rather focuses on preference pairs. This assessment

examines our personality preferences: Extraversion-Introversion, Sensing-Intuition,

Thinking-Feeling, and Judging-Perceiving.

Thus, personality tests towards an individual’s personality trait help on how people

observe the world and make decisions. Not only but it also helps individuals to identify

and understand their communication and interactions with other people. This further

allows people, specifically the students, to have self-awareness and development

regarding their interests, best-suited careers, and academic persona. These personalities

guide us to knowing its types or character assessment, which also builds and sharpens

our attitudes.
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Conceptual Framework
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A conceptual framework serves as the flow of the research study, showing the

relationship of each variable, from independent to dependent variables. Additionally, a

conceptual framework is the backbone or blueprint of the study that researchers are

conducting in order to have a guide during the process of creating research.

The independent variable cannot be altered for its credibility but can affect its

dependent variable. At the same time, the dependent variable can be affected because

of its independent variable. However, the dependent variable can also be altered due to

the results that come from its independent variable.

For this study, the IPO (Input, Process, Output) model is applied to present the

step-by-step process of the research. The input shows the required information from the

respondents and to know the length of mobile application usage. The method shows how

the researchers will be able to collect data based on the respondents’ feedback through

survey questionnaires.

This study is conducted to determine the possible effects of mobile applications

on the personality traits of Grade 12 students at St. Theresa’s School of Novaliches.

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Theoretical Framework

Mobile applications have been developed to meet the standard requirement of

users for accessibility in daily life, as mobile users’ expectations increased when

compared to other software (Porat and Tractinsky, 2008). Leading mobile applications

rise as the users reckon enhancement. Fred Davis proposed the Technology Acceptance

Model (TAM) in 1985. It is based on two theories: the Theory of Planned Behavior and

the Theory of Reasoned Action, both of which were extended by Fishbein and Ajzen in

1985.

People form attitudes and intentions toward attempting to learn to use new

technology before beginning efforts to use it (Davis & Bagozzi, 1989). Davis (1985)

focuses on users' attitudes and behavior to determine two beliefs: perceived usefulness

(PU) and perceived ease of use (PE).

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According to Davis (1985), perceived usefulness is the degree to which an individual

believes that using a particular system will improve their job performance, and perceived

ease of use is the degree to which an individual believes that using a particular system

will be free of effort.

Later, behavioral intention was added as a new variable that provides motivation

factors directly influenced by perceived usefulness and shows a strong correlation with

users' technology use. The development of the original model made significant theoretical

contributions and great practical value in today’s technology (Marikyan & Papagiannidis,

2022). The original model's development made significant theoretical contributions and

practical value in today's technology (Marikyan & Papagiannidis, 2022). The rationale for

the model extensions was a lack of understanding of the elements underlying user

perceptions of technology. This is how TAM 2 and TAM 3 were created as revised models

of the Technology Acceptance Model.

For this study, Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) 2 will be used to explain the

relevance to mobile application usage. TAM 2 consists of additional constructs and

moderators: subjective norm, image, job relevance, output quality, result demonstrability,

experience, and voluntariness. Venkatesh and Davis (2000) defined subjective norm as

“a person’s perception that the most important people who are important to him think he

should or should not perform the behavior in question.” The basis for adding subjective

norms was based on a prediction of the Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen, 2011).

Subjective norm hypothesizes that a user does not want to perform a specific behavior
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on their own. However, they value and follow other group members' beliefs on performing

that behavior (Venkatesh & Davis, 2000).

Using subjective norms as a construct is still hard to support across studies, so it

is linked to behavioral intention for further research. It indirectly affects image use and

perceived usefulness on the idea of how steps to understand how technology

mechanisms work. Image is the second construct in TAM 2, defined by Moore and

Benbasat in 1991 as “the degree to which use of an innovation is perceived to enhance

one’s status in one’s social system.” It theorizes a positive correlation between subjective

norms and specific links to perceived usefulness. Image has an essential effect on how

a user follows their peers’ advice to maintain their status in the group (Pfeffer, 1992;

Chassin, Presson & Sherman, 1990). The third construct of perceived usefulness is job

relevance, defined as "an individual's perception regarding the degree to which the target

system is applicable to their job." Other theoretical approaches support the direct effect

of job relevance by moderating output quality. The quality of work performed during the

task is referred to as output quality. Prior research has validated output quality's direct

and individual effect on perceived usefulness, increasing the likelihood of improving the

technology relevance judgment to do the job (Davis, Bagozzi, & Warshaw, 1992;

Venkatesh, 2000).

According to Moore and Benbasat (1991), result demonstrability is the tangibility

of the results of using the innovation.

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The effect of result demonstrability suggests the motivation on an individual's

performance resulting from using technology, giving a positive link between result

demonstrability and perceived usefulness. However, the theory contributed to the

perception factors of technology improvement.

Statement of the Problem

The study aims to monitor the mobile usage application of grade 12 students and

determine the correlation between their personality traits. To obtain all the essential

information and data, the research should answer the following:

1. What is the demographic profile of the students in terms of:

1.1 age

1.2 sex

1.3 mobile application they usually use, and

1.4 their screen time?

2. How do mobile applications affect a grade 12 student's personality

trait?

3. Do the personality traits of grade 12 students have a significant

relationship with using mobile applications?

4. What recommendations may students make to control mobile

application usage that may negatively impact their personality trait?

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Significance of the Study

This study will be beneficial for its findings to help Grade 12 students understand

the significance of being aware of mobile application usage and how it can affect their

personality traits.

This study is deemed essential to the following individuals:

Students. This study will help the students reflect on their time on their

smartphones. To understand the effects of using the mobile application on students. To

let them know that not all mobile applications are good for them.

Parents. To let the parents become knowledgeable on the significance of

measuring their screen time that may result in positive and negative effects on their child

so they can appropriately guide them.

Teacher. Let the teachers know the possible approach they can take for a student

with a different personality from the rest of their students. Also, to give them an idea of

how they can guide their students on using their smartphones properly.

Society. The study will help to formulate and recommend plans and guidelines for

the student's mobile applications to meet the development and information needs of the

students.
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Researcher. This study shall help expand the mindset and knowledge of

researchers on the matter of the effects of mobile application usage among Grade 12

students on their personality traits. It will also help them identify one of the major effects

of the overuse of mobile applications.

Future Researcher. This study will help future researchers because it contains

knowledge and information about the significant effects of mobile applications on a

student’s personality trait. Also, it will help them determine the possible problems and

what is the possible solution to the negative behavior that these students formulate, and

why some students behave in a certain way.

Scope and Delimitations of the Study

Our research respondents will be the Grade 12 students of St. Theresa’s School

of Novaliches. The data will be gathered within the school that the students were

attending. Data will be gathered on the first week of March 2023 using questionnaires

distributed to all Grade 12 students at St. Theresa’s School of Novaliches.

This study aims to spread awareness about the usage of mobile applications

among Grade 12 students and its effect on their personality trait. The study will also

discuss how much time Grade 12 students spend using smartphones.

This research does not cover desktop applications, and the students who do not

use smartphones have been excluded from this study.

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Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Foreign Literature

Bianchi et al. conducted research to predict problematic mobile phone usage using

variables from addiction literature. It focused on issues thought to be responsible for

mobile phone problems. One hundred ninety-five men and women, with an average age

of 36 (ranging from 18 to 85 years old), were interviewed. The results led to the

development of the Mobile Phone Problem Use Scale. This scale was compared to the

Addiction Possibility Scale. The quantity of time and kind of usage were utilized to

compare the scales to construct the Mobile Phone Trouble Usage Scale. The Addiction

Potential Scale was used to compare this measure. The length of time one uses their

mobile phone and the kind of usage were utilized to compare the scales and construct

the Mobile Phone Trouble Usage Scale. Being extraverted, having poor self-esteem, and

being young were the behavioral variables that affected the quantity of mobile phone

usage. These factors were critical in determining problematic mobile phone use. Gender

and neuroticism were shown to have no effect on the study's mobile phone usage. The

scale created was intended to aid in implementing any prospective addictive behavior

therapies.

In a review of the literature, Womack, J. They investigated phone use and its

influence on student's academic performance in college courses.

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Statistical data on mobile phone usage in the classroom may provide insight into the

extent to which cell phone use affects academic achievement (Olmsted & Terry, 2014).

According to several studies, almost 95% of undergraduate students own cell phones

(Elder, 2013; Olmsted & Terry, 2014; Pettijohn, Frazier, Rieser, Vaughn, & Hupp-Wilds,

2015). Cell phone use in the classroom is likely given students' prevalence of mobile

phone ownership. Froese and colleagues (2012) discovered that 75% of students with

mobile phones had their phones with them during every class time. Similarly, Tindell and

Bohlander discovered in a 2012 survey that even more students, 95%, carried their cell

phones to every class meeting. Nevertheless, 8% to 9% of students switch off their

phones during class (Berry & Westfall, 2015; Tindell & Bohlander, 2012).

According to the National Library of Medicine (2017), mobile phones, often known

as handphones, are practical communication tools that were initially shown by Motorola

in 1973 and went on sale in 1984. Over the past several years, hand phones have taken

over our life. Every year, more and more people subscribe to mobile cellular services.

There were more than 7 billion users worldwide in 2016. The percentage of internet usage

also rose globally 7-fold from 6.5% to 43% between 2000 and 2015. Moreover, the

proportion of homes having internet access rose from 18% in 2005 to 46% in 2015.

Parlay, the tendency to become addicted to mobile phones is also growing. According to

a 2012 survey by New Time Mobility, 84% of people "could not live a single day without

their mobile devices." According to 206 published survey findings, 27% of parents and

50% of teenagers believe they are addicted to mobile devices. As smartphones have

such a wide range of uses, the majority of people on the planet (particularly college and

university students) now use them.

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Despite being useful in many ways, smartphones' drawbacks include diminished

productivity, attention-deficit disorder, and psychological addiction. Student smartphone

addiction is currently between 24.8% and 27.8%, steadily worsening yearly. This behavior

may impair cognitive processes, restrict thinking, and promote dependency. They were

constantly checking their phone for no reason, feeling worried or restless without it,

waking up in the middle of the night to check their messages, a delay in professional

performance due to continuous phone use, and becoming sidetracked by smartphone

apps. Anger, stress, melancholy, impatience, and restlessness may grow with mobile

phone addiction and withdrawal from mobile networks, which may change physiological

behavior and lessen work effectiveness.

Also, according to Care New England (2022), due to their addictive nature,

smartphones are now listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,

Fifth Edition. Loss of interest in previously enjoyed activities worry when unable to send

or receive messages, and impatience when away from a phone are all symptoms of cell

phone addiction. According to a 2016 study on the impact of technology on human

behavior, anxiety symptoms, and problematic smartphone use were linked. A

questionnaire was given to 165 males and 143 women who participated in the study. The

questionnaire aimed to determine whether cell phone use and the respondents' mental

health were related. Most people who scored highly on the fear of missing out tend to use

their phones excessively. These people also rate themselves highly on anxiety and

depression assessments. This is due to the fact that excessive smartphone use makes it

difficult to engage in social activities, which raises the risk of depression.

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Many variables, including the frequent use of phones, particularly late at night, contribute

to disturbed sleep. The usage of a phone excessively at night is unhealthy for the brain.

That is because smartphone screens emit blue light. This light confuses the brain

because it looks bright, like the sun.

Local Literature

A recent industry survey shows Filipinos use their mobile phones to communicate

and as mobile computers. According to Taylor Nelson Sofres, a worldwide specialized

research organization, in its analysis. Filipino consumers are utilizing mobile phones not

only to call and send messages and photographs but also to have "internet-on-the-go,"

allowing them to be constantly online. 75% of the 38,000 Metro Manila respondents used

their mobile phones to capture photographs or videos, 45% surfed the internet, 44%

accessed social networking sites, and 37% checked their emails. The research was

carried out between November 2012 and January 2013. "According to the study's

findings, the rise in different mobile activities explains the rising trend of Wi-Fi connectivity

in public places," stated TNS Philippines Managing Director Gary de Ocampo.

DO 70 states that s. 1999, as well as DO 83, s. According to the Department of

Education, the usage of smartphones has distracted students' focus away from their

academics since 2003. Furthermore, studies indicate that text texting is disrupting

courses and being used to cheat during exams. As a result, school authorities have been

asked to guarantee that texting during class schedules and on school grounds is

prohibited or, at the very least, tightly monitored and restricted.

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Using smartphones in the classroom without permission or explanation is a minor

misdemeanor that can result in seizure, verbal reprimand, and suspension, according to

the TNHS student handbook.

According to the International Journal of Information Management (2017),

Affordability, accessibility, ease of use, experience, perceived usefulness, service quality,

social influences, and trust are a few universal factors that contribute to the adoption of

mobile phones (Venkatesh, Thong, & Xu, 2012; Wang et al., 2009). Filipino consumers

might use drivers in the same way. According to industry status, 107 phones per 100

persons or people own several handsets or SIM cards in the Philippines. According to a

survey, 83% of consumers in the Philippines couldn't live without their smartphones

(Ipsos, 2013). The weak landline infrastructure in the Philippines, as well as geographic

diversity, population diffusion, and coverage unpredictability, all contribute to high usage.

The nation's 100 million inhabitants are dispersed throughout a 7000-island archipelago.

Rural areas have had inconsistent availability of cell signals, unlike urban places like

Manila, Cebu, and Davao (Asian Mobile Market Forecast, 2014).tics (Greene, 2013).

Most postpaid plans are prohibitively expensive for most of the population due to the

country's low GDP; an estimated 95% of all mobile phones use prepaid packs. Prior to

the invention of smartphones, SMS (texting) was made available in the Philippines as a

low-cost substitute for voice calls. As a result, the rate of texting among Filipinos was

more than twice that of other nations like Indonesia and Japan (Ipsos, 2013). In the era

of smartphones, users may send money and communicate using OTT apps like Viber

and SKYPE and mobile apps like Facebook or Twitter.

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High phone penetration, emigration, and technology shifts from SMS to OTT combine to

create what Drucker (1985) refers to as incongruities, such as the link between new

mobile technologies and consumers' poor socioeconomic standing. In the Filipino youth

market, heavy mobile users, for example, are known to squeeze the maximum use of

their limited resources by innovatively exploiting many SIM cards and bundled plans.

When choosing a mobile app, Filipino users may evaluate quality economically. There is

considerable rivalry on quality of service, pricing, products, and incentive schemes. Two

telecommunications firms (or "Telcos"), SMART and GLOBE, controlled most of the

Philippine market as of 2017. How do attitude, satisfaction, and habit behavioral-

cognitive-emotional components influence customers' intentions to use established

mobile technologies? This research makes understanding the variables impacting the

intention to continue using mobile-based applications easier. It is important to

comprehend how consumer decisions are influenced by elements other than cost, such

as cognitive, behavioral, and affective factors.

Foreign Study

Smartphones continuously develop as individuals utilize them for their livelihood in

the modern world. Through the use of smartphones, people can easily access information

on social media from mobile applications, namely: current news events locally and

internationally, books, encyclopedias, articles, blogs, academic research, and more.

People can also view, post, upload, or share videos and pictures, comment, send text

messages, interact with their family, friends, and relatives by audio or video call, et cetera.
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As stated by Whyte (2019), a smartphone is a mobile phone that serves various features

of the computer with a touchscreen interface, including an internet connection and an

operating system designed to run downloadable applications or programs (Oxford Living

Dictionaries 2017).

According to the study conducted by Beierle et al. (2020), three billion people are

using smartphones, and this will continue to grow by several hundred million in the

following years. Based on statistical data in the United States, children under the age of

eight years old with families who own a smartphone range at 95%. This data further

indicates how smartphones in people’s everyday lives have become prominent in the

natural world. This created new potentials in relation to the study of human behavior. In

order to give discernment into a range of higher accuracy, ecological availability, and

behavior of measured variables, it is necessary to estimate smartphone activities.

Personality traits are cognitive, emotional, and behavior patterns that are generally

coherent across situations and as time progress. The Big Five model is the most prevalent

personality model that gives five traits that differentiate people's major dimensions:

extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness. Numerous

personality trait measurements have been applied in order to predict multiple aspects of

personal and professional life. Still, some research usually depends on self-personality,

not including actual behavior measurements correlated to personality psychology.

Thus, by gathering behavioral information through the use of smartphones, new

opportunities for personality research are made possible and increased ecological

validity.
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However, Beierle et al. (2018) he discovered the possibility of tracking users'

personalities by tracking different kinds of data. Although an operating system can track

a person's activity with the smartphone they're obtaining through mobile applications, a

smartphone's sensors is also capable of tracking a person's physical context and were

later proposed. He further added a general model characterized into four categories: the

user’s several interactions with smartphones, which also includes conditions and physical

activity, utilization of the device’s status usage, core functions usage, and application

usage. With this, this classification assists the study of various inquiries pertaining to

predicting a user's personality.

Additionally, in the research of Stachl et al. (2020) regarding smartphone usage,

digital footprints in social networking platforms, for example, Facebook likes in posts, can

reveal the psychological characteristics of users on social media. On the other hand,

previous studies have demonstrated the potential of using smartphones to connect

behavioral data to personality traits and other private characteristics. This subset of

studies operated machine learning in order to predict personality traits from behavioral

measures. However, it was limited by key restrictions, such as focusing only on a single

class of behavior or a small number of identical behaviors or attitudes, using only small

samples, using classification instead of regression, overestimating model performance,

not providing enough information, and not determining the relative effects of variables.

Smartphones are used to gather behaviors from a large sample, measure and evaluate

personality at both domain and component levels, develop linear and nonlinear

regression models, analyze models, and examine which behaviors are most predictive in
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terms of personality. Predictive performance with past research is compared using digital

footprints from social media platforms.

On the other hand, the accessibility of information regarding people’s behavior is essential

to emphasize the necessity of further research at the intersection of machine learning,

human-technology interaction, and psychology. It is required to understand complex

social systems while safeguarding the privacy of smartphone users or individuals.

However, the study of Sokasane and Kim (2014) wanted to predict people's

personalities based on their smartphone usage aside from other personality models that

had been used in multiple researches, namely: The Big Five model, MBTI (Myers-Briggs

Type Indicator) theory or model is employed. Smartphone usage and the need to analyze

user behavior and character to design personalized interfaces have risen. The MBTI

model is frequently implemented in the educational sector, as well as career counseling,

career planning, group dynamics, team building, et cetera. Personality detection is

commonly based on statistics from smartphone usage, such as information obtained from

(CDRs) call detail records, (SMS) short message services usage, and through the

internet, music, video, mapping or navigation, et cetera. Using GPS from users’ data is

also used for gathering and detecting possible personality preferences. The study

obtained information about 31 users’ smartphone usage data, containing call logs, SMS

logs, messenger logs, GPS logs, and personality user data related to the MBTI theory.

For example, knowing the users’ personalities can be a strategic advantage for designing

adaptive and personalized user interfaces. The 16 distinctive personality types are

generated by using the four pairs of preferences, which are: Extraversion (E) -

Introversion (I), Sensing (S) - iNtuition (N), Thinking (T) - Feeling (F), lastly, Judgment (J)
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– Perception (P). In addition, two assumptions were developed by applying the MBTI

model in the study. The first study states that extroverts become excited after

communicating with other individuals in the outside world.

In contrast, introverts become energetic when they have time alone without

communication from the outside world. Unlike introverts, the last assumption is that

extroverts find interest in sharing information with others. Thus, SMS logs are used in this

assumption. Alternatively, to predict user attitude in utilizing smartphones, it is classified

into two classifiers: The naive Bayes Classifier and the SVM classifier, in order to classify

extroverts and introverts by gathering the users’ smartphone usage data.

Davidovitch (2021) claimed that smartphones have the features users need and

want, such as the ability to take and view pictures, play games, record audio and video,

navigate locations, send and receive an email, and browse the internet wirelessly; people

abuse these features, become dependent on them, and bring them wherever they go.

Both positive and negative consequences on society are caused by using smartphones

and mobile applications. For example, smartphones are used in romantic settings and

times spent bonding with family and friends. The benefit is that you may record the event

and document it later when it has been stored; the downside is that you become so

preoccupied with it that you fail to notice and appreciate those around you.

The risks of using smartphones are a struggle to understand emotions, lack of

using language and actions, and overall social skills that may affect making social

interactions. Spending too much time in front of screens may put them in danger of not

being ready to handle life's challenges better.

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Technology may also have an impact on how they should manage their personal lives,

which can result in loneliness, suicidal thoughts, and self-worth issues. As more mobile

applications are created and made available to users, they can share personal

information with their social networks at anytime and anywhere with anybody they want.

They may be concerned about the impacts of using these apps in their daily lives because

of disturbance, interference, and other factors (Henderson & Abdesslem, 2010).

Lee et al. (2016) studied psychological factors associated with smartphone

addiction in South Korean adolescents. They assessed the levels of smartphone

addiction, behavior, emotional issues, lack of self-confidence, anxiety, and adolescent-

parent communication in 490 middle school students. They determined the psychological

aspects of smartphone addiction in South Korean adolescents that according to their

research, 138 (26.61%) teenagers were at a high risk of smartphone addiction. The group

demonstrated more acute behavioral and emotional issues, worse self-esteem, and a

lack of connection with their parents. The regression study also showed a strong

correlation between smartphone addiction severity, aggressive behavior, and self-

esteem. Baek et al. (2016) researched the relationship between youth smartphone

addiction and personality type; they divided it into four areas: Open, Blind, Hidden, and

Unknown, and analyzed according to the impact of smartphone addiction on middle

school students in Jaebuk province. They found out that the gender of the youth is not

significant, but males primarily by tolerance, although females by the difficulty of daily

living.

Furthermore, there is no significant difference between the difficulty of daily living

and tolerance for smartphone addiction.

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Lastly, it showed that Johari's window type of mind and smartphone addiction, where

blind and unknown type, have a positive statistically significant relationship. However,

open type has a negative impact, and hidden and unknown types are the most severe

smartphone addiction.

The dependent, antisocial, narcissist, histrionic, borderline, paranoid, schizoid,

obsessive-compulsive, passive-aggressive, and avoidant personality beliefs were

examined by Direktör C. et al. (2019) on personality beliefs as a predictor of smartphone

addiction and involved multiple regression analysis. The study examined the

psychological traits of 1007 students and measured their smartphone addiction. The

examination of their t-test indicated that dependent, passive-aggressive, and paranoid

personality beliefs are strong predictors of smartphone addiction.

On the other hand, a study conducted by Sheinov, V. P. (2021) on smartphone

addiction and personality shows how personality traits such as psychological and socio-

psychological addiction to smartphones are related. They looked at the pathological

condition known as "nomophobia'' or "smartphone addiction" many technology users

have experienced. Especially teenagers and youngsters, their phone screen absorb their

attention; they cannot live without their cell phones, and they never try to dissociate from

them. As a result, individuals struggle to learn effectively, produce at work, and build

relationships with others. In addition, the possibility of being a victim of cyberbullying is

one of the adverse effects of smartphone addiction, sleep, health issues, low life quality

and dissatisfaction, family issues, poor academic performance, and harmful effects on

self-esteem and self-control.

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Local Study

Three out of four Filipinos with smartphones have internet access. They regularly

spend time in online activities, approximately 174 minutes (2 hours and 54 minutes) or

close to three hours a day, a report that Nielsen released. Additionally, Filipinos invest

and divide their digital time of smartphone usage into three (3) categories:

communications in 40 minutes per day, mobile applications in 56 minutes, and

entertainment with 78 minutes (1 hour and 18 minutes) being the longest duration that

Filipinos spend most of their digital time with.

In relation to Filipinos' preferences towards entertainment in smartphone usage, it

is divided into four categories which are: Facebook Messenger (57%), YouTube (65%),

Google Search (68%), Facebook (89%), and Google Play Store (90%). Google Play Store

has a two-minute usage average for every smartphone user. However, Facebook is the

most used mobile application, with an average daily usage of 37 minutes per smartphone

user. (Philippine Association of National Advertisers [PANA], 2014).

Adolescents in the modern era are frequently spending time on their smartphones.

They use them to access and explore the internet, view or browse videos, play games,

and check social networking site notifications (SNSs). Thus, smartphone users find it

challenging to refrain from using their devices. (Buctot et al., 2020). Consequently, they

tend to become nervous whenever their smartphones are out of sight or unable to use.

This phenomenon is referred to as nomophobia, derived from the term, NO MObile

PHOne phobia.
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Alternatively, the increasing usage of a smartphone and the manifestation of an

irresistible need to utilize it while it is out of one's sight or reach are characteristics of

smartphone addiction. Some people struggle with managing their smartphone use and

develop being dependent on them. As a result, the amount of time spent on various

activities in their lives becomes unbalanced.

The Philippines is one of the fastest-growing smartphone markets within Southeast

Asia, with the majority of smartphone users in the country being young adolescents and

individuals aged 16 to 24. Due to this, the Philippines is referred to as "the social media

capital of the world," which aided in the constantly rising occurrence of smartphone

addiction among adolescents. It is indicated in a study on the relationship between

smartphone addiction and health-related quality of life that there is a higher rate of

smartphone addiction (62.6%). Given the persistent need to have a smartphone nearby

and utilize it consistently, nomophobia was found to result in smartphone addiction

potentially. Similarly, on how smartphone addiction can cause nomophobia, nomophobia

is a fear or anxiety-based reaction to being without a smartphone. Thus, the cycle

continues when this occurs. Therefore, smartphone addiction and nomophobia influence

one another. In the study, junior high school (grades 7-9) and senior high school students

who have smartphones in Philippines, aged 13 to 18 volunteered. A convenience sample

is applied with more than 1,500 pupils from chosen schools in Luzon (the northern

Philippines), Visayas (the central Philippines), and Mindanao (southern Philippines)

throughout the academic year 2018–2019. Students willingly took part in a survey online

with responses of 1447 participants (boys: n14 580, girls: n14 867) (Buctot et al., 2020).
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Based on Rosales (2022), most Filipinos utilize their smartphones virtually daily

due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which has compelled them to pursue education and

accomplish tasks online. A survey by Tenor, an international telecommunication

company, said that Filipinos often use smartphones approximately 90% of the day. The

survey also stated that most Filipinos believe having smartphones is beneficial for

academic learning over 90% and employment at 93%. Even though the study reported

that compared to the Asian standard of 58%, four out of five Filipinos are apprehensive

about mobile security and data privacy.

According to Statista forecast (2021), 92% of Filipinos are expected to use

smartphones by 2026, up from the current 61% usage rate in 2017. Individuals now spend

most of their time using mobile applications, and as users interact with one another and

gain knowledge daily, spending on the Internet and applications have skyrocketed.

Abrigar et., al (2018) stated that smartphones are now becoming a necessity as a method

of entertainment or fulfillment of someone’s “boring moments” in life for accessibility of

mobile applications like research, homework, etc. Yet, using an excessive number of

mobile applications may also have an impact on our everyday tasks, productivity, sleep

habits, traffic accidents, and emotions of relying on our smartphones (Business Mirror

PH, 2022). Lack of face-to-face interpersonal contact, which causes people to become

disengaged in reality and choose not to enhance their socialization skills, is one of the

tendencies that may lead to reliance on mobile applications.

The study by Fabito et al. (2018) connects smartphone addiction concerns mobile

gaming addiction, which increases the risk of users' physical and psychological health

problems.
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They investigated that internet gaming disorder is often associated with a gambling

addiction linked to students' poorer academic performance. According to the study

conducted by Samaha and Hawi (2016), there is no relationship between smartphone

addiction and academic performance. They also stated that traditional bullying and

cyberbullying could significantly impact school performance among students.

Smartphone addiction affects every aspect of an individual's quality of life among Filipino

adolescents, as Buctot et al. (2020) stated. They found that smartphone addiction among

Filipino high school students was 62.6%, indicating a high prevalence rate. They added

that parents, community educators, and counselors should be aware of the issue to

minimize the risk of smartphone addiction.

Synthesis

The studies and literature that the researchers present are beneficial for the

completion of the study. The foreign and local literature the use study is related to each

other, and this is a convenient tool to solve the problem of this research, which is to

determine the mobile application usage of Grade 12 students at St. Theresa’s School in

Novaliches and their personality traits.

The local literature shows how Filipinos frequently use smartphones daily and what

applications they use. It also states that the psychological well-being of Filipinos can aid

in this study.
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The foreign literature describes how the frequent use of smartphones can have

harmful physical and psychological effects. It also clarifies what makes cellphone use a

disturbance and why it lowers students' academic performance. While local and foreign

studies prove that smartphones can cause addiction and distractions to the students who

fail to take care of their educational activities that are needed to pass, the school's

academic performance is decreasing. However, the study also proposes that

smartphones are also used for academic activities such as Miriam Dictionary, YouTube,

and other research articles that can be used whenever the students are. The studies also

showed that the smartphone users at St. Theresa’s School of Novaliches prefer the

features of smartphones, especially those that are convenient to use, allowing them to

acknowledge high-quality smartphone brands.

Definition of Terms

To further discuss the understanding of this study, the following are the terms

defined in the context of this research:

ESTJ (Extraverted, Sensing, Thinking, Judging) - A person motivated to act

directly and collaborate with others to have a direct and helpful effect on others.

ENTJ (Extraverted, iNtuitive, Thinking, Judging) - They are sensitive, people-

focused, attentive, and like engaging in their social community.

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ESFJ (Extraverted, Observant, Feeling, Judging) - These people are sensitive,

people-focused, attentive, and engaging in their social community.

ENFJ (Extraverted, iNtuitive, Feeling, Judging) - A kind personality type,

extroverted people like helping others and typically stand by their convictions, use

creativity required to achieve their goals and to reinforce their point of view.

ISTJ (Introverted, Sensing, Thinking, Judging) - These people demonstrate

introversion, observation, contemplation, and judgmental traits and frequently exhibit

restraint while being resolute and having a realistic outlook on life.

ISFJ (Introverted, Sensing, Feeling, Judging) - This personality type is

characterized by responsibility, gentleness, restraint, and friendship.

INTJ (Introverted, iNtuitive, Thinking, Judging) - A person who is intelligent

strategists are meticulous perfectionists who approach all they do with imagination and

logic.

INFJ (Introverted, iNtuitive, Feeling, Judging) - A personality type that typically

has a sophisticated and imaginative perspective on life.

ESTP (Extraverted, Sensing, Thinking, Perceiving) - This personality type tends

to be reasonable; they put objectivity ahead of subjective opinion.

ESFP (Extraverted, Sensing, Feeling, Perceiving) - These people are

spontaneous, resourceful, extroverted, and performance or entertainer adjectives.

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ENTP (Extraverted, iNtuitive, Thinking, Perceiving) - A person who regularly

takes chances, is incredibly creative and has the ability to break down and reassemble

ideas swiftly.

ENFP (Extraverted, iNtuitive, Feeling, Perceiving) - These individuals typically

back radical ideas and do actions that reflect their optimism and generosity toward others.

ISTP (Introverted, Sensing, Thinking, Perceiving) - These personality types like

their alone time and are fiercely autonomous.

ISFP (Introverted, Sensing, Feeling, Perceiving) - These people are polite,

thoughtful, cautious, quiet, observant, appreciative, and like being alone.

INTP (Introverted, Intuitive, Thinking, Perceiving) - A person driven by isolation

thinks before acting and prefers to be flexible and spontaneous rather than planned and

structured, focused on ideas, facts, and details.

INFP (Introverted, iNtuitive, Feeling, Perceiving) - These people tend to be

quiet, creative, and open-minded and approach all they do with kindness and imagination.

Internet - A widely used medium by many in browsing, communicating with

friends, file management, document creation, entertainment, et cetera.

Mobile application - This is an application that runs on mobile devices and

handles some functions for the user where software is used to create these applications.
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Personality trait - It refers to the behavioral characteristics that an individual

possesses.

Screen time - The daily usage of users spends on their smartphones.

Internet - A widely used medium by many in browsing, communicating with

friends, file management, document creation, entertainment, et cetera.

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Chapter 3

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

Research Design

As stated by Bhandari (2021), without changing or affecting a particular variable,

a researcher must analyze the relationships of the given variable one another: the

independent and dependent variables. According to De Vor (2022), over 230 billion

mobile applications will be installed by smartphone users in 2021. In addition, an average

individual has 40 mobile applications that have been installed on their smartphones.

However, 18 out of 40 mobile applications are being utilized by individuals on a daily

basis. In order to determine the two variables in the study, the correlational research

design will be applied, wherein mobile application usage is being investigated to know its

effects on the personality traits of Grade 12 students at St. Theresa’s School of

Novaliches.

Population and Sample of the Study

The study collected data using a stratified random sample. Stratified sampling,

according to Saksena (2020), determines the population of respondents and divides them

into subgroups called strata in order to reduce the overall population. The researchers

began with a simple random sampling to collect the total number of Grade 12 students

and divide them into their respective track strands known as stratum (the singular form of

strata).
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The sample for the study will be determined through a calculation using Slovin's formula

for all senior high school (SHS) students in the Academic and Technical Vocational

Livelihood Track using a mobile application and their screen time affecting their

personality from a total population of 83.

Description of Respondent

The respondents of this study will be the Grade 12 students taking up all academic

and technical vocational tracks available in St. Theresa’s School of Novaliches A.Y. 2022-

2023. The table below shows the academic strands and numbers of students that

participated in our questionnaire.

ACADEMIC TRACKS POPULATION

HUMSS 21

ABM 18

STEM 25

TECHNICAL VOCATIONAL TRACKS

ICT 12

TPS 7

TOTAL 83
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Research Instruments

The research instrument used in this study will be a questionnaire checklist

wherein the respondents can choose their answers by checking the corresponding boxes

on each question. Beforehand, the respondents were asked to answer the 16 personality

tests the researchers had prepared in order for them to know what type of personality

they have.

According to Elizabeth Martin 2006, a survey questionnaire aims to present a

uniform stimulus to respondents to compare their responses. Research showing that

small changes in question wording or order can substantially affect responses has

reinforced the assumption that questions must be asked exactly as worded, and in the

same order, to produce comparable data.

The questionnaire will be divided into five parts; the first part contains the

demographic profile of the respondents, the second one is a yes or no question, the third

part asks about the most mobile applications used by the respondents, the fourth part

defines the personality type of the respondent, and the fifth one is about the time spent

on the chosen mobile application of the respondents.

The survey questionnaires were built by the researchers and approved by their

practical research instructor, who made face validation and confirmed the instrument's

consistency.
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Data Gathering Procedure

The instrument was validated by the research adviser after it had been created,

validating it and ensuring its consistency, then distributed on each strand of Grade 12 in

St. Theresa’s School of Novaliches. The researchers constructed a questionnaire

checklist, which will be the research tool utilized in this study, allowing the respondents

to select their responses by checking the box below each question. The respondents

were required to complete the 16 personality assessment link sent to the group chat of

each strand through Messenger, so they could determine their personality type. Also, the

researchers clarified some terms in answering the questionnaire checklist for the

respondents, and in agreement with the respondents, all information is kept confidential.

After the respondents completed the questionnaires, the researchers collected the data

for the interpretation required in the statistical treatment of this research.

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Survey Questionnaire

The Mobile Applications Usage of Grade 12 Students at St. Theresa’s School of

Novaliches and their Psychological Well-being Questionnaire
Directions: For each statement in the ● Online Games (COD, ML, Genshin
survey, please indicate your profile, what Impact, etc.)
mobile applications you mostly use, your ● Communication Application (i.e.,
personality type, and the other two Messenger, Discord, etc.)
questions by checking each piece of ● Others
information.
There are no right or wrong IV. Personality Type
answers. Your answers will be kept What type of personality do you have?
confidential and will not be identified. ● ESTJ
● ENTJ
I. Demographic Profile ● ESFJ
Sex: ● ENFJ
● Male ● ISTJ
● Female ● ISFJ
Age: ● INTJ
● 16-17 ● INFJ
● 18-20 ● ESTP
● 21-22 ● ESFP
Strand ● ENTP
● Academic Track ● ENFP
● Technical-Vocational Track ● ISTP
● ISFP
II. Do you use a smartphone every ● INTP
day? ● INFP
● Yes
● No V. How many daily hours do you
spend on mobile applications (i.e.,
III. Mobile Applications Facebook, TikTok, YouTube,
What are the mobile applications you etc.)?
mostly use ● 2-3 hrs
● Social Media apps (i.e., Facebook, ● 4-5 hrs
Instagram, Twitter, Tiktok, Pinterest, ● 6-8 hrs
Reddit, etc.) ● more than 9 hrs
● Online shopping apps (i.e., Shopee,
Lazada, Amazon) MR. WILSON RADA
● Youtube Practical Research 2 Instructor
● Spotify