Corporate Finance, 2e, Global Edition (Berk/DeMarzo)

Chapter 18 Capital Budgeting and Valuation with Leverage

18.1 Overview of Key Concepts

1) Which of the following is not one of the simplifying assumptions made for the three main
methods of capital budgeting?
A) The firm pays out all earnings as dividends.
B) The project has average risk.
C) Corporate taxes are the only market imperfection.
D) The firm’s debt-equity ratio is constant.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Section: 18.1 Overview of Key Concepts
Skill: Conceptual

18.2 The Weighted Average Cost of Capital Method

1) Which of the following statements is false?

A) Because the WACC incorporates the tax savings from debt, we can compute the levered value
of an investment, which is its value including the benefit of interest tax shields given the firm's
leverage policy, by discounting its future free cash flow using the WACC.
B) The WACC incorporates the benefit of the interest tax shield by using the firm's before-tax
cost of capital for debt.
C) When the market risk of the project is similar to the average market risk of the firm's
investments, then its cost of capital is equivalent to the cost of capital for a portfolio of all of the
firm's securities; that is, the project's cost of capital is equal to the firm’s weighted average cost
of capital (WACC).
D) A project's cost of capital depends on its risk.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Section: 18.2 The Weighted Average Cost of Capital Method
Skill: Conceptual

2) Which of the following statements is false?

A) The WACC can be used throughout the firm as the company wide cost of capital for new
investments that are of comparable risk to the rest of the firm and that will not alter the firm’s
debt-equity ratio.
B) A disadvantage of the WACC method is that you need to know how the firm's leverage policy
is implemented to make the capital budgeting decision.
C) The intuition for the WACC method is that the firm's weighted average cost of capital
represents the average return the firm must pay to its investors (both debt and equity holders) on
an after-tax basis.
D) To be profitable, a project should generate an expected return of at least the firm's weighted
average cost of capital.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Section: 18.2 The Weighted Average Cost of Capital Method

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Skill: Conceptual

3) Which of the following is not a step in the WACC valuation method?

A) Compute the value of the investment, including the tax benefit of leverage, by discounting the
free cash flow of the investment using the WACC.
B) Compute the weighted average cost of capital.
C) Determine the free cash flow of the investment.
D) Adjust the WACC for the firm's current debt/equity ratio.
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Section: 18.2 The Weighted Average Cost of Capital Method
Skill: Conceptual

4) Consider the following equation:

the term E in this equation is

A) the dollar amount of equity.
B) the dollar amount of debt.
C) the required rate of return on debt.
D) the required rate of return on equity.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Section: 18.2 The Weighted Average Cost of Capital Method
Skill: Conceptual

5) Consider the following equation:

the term D in this equation is

A) the dollar amount of debt.
B) the required rate of return on equity.
C) the required rate of return on debt.
D) the dollar amount of equity.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Section: 18.2 The Weighted Average Cost of Capital Method
Skill: Conceptual

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6) Consider the following equation:

the term rE in this equation is

A) the after tax required rate of return on debt.
B) the required rate of return on debt.
C) the required rate of return on equity.
D) the dollar amount of equity.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Section: 18.2 The Weighted Average Cost of Capital Method
Skill: Conceptual

7) Consider the following equation:

the term rD(1 - τc) in this equation is

A) the required rate of return on debt.
B) the dollar amount of equity.
C) the after tax required rate of return on debt.
D) the required rate of return on equity.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Section: 18.2 The Weighted Average Cost of Capital Method
Skill: Conceptual

8) Consider the following equation:

the term Dt in this equation is

A) the firms target debt to value ratio.
B) the firms target debt to equity ratio.
C) the investment's debt capacity.
D) the dollar amount of debt outstanding at time t.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Section: 18.2 The Weighted Average Cost of Capital Method
Skill: Conceptual

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9) Consider the following equation:

the term d in this equation is

A) the firms target debt to value ratio.
B) the dollar amount of debt outstanding at time t.
C) the firms target debt to equity ratio.
D) the investment's debt capacity.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Section: 18.2 The Weighted Average Cost of Capital Method
Skill: Conceptual

Use the table for the question(s) below.

Consider the information for the following four firms:

Firm Cash Debt Equity rD rE τc

Eenie 0 150 150 5% 10% 40%
Meenie 0 250 750 6% 12% 35%
Minie 25 175 325 6% 11% 35%
Moe 50 350 150 7.50% 15% 30%

10) The weighted average cost of capital for "Eenie" is closest to:
A) 6.0%
B) 6.5%
C) 7.5%
D) 5.5%
Answer: B

Explanation: B) , where D = net debt = Debt - Cash

Firm Cash Debt Equity rD rE τc Wacc

Eenie 0 150 150 5% 10% 40% 6.50%
Meenie 0 250 750 6% 12% 35% 9.98%
Minie 25 175 325 6% 11% 35% 8.76%
Moe 50 350 150 7.50% 15% 30% 8.50%

Diff: 1
Section: 18.2 The Weighted Average Cost of Capital Method
Skill: Analytical

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11) The weighted average cost of capital for "Meenie" is closest to:
A) 10.5%
B) 7.4%
C) 10.0%
D) 8.8%
Answer: C
Explanation: C) , where D = net debt = Debt - Cash

Firm Cash Debt Equity rD rE τc Wacc

Eenie 0 150 150 5% 10% 40% 6.50%
Meenie 0 250 750 6% 12% 35% 9.98%
Minie 25 175 325 6% 11% 35% 8.76%
Moe 50 350 150 7.50% 15% 30% 8.50%

Diff: 1
Section: 18.2 The Weighted Average Cost of Capital Method
Skill: Analytical

12) The weighted average cost of capital for "Minie" is closest to:
A) 9.50%
B) 8.75%
C) 6.75%
D) 8.25%
Answer: B
Explanation: B) , where D = net debt = Debt - Cash

Firm Cash Debt Equity rD rE τc Wacc

Eenie 0 150 150 5% 10% 40% 6.50%
Meenie 0 250 750 6% 12% 35% 9.98%
Minie 25 175 325 6% 11% 35% 8.76%
Moe 50 350 150 7.50% 15% 30% 8.50%

Diff: 2
Section: 18.2 The Weighted Average Cost of Capital Method
Skill: Analytical

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13) The weighted average cost of capital for "Moe" is closest to:
A) 10.00%
B) 7.75%
C) 8.25%
D) 8.50%
Answer: D
Explanation: D) , where D = net debt = Debt - Cash

Firm Cash Debt Equity rD rE τc Wacc

Eenie 0 150 150 5% 10% 40% 6.50%
Meenie 0 250 750 6% 12% 35% 9.98%
Minie 25 175 325 6% 11% 35% 8.76%
Moe 50 350 150 7.50% 15% 30% 8.50%

Diff: 2
Section: 18.2 The Weighted Average Cost of Capital Method
Skill: Analytical

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Use the information for the question(s) below.

Omicron Industries' Market Value Balance Sheet ($ Millions)

and Cost of Capital
Cost of
Assets Liabilities Capital
Cash 0 Debt 200 Debt 6%
Other Assets 500 Equity 300 Equity 12%
τc 35%

Omicron Industries New Project Free Cash Flows

Year 0 1 2 3
Free Cash
Flows ($100) $40 $50 $60

Assume that this new project is of average risk for Omicron and that the firm wants to hold
constant its debt to equity ratio.

14) Omicron's weighted average cost of capital is closest to:

A) 7.10%
B) 7.50%
C) 9.60%
D) 8.75%
Answer: D
Explanation: D , where D = net debt = Debt - Cash

Diff: 1
Section: 18.2 The Weighted Average Cost of Capital Method
Skill: Analytical

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15) The NPV for Omicron's new project is closest to:
A) $23.75
B) $27.50
C) $28.75
D) $25.75
Answer: D
Explanation: D) , where D = net debt = Debt - Cash

Diff: 2
Section: 18.2 The Weighted Average Cost of Capital Method
Skill: Analytical

16) The Debt Capacity for Omicron's new project in year 0 is closest to:
A) $38.75
B) $75.50
C) $50.25
D) $10.25
Answer: C
Explanation: C) , where D = net debt = Debt - Cash

Diff: 3
Section: 18.2 The Weighted Average Cost of Capital Method
Skill: Analytical

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17) The Debt Capacity for Omicron's new project in year 1 is closest to:
A) $38.75
B) $48.25
C) $50.25
D) $58.00
Answer: A
Explanation: A) , where D = net debt = Debt - Cash

Diff: 3
Section: 18.2 The Weighted Average Cost of Capital Method
Skill: Analytical

18) The Debt Capacity for Omicron's new project in year 2 is closest to:
A) $55.25
B) $38.75
C) $22.00
D) $33.00
Answer: C
Explanation: C) , where D = net debt = Debt - Cash

Diff: 2
Section: 18.2 The Weighted Average Cost of Capital Method
Skill: Analytical

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Use the information for the question(s) below.

Iota Industries Market Value Balance Sheet ($ Millions) and Cost of Capital
Cost of
Assets Liabilities Capital
Cash 250 Debt 650 Debt 7%
Other Assets 1200 Equity 800 Equity 14%
τc 35%

Iota Industries New Project Free Cash Flows

Year 0 1 2 3
Free Cash
Flows ($250) $75 $150 $100

Assume that this new project is of average risk for Iota and that the firm wants to hold constant
its debt to equity ratio.

19) Iota's weighted average cost of capital is closest to:

A) 8.40%
B) 9.75%
C) 10.85%
D) 11.70%
Answer: C
Explanation: C) , where D = net debt = Debt - Cash

Diff: 3
Section: 18.2 The Weighted Average Cost of Capital Method
Skill: Analytical

20) The NPV for Iota's new project is closest to:

A) $25.25
B) $13.25
C) $9.00
D) $18.50
Answer: B
Explanation: B) , where D = net debt = Debt - Cash

Diff: 2
Section: 18.2 The Weighted Average Cost of Capital Method
Skill: Analytical

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21) The Debt Capacity for Iota's new project in year 0 is closest to:
A) $263.25
B) 87.75
C) $50.25
D) $118.00
Answer: B
Explanation: B) , where D = net debt = Debt - Cash

Diff: 3
Section: 18.2 The Weighted Average Cost of Capital Method
Skill: Analytical

22) Calculate the NPV for Iota's new project.

Answer: , where D = net debt = Debt - Cash

Diff: 3
Section: 18.2 The Weighted Average Cost of Capital Method
Skill: Analytical

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Use the information for the question(s) below.
Omicron Industries' Market Value Balance Sheet ($ Millions) and Cost of Capital
Cost of
Assets Liabilities Capital
Cash 0 Debt 200 Debt 6%
Other Assets 500 Equity 300 Equity 12%
τc 35%

Omicron Industries New Project Free Cash Flows

Year 0 1 2 3
Free Cash
Flows ($100) $40 $50 $60
Assume that this new project is of average risk for Omicron and that the firm wants to hold
constant its debt to equity ratio.

23) Calculate the debt capacity of Omicron's new project for years 0, 1, and 2.
Answer: , where D = net debt = Debt - Cash

Year 0

Year 1

Year 2

Diff: 3
Section: 18.2 The Weighted Average Cost of Capital Method
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Skill: Analytical

24) Suppose Luther Industries is considering divesting one of its product lines. The product line
is expected to generate free cash flows of $2 million per year, growing at a rate of 3% per year.
Luther has an equity cost of capital of 10%, a debt cost of capital of 7%, a marginal tax rate of
35%, and a debt-equity ratio of 2. If this product line is of average risk and Luther plans to
maintain a constant debt-equity ratio, what after- tax amount must it receive for the product line
in order for the divestiture to be profitable?
Answer:

Diff: 2
Section: 18.2 The Weighted Average Cost of Capital Method
Skill: Analytical

18.3 The Adjusted Present Value Method

1) Which of the following is not a step in the adjusted present value method?
A) Deducting costs arising from market imperfections
B) Calculating the unlevered value of the project
C) Calculating the after-tax WACC
D) Calculating the value of the interest tax shield
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Section: 18.3 The Adjusted Present Value Method
Skill: Conceptual

2) Which of the following statements is false?

A) The firm's unlevered cost of capital is equal to its pre-tax weighted average cost of capital–
that is, using the pre-tax cost of debt, rd , rather than its after-tax cost, rd (1 - τc ).
B) A firm's levered cost of capital is a weighted average of its equity and debt costs of capital.
C) When the firm maintains a target leverage ratio, its future interest tax shields have similar risk
to the project's cash flows, so they should be discounted at the project's unlevered cost of capital.
D) The first step in the APV method is to calculate the value of free cash flows using the
project's cost of capital if it were financed without leverage.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Section: 18.3 The Adjusted Present Value Method
Skill: Conceptual

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3) Which of the following statements is false?
A) To determine the project's debt capacity for the interest tax shield calculation, we need to
know the value of the project.
B) To compute the present value of the interest tax shield, we need to determine the appropriate
cost of capital.
C) Because we don’t value the tax shield separately, with the APV method we need to include
the benefit of the tax shield in the discount rate as we do in the WACC method.
D) A target leverage ratio means that the firm adjusts its debt proportionally to the project’s
value or its cash flows.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Section: 18.3 The Adjusted Present Value Method
Skill: Conceptual

4) Which of the following statements is false?

A) The APV approach explicitly values the market imperfections and therefore allows managers
to measure their contribution to value.
B) We need to know the debt level to compute the APV, but with a constant debt-equity ratio we
need to know the project's value to compute the debt level.
C) The WACC method is more complicated than the APV method because we must compute
two separate valuations: the unlevered project and the interest tax shield.
D) Implementing the APV approach with a constant debt-equity ratio requires solving for the
project's debt and value simultaneously.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Section: 18.3 The Adjusted Present Value Method
Skill: Conceptual

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Use the table for the question(s) below.

Consider the information for the following four firms:

Firm Cash Debt Equity rD rE τc

Eenie 0 150 150 5% 10% 40%
Meenie 0 250 750 6% 12% 35%
Minie 25 175 325 6% 11% 35%
Moe 50 350 150 7.50% 15% 30%

5) The unlevered cost of capital for "Eenie" is closest to:

A) 6.0%
B) 5.5%
C) 7.5%
D) 6.5%
Answer: C

Explanation: C) , where D = net debt = Debt - Cash

Firm Cash Debt Equity rD rE τc runlevered

Eenie 0 150 150 5% 10% 40% 7.50%
Meenie 0 250 750 6% 12% 35% 10.50%
Minie 25 175 325 6% 11% 35% 9.42%
Moe 50 350 150 7.50% 15% 30% 10.00%
Diff: 1
Section: 18.3 The Adjusted Present Value Method
Skill: Analytical

6) The unlevered cost of capital for "Moe" is closest to:

A) 8.25%
B) 7.75%
C) 8.50%
D) 10.00%
Answer: D
Explanation: D) , where D = net debt = Debt - Cash
Firm Cash Debt Equity rD rE τc runlevered
Eenie 0 150 150 5% 10% 40% 7.50%
Meenie 0 250 750 6% 12% 35% 10.50%
Minie 25 175 325 6% 11% 35% 9.42%
Moe 50 350 150 7.50% 15% 30% 10.00%
Diff: 2
Section: 18.3 The Adjusted Present Value Method
Skill: Analytical

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Use the information for the question(s) below.

Suppose Luther Industries is considering divesting one of its product lines. The product line is
expected to generate free cash flows of $2 million per year, growing at a rate of 3% per year.
Luther has an equity cost of capital of 10%, a debt cost of capital of 7%, a marginal tax rate of
35%, and a debt-equity ratio of 2. This product line is of average risk and Luther plans to
maintain a constant debt-equity ratio.

7) Luther's Unlevered cost of capital is closest to:

A) 8.0%
B) 8.5%
C) 9.0%
D) 6.4%
Answer: A
Explanation: A)
Diff: 2
Section: 18.3 The Adjusted Present Value Method
Skill: Analytical

8) The unlevered value of Luther's Product Line is closest to:

A) $25 million
B) $60 million
C) $45 million
D) $40 million
Answer: D
Explanation: D)

Diff: 2
Section: 18.3 The Adjusted Present Value Method
Skill: Analytical

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Use the information for the question(s) below.

Omicron Industries' Market Value Balance Sheet ($ Millions) and Cost of Capital
Cost of
Assets Liabilities Capital
Cash 0 Debt 200 Debt 6%
Other Assets 500 Equity 300 Equity 12%
τc 35%

Omicron Industries New Project Free Cash Flows

Year 0 1 2 3
Free Cash
Flows ($100) $40 $50 $60

Assume that this new project is of average risk for Omicron and that the firm wants to hold
constant its debt to equity ratio.

9) Omicron's Unlevered cost of capital is closest to:

A) 8.75%
B) 7.10%
C) 9.60%
D) 7.50%
Answer: C
Explanation: C) , where D = net debt = Debt - Cash

Diff: 1
Section: 18.3 The Adjusted Present Value Method
Skill: Analytical

10) The unlevered value of Omicron's new project is closest to:

A) $96
B) $124
C) $126
D) $25
Answer: B
Explanation: B) , where D = net debt = Debt - Cash

Diff: 2
Section: 18.3 The Adjusted Present Value Method
Skill: Analytical

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11) The interest tax shield provided by Omicron's new project in year 1 is closest to:
A) $3.00
B) $1.05
C) $50.25
D) $17.60
Answer: B
Explanation: B) , where D = net debt = Debt - Cash

So, Interest tax shield in year 1 = 50.28(.06)(.35) = 1.055880 or 1.06

Diff: 3
Section: 18.3 The Adjusted Present Value Method
Skill: Analytical

Use the information for the question(s) below.

Suppose that Rose Industries is considering the acquisition of another firm in its industry for
$100 million. The acquisition is expected to increase Rose's free cash flow by $5 million the
first year, and this contribution us expected to grow at a rate of 3% every year there after. Rose
currently maintains a debt to equity ratio of 1, its marginal tax rate is 40%, its cost of debt rD is
6%, and its cost of equity rE is 10%. Rose Industries will maintain a constant debt-equity ratio
for the acquisition.

12) Rose's unlevered cost of capital is closest to:

A) 8.0%
B) 7.5%
C) 7.0%
D) 9.0%
Answer: A
Explanation: A) , where D = net debt = Debt - Cash

Diff: 1
Section: 18.3 The Adjusted Present Value Method
Skill: Analytical

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13) The unlevered value of Rose's acquisition is closest to:
A) $63 million
B) $50 million
C) $167 million
D) $100 million
Answer: D
Explanation: D) , where D = net debt = Debt - Cash

Diff: 2
Section: 18.3 The Adjusted Present Value Method
Skill: Analytical

14) Given that Rose issues new debt of $50 million initially to fund the acquisition, the present
value of the interest tax shield for this acquisition is closest to:
A) $24 million
B) $50 million
C) $20 million
D) $15 million
Answer: A
Explanation: A) , where D = net debt = Debt - Cash

Interest tax shield in first year = $50(.06)(.40) = $1.2 million

PV(tax shield) = $24 million
Diff: 3
Section: 18.3 The Adjusted Present Value Method
Skill: Analytical

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15) Given that Rose issues new debt of $50 million initially to fund the acquisition, the total
value of this acquisition using the APV method is closest to:
A) $100 million
B) $120 million
C) $124 million
D) $115 million
Answer: C
Explanation: C) , where D = net debt = Debt - Cash

Interest tax shield in first year = $50(.06)(.40) = $1.2 million

PV(tax shield)= $24 million

VL = VU + PV(interest tax shield) = $100 million + $24 million = $124 million

Diff: 3
Section: 18.3 The Adjusted Present Value Method
Skill: Analytical

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Use the information for the question(s) below.

Omicron Industries' Market Value Balance Sheet ($ Millions) and Cost of Capital
Cost of
Assets Liabilities Capital
Cash 0 Debt 200 Debt 6%
Other Assets 500 Equity 300 Equity 12%
τc 35%

Omicron Industries New Project Free Cash Flows

Year 0 1 2 3
Free Cash
Flows ($100) $40 $50 $60
Assume that this new project is of average risk for Omicron and that the firm wants to hold
constant its debt to equity ratio.

16) Calculate the present value of the interest tax shield provided by Omicron's new project.
Answer: , where D = net debt = Debt - Cash

Year 0

Interest tax shield year 1 = 50.28(.06)(.35) = 1.055880 or 1.06

Year 1

Interest tax shield year 2 = 38.68(.06)(.35) = 0.812280 or .81

Year 2

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Interest tax shield year 3 = 22.06(.06)(.35) = 0.463260 or .46

, where D = net debt = Debt - Cash

PV of tax shield

Diff: 3
Section: 18.3 The Adjusted Present Value Method
Skill: Analytical

Use the information for the question(s) below.

Suppose that Rose Industries is considering the acquisition of another firm in its industry for
$100 million. The acquisition is expected to increase Rose's free cash flow by $5 million the
first year, and this contribution us expected to grow at a rate of 3% every year there after. Rose
currently maintains a debt to equity ratio of 1, its marginal tax rate is 40%, its cost of debt rD is
6%, and its cost of equity rE is 10%. Rose Industries will maintain a constant debt-equity ratio
for the acquisition.

17) Given that Rose issues new debt of $50 million initially to fund the acquisition, the total
value of this acquisition using the APV method is equal to?
Answer: , where D = net debt = Debt - Cash

Interest tax shield in first year = $50(.06)(.40) = $1.2 million

PV(tax shield)= = $24 million

VL = VU + PV(interest tax shield) = $100 million + $24 million = $124 million

Diff: 3
Section: 18.3 The Adjusted Present Value Method
Skill: Analytical

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18.4 The Flow-to-Equity Method

1) Which of the following statements is false?

A) In the flow-to-equity valuation method, the cash flows to equity holders are then discounted
using the weighted average cost of capital.
B) In the WACC and APV methods, we value a project based on its free cash flow, which is
computed ignoring interest and debt payments.
C) In the flow-to-equity (FTE) valuation method, we explicitly calculate the free cash flow
available to equity holders taking into account all payments to and from debt holders.
D) The first step in the FTE method is to determine the project’s free cash flow to equity
(FCFE).
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Section: 18.4 The Flow-to-Equity Method
Skill: Conceptual

2) Which of the following statements is false?

A) The project's free cash flow to equity shows the expected amount of additional cash the firm
will have available to pay dividends (or conduct share repurchases) each year.
B) The value of the project’s FCFE should be identical to the NPV computed using the WACC
and APV methods.
C) The value of the project’s FCFE represents the gain to shareholders from the project.
D) Because interest payments are deducted before taxes, we adjust the firm's FCF by their
before-tax cost.
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Section: 18.4 The Flow-to-Equity Method
Skill: Conceptual

3) Which of the following statements is false?

A) If the debt-equity ratio changes over time, the risk of equity–and, therefore, its cost of
capital–will change as well.
B) The FTE method can offer an advantage when calculating the value of equity for the entire
firm, if the firm’s capital structure is complex and the market values of other securities in the
firm’s capital structure are not known.
C) The FTE approach does not have the same disadvantage associated with the APV approach:
We don't need to compute the project's debt capacity to determine interest and net borrowing
before we can make the capital budgeting decision.
D) The WACC and APV methods compute the firm's enterprise value, so that a separate
valuation of the other components of the firm’s capital structure is needed to determine the value
of equity.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Section: 18.4 The Flow-to-Equity Method
Skill: Conceptual

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4) Which of the following is not a step in valuation using the flow to equity method?
A) Determine the equity cost of capital, rE.
B) Compute the equity value, E, by discounting the free cash flow to equity using the
equity cost of capital.
C) Determine the free cash flow to equity of the investment.
D) Determine the before-tax cost of capital, rU.
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Section: 18.4 The Flow-to-Equity Method
Skill: Conceptual

Use the information for the question(s) below.

Suppose that Rose Industries is considering the acquisition of another firm in its industry for
$100 million. The acquisition is expected to increase Rose's free cash flow by $5 million the
first year, and this contribution us expected to grow at a rate of 3% every year there after. Rose
currently maintains a debt to equity ratio of 1, its marginal tax rate is 40%, its cost of debt rD is
6%, and its cost of equity rE is 10%. Rose Industries will maintain a constant debt-equity ratio
for the acquisition.

5) The Free Cash Flow to Equity (FCFE) for the acquisition in year 0 is closest to:
A) $5 million
B) $100 million
C) -$100 million
D) -$50 million
Answer: D
Explanation: D) FCFE0 = -100 (cost of acquisition) + 50 (issuance of new debt) = -$50 million
Diff: 1
Section: 18.4 The Flow-to-Equity Method
Skill: Analytical

6) The Free Cash Flow-to-Equity (FCFE) for the acquisition in year 1 is closest to:
A) $4.7 million
B) $6.5 million
C) $8.3 million
D) $6.8 million
Answer: A
Explanation: A) In one year the interest on the debt will be 6% × $50 = $3 million. Because
Rose maintains a constant debt-equity ratio, the debt associated with the acquisition is also
expected to grow at a 3% rate, so D1 = D0(1 + g) = $50(1.03) = $51.5 million, therefore the net
borrowing (lending) is $51.5 - 50 = $1.5 million

FCFE1 = FCF from project - after tax interest payments + new borrowing
FCFE1 = +5.0 - (1 - .40)(3) + 1.5 = $4.7 million
Diff: 2
Section: 18.4 The Flow-to-Equity Method
Skill: Analytical
24
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7) Describe the key steps in the flow to equity method for valuing a levered investment.
Answer: The key steps in the flow-to-equity method for valuing a levered investment are as
follows:
1. Determine the free cash flow to equity of the investment.
2. Determine the equity cost of capital, rE.
3. Compute the equity value, E, by discounting the free cash flow to equity using the equity
cost of capital.
Diff: 2
Section: 18.4 The Flow-to-Equity Method
Skill: Conceptual

18.5 Project-Based Costs of Capital

Use the following information to answer the question(s) below.

Nielson Motors (NM) is a newly public firm with 25 million shares outstanding. You are doing a
valuation analysis of Nielson and you estimate its free cash flow in the coming year to be $40
million. You expect the firm's free cash flows to grow by 4% per year in subsequent years.
Because the firm has only been listed on the stock exchange for a short time, you do not have an
accurate assessment of Nielson's equity beta. However, you do have the following data for
another firm in the same industry:

Equity Beta Debt Beta Debt-Equity Ratio

1.8 0.4 1.5

Nielson has a much lower debt-equity ratio of .5, which is expected to remain stable, and
Nielson's debt is risk free. Nielson's corporate tax rate is 40%, the risk-free rate is 5%, and the
expected return on the market portfolio is 10%.

1) Nielson's estimated equity beta is closest to:

A) 0.95
B) 1.00
C) 1.25
D) 1.45
Answer: D
Explanation: D)

Using the comparable firm

Now plugging in this for Nielson gives us

Diff: 2
Section: 18.5 Project-Based Costs of Capital
Skill: Analytical

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2) Nielson's equity cost of capital is closest to:
A) 11.3%
B) 12.2%
C) 14.0%
D) 14.4%
Answer: B
Explanation: B)

Using the comparable firm

Now plugging in this for Nielson gives us

Plugging into the CAPM = re = rf + βE(rm - rf) = 5% + 1.44(10% - 5%) = 12.2%

Diff: 2
Section: 18.5 Project-Based Costs of Capital
Skill: Analytical

3) Nielson's share price is closest to:

A) $20.80
B) $24.40
C) $27.50
D) $31.20
Answer: A
Explanation: A)

Using the comparable firm

Now plugging in this for Nielson gives us

Plugging into the CAPM = re = rf + βE(rm - rf) = 5% + 1.44(10% - 5%) = 12.2%

Value 779.22 of this amount

is equity
Equity = 779.22 × 2/3 = $519.48 million / 25 million shares = $20.78 per share
Diff: 3
Section: 18.5 Project-Based Costs of Capital
Skill: Analytical

26
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4) Which of the following statements is false?
A) In the real world, specific projects should differ only slightly from the average investment
made by the firm.
B) We can estimate rU for a new project by looking at single-division firms that have similar
business risks.
C) The project's equity cost of capital depends on its unlevered cost of capital, rU, and the debt-
equity ratio of the incremental financing that will be put in place to support the project.
D) Projects may vary in the amount of leverage they will support–for example, acquisitions of
real estate or capital equipment are often highly levered, whereas investments in intellectual
property are not.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Section: 18.5 Project-Based Costs of Capital
Skill: Conceptual

5) Which of the following statements is false?

A) For capital budgeting purposes, the project’s financing is the incremental financing that
results if the firm takes on the project.
B) Projects with safer cash flows can support more debt before they increase the risk of financial
distress for the firm.
C) If the positive free cash flow from a project will increase the firm's cash holdings, then this
growth in cash is equivalent to a reduction in the firm’s leverage.
D) The incremental financing of a project corresponds directly to the financing that is directly
tied to the project.
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Section: 18.5 Project-Based Costs of Capital
Skill: Conceptual

6) Consider the following equation:

rwacc = rU - τcdrD

The term d in this equation is

A) the project's unlevered cost of capital.
B) the project's dollar amount of debt.
C) the firm's unlevered cost of debt.
D) the project's debt to value ratio.
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Section: 18.5 Project-Based Costs of Capital
Skill: Conceptual

27
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7) Consider the following equation:
rwacc = rU - τcdrD

The term rU in this equation is

A) the firm's unlevered cost of debt.
B) the firm's cost of debt.
C) the project's unlevered cost of capital.
D) the project's debt to value ratio.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Section: 18.5 Project-Based Costs of Capital
Skill: Conceptual

Use the information for the question(s) below.

The Aardvark Corporation is considering launching a new product and is trying to determine an
appropriate discount rate for evaluating this new product. Aardvark has identified the following
information for three single division firms that offer products similar to the one Aardvark is interested in
launching:
Equity
Cost of Debt Cost Debt-to-Value
Comparable Firm Capital of Capital Ratio
Anteater Enterprises 12.50% 6.50% 50%
Armadillo Industries 13% 6.10% 40%
Antelope Inc. 14% 7.10% 60%

8) The unlevered cost of capital for Anteater Enterprises is closest to:

A) 10.1%
B) 9.5%
C) 9.9%
D) 10.3%
Answer: B

Explanation: B)

Equity
Cost of Debt Cost Debt-to-
Comparable Firm Capital of Capital Value Ratio rU
Anteater
Enterprises 12.50% 6.50% 50% 9.50%
Armadillo
Industries 13% 6.10% 40% 10.30%
Antelope Inc. 14% 7.10% 60% 9.90%

Diff: 1
Section: 18.5 Project-Based Costs of Capital
Skill: Analytical
28
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9) The unlevered cost of capital for Armadillo Industries is closest to:
A) 10.3%
B) 10.1%
C) 9.5%
D) 9.9%
Answer: A
Explanation: A)

Equity
Cost of Debt Cost Debt-to-
Comparable Firm Capital of Capital Value Ratio rU
Anteater
Enterprises 12.50% 6.50% 50% 9.50%
Armadillo
Industries 13% 6.10% 40% 10.30%
Antelope Inc. 14% 7.10% 60% 9.90%

Diff: 1
Section: 18.5 Project-Based Costs of Capital
Skill: Analytical

10) The unlevered cost of capital for Antelope Incorporated is closest to:
A) 10.3%
B) 9.9%
C) 10.1%
D) 9.5%
Answer: B
Explanation: B

Equity
Cost of Debt Cost Debt-to-
Comparable Firm Capital of Capital Value Ratio rU
Anteater
Enterprises 12.50% 6.50% 50% 9.50%
Armadillo
Industries 13% 6.10% 40% 10.30%
Antelope Inc. 14% 7.10% 60% 9.90%

Diff: 1
Section: 18.5 Project-Based Costs of Capital
Skill: Analytical

29
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education
Use the information for the question(s) below.

KT Enterprises is considering undertaking a new project. Based upon analysis of firms with
similar projects, KT has determined that an unlevered cost of equity of 12% is suitable for their
project. KT's marginal tax rate is 35%, its borrowing rate is 7%, and KT does not believe that its
borrowing rate will change if the new project is accepted.

11) If KT expects to maintain a debt to equity ratio for this project of 1, then KT's equity cost of
capital, rE, for this project is closest to:
A) 17.0%
B) 5.0%
C) 15.0%
D) 12%
Answer: A
Explanation: A) rE = rU + (rU - rD)
rE = .12 + 1(.12 - .07) = .17 or 17%
Diff: 1
Section: 18.5 Project-Based Costs of Capital
Skill: Analytical

12) If KT expects to maintain a debt to equity ratio for this project of .6 then KT's equity cost of
capital, rE, for this project is closest to:
A) 5.0%
B) 12%
C) 15.0%
D) 17.0%
Answer: C
Explanation: C) rE = rU + (rU - rD)
rE = .12 + .6(.12 - .07) = .15 or 15%
Diff: 1
Section: 18.5 Project-Based Costs of Capital
Skill: Analytical

30
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13) If KT expects to maintain a debt to equity ratio for this project of .6 then KT's project based
WACC, rwacc, for this project is closest to:
A) 10.5%
B) 11.1%
C) 9.6%
D) 10.8%
Answer: B
Explanation: B) rwacc = rU - dτcrD

Diff: 2
Section: 18.5 Project-Based Costs of Capital
Skill: Analytical

14) If KT expects to maintain a debt to equity ratio for this project of 1 then KT's project based
WACC, rwacc, for this project is closest to:
A) 11.1%
B) 10.8%
C) 9.6%
D) 10.5%
Answer: B
Explanation: B) rwacc = rU - dτcrD

Diff: 2
Section: 18.5 Project-Based Costs of Capital
Skill: Analytical

31
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Use the information for the question(s) below.

The Aardvark Corporation is considering launching a new product and is trying to determine an
appropriate discount rate for evaluating this new product. Aardvark has identified the following
information for three single division firms that offer products similar to the one Aardvark is
interested in launching:

Equity
Cost of Debt Cost Debt-to-Value
Comparable Firm Capital of Capital Ratio
Anteater Enterprises 12.50% 6.50% 50%
Armadillo Industries 13% 6.10% 40%
Antelope Inc. 14% 7.10% 60%

15) Based upon the three comparable firms, calculate that most appropriate unlevered cost of
capital for Aardvark to use on this new product.
Answer:

Equity
Cost of Debt Cost Debt-to-
Comparable Firm Capital of Capital Value Ratio rU
Anteater
Enterprises 12.50% 6.50% 50% 9.50%
Armadillo
Industries 13% 6.10% 40% 10.30%
Antelope Inc. 14% 7.10% 60% 9.90%
average = 9.90%
Diff: 2
Section: 18.5 Project-Based Costs of Capital
Skill: Analytical

32
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education
18.6 APV with Other Leverage Policies

Use the following information to answer the question(s) below.

Rearden Metal is evaluating a project that requires an investment of $150 million today and
provides a single cash flow of $180 million for sure one year from now. Rearden decides to use
100% debt financing for this investment. The risk-free rate is 5% and Rearden's corporate tax
rate is 40%. Assume that the investment is fully depreciated at the end of the year.

1) The NPV of this project using the APV method is closest to:
A) $10 million
B) $13 million
C) $42 million
D) $71 million
Answer: B

Explanation: B) NPV = VL – Investment Investment

= $12.857 million
Diff: 2
Section: 18.6 APV with Other Leverage Policies
Skill: Analytical

2) The WACC for this project is closest to:

A) 3.0%
B) 5.0%
C) 7.0%
D) 8.2%
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Since this project is totally debt financed at the risk free rate, the risk free rate
of 5% is the before tax WACC. The after tax wacc is the simply rf(1 - Tc) = 5%(1 - 40%) = 3%.
Diff: 1
Section: 18.6 APV with Other Leverage Policies
Skill: Analytical

33
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3) The NPV of this project using the WACC method is closest to:
A) $10 million
B) $13 million
C) $42 million
D) $71 million
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Since this project is totally debt financed at the risk free rate, the risk free rate
of 5% is the before tax WACC. The after tax wacc is the simply rf(1 - Tc) = 5%(1 - 40%) = 3%.

NPV = PV Inflows – Investment

Diff: 2
Section: 18.6 APV with Other Leverage Policies
Skill: Analytical

4) Which of the following statements is false?

A) Rather than set debt according to a target debt-equity ratio or interest coverage level, a firm
may adjust its debt according to a fixed schedule that is known in advance.
B) When we relax the assumption of a constant debt-equity ratio, the equity cost of capital and
WACC for a project will change over time as the debt-equity ratio changes.
C) When we relax the assumption of a constant debt-equity ratio, the APV and FTE methods are
difficult to implement.
D) If a firm is using leverage to shield income from corporate taxes, then it will adjust its debt
level so that its interest expenses grow with its earnings.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Section: 18.6 APV with Other Leverage Policies
Skill: Conceptual

5) Which of the following statements is false?

A) When we relax the assumption of a constant debt-equity ratio, the FTE method is relatively
straightforward to use and is therefore the preferred method with alternative leverage policies.
B) When debt levels are set according to a fixed schedule, we can discount the predetermined
interest tax shields using the debt cost of capital, rD.
C) With a constant interest coverage policy, the value of the interest tax shield is proportional to
the project's unlevered value.
D) When the firm keeps its interest payments to a target fraction of its FCF, we say it has a
constant interest coverage ratio.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Section: 18.6 APV with Other Leverage Policies
Skill: Conceptual

34
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6) Which of the following statements is false?
A) As a general rule, the WACC method is the easiest to use when the firm will maintain a fixed
debt-to-value ratio over the life of the investment.
B) The FTE method is typically used only in complicated settings for which the values of other
securities in the firm’s capital structure or the interest tax shield are themselves difficult to
determine.
C) For alternative leverage policies, the FTE method is usually the most straightforward
approach.
D) When used consistently, the WACC, APV, and FTE methods produce the same valuation for
the investment.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Section: 18.6 APV with Other Leverage Policies
Skill: Conceptual

Use the information for the question(s) below.

Aardvark Industries is considering a project that will generate the following free cash flows:

Year 0 1 2 3
Free Cash
Flows ($200) $100 $80 $60

You are also provided with the following market value balance sheet and information regarding
Aardvark's cost of capital:

Cost of
Assets Liabilities Capital
Cash 0 Debt 400 Debt 7%
Other Assets 1000 Equity 600 Equity 12%
τc 35%

7) Aardvark's unlevered cost of equity is closest to:

A) 10.0%
B) 10.4%
C) 9.5%
D) 9.0%
Answer: A
Explanation: A)

Diff: 1
Section: 18.6 APV with Other Leverage Policies
Skill: Analytical

35
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education
8) The unlevered value of Aardvark's new project is closest to:
A) $205
B) $100
C) $164
D) $202
Answer: D
Explanation: B)

Diff: 2
Section: 18.6 APV with Other Leverage Policies
Skill: Analytical

9) Suppose that to fund this new project, Aardvark borrows $120 with the principal to be paid in
three equal installments at the end each year. The present value of Aardvark's interest tax shield
is closest to:
A) $5.15
B) $5.00
C) $5.90
D) $5.25
Answer: D

Explanation: D) PV(interest tax shield)

PV(interest tax shield)

Diff: 3
Section: 18.6 APV with Other Leverage Policies
Skill: Analytical

36
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education
10) Suppose that to fund this new project, Aardvark borrows $120 with the principal to be paid
in three equal installments at the end each year. The levered value of Aardvark's new project is
closest to:
A) $210.15
B) $207.35
C) $207.00
D) $210.50
Answer: B
Explanation: B)

PV(interest tax shield)

PV(interest tax shield)

VL = VU + PV(interest tax shield) = $202.10 + $5.26 = $207.36

Diff: 3
Section: 18.6 APV with Other Leverage Policies
Skill: Analytical

11) Suppose that to fund this new project, Aardvark borrows $150 with the principal to be paid
in three equal installments at the end each year. Calculate the present value of Aardvark's
interest tax shield.

Answer: PV(interest tax shield)

PV(interest tax shield)

Diff: 2
Section: 18.6 APV with Other Leverage Policies
Skill: Analytical

37
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education
12) Suppose that to fund this new project, Aardvark borrows $150 with the principal to be paid
in three equal installments at the end each year. Calculate the The levered value of Aardvark's
new project.
Answer:

PV(interest tax shield)

PV(interest tax shield)

VL = VU + PV(interest tax shield) = $202.10 + $6.29 = $208.39

Diff: 3
Section: 18.6 APV with Other Leverage Policies
Skill: Analytical

18.7 Other Effects of Financing

Use the following information to answer the question(s) below.

Taggart Transcontinental is considering a $250 million investment to launch a new rail line. The
project is expected to generate a free cash flow of $32 million per year, and its unlevered cost of
capital is 8%. Taggart's marginal corporate tax rate is 35%.

1) Assuming that to fund the investment Taggart will take on $250 million in permanent debt and
ignoring issuance costs, the NPV of Taggart's new rail line is closest to:
A) $195 million
B) $200 million
C) $235 million
D) $240 million
Answer: D
Explanation: D) NPV = VL - Investment = VU + TcD - Investment

$250 million - $250 million = $238 million

Diff: 2
Section: 18.7 Other Effects of Financing
Skill: Analytical

38
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2) Assuming that to fund the investment Taggart will take on $250 million in permanent debt and
assuming Taggart will incur a 2% underwriting fee on the new debt issue, the NPV of Taggart's
new rail line is closest to:
A) $195 million
B) $200 million
C) $235 million
D) $240 million
Answer: C
Explanation: C) NPV = VL - Investment = VU + TcD - Investment - (1 - Tc)issuance cost

$250 million - $250 million - (1 - 35%)(2%)($250)

Diff: 2
Section: 18.7 Other Effects of Financing
Skill: Analytical

3) Assume that to fund the investment Taggart will take on $150 million in permanent debt with
the remainder of the investment funded by a cut in dividends. Assuming Taggart will incur a 2%
underwriting fee on the new debt issue, the NPV of Taggart's new rail line is closest to:
A) $195 million
B) $200 million
C) $235 million
D) $240 million
Answer: B
Explanation: B) NPV = VL - Investment = VU + TcD - Investment - (1 - Tc)issuance cost

$150 million - $250 million - (1 - 35%)(2%)($150)

Diff: 2
Section: 18.7 Other Effects of Financing
Skill: Analytical

4) Assume that to fund the investment Taggart will take on $150 million in permanent debt with
the remainder of the investment funded through issuance of new equity. Assuming Taggart will
incur a 2% underwriting fee on the new debt issue and a 5% underwriting fee on the issuance of
new equity, the NPV of Taggart's new rail line is closest to:
A) $195 million
B) $200 million
C) $235 million
D) $240 million
Answer: A
Explanation: A) NPV = VL - Investment = VU + TcD - Investment - (1 - Tc)issuance cost

$150 million - $250 million - (1 - 35%)(2%)($150)

(Note that equity issuance costs are not tax deductible.)
Diff: 2
Section: 18.7 Other Effects of Financing
Skill: Analytical

39
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education
5) Assume that to fund the investment Taggart will take on $150 million in permanent debt with
the remainder of the investment funded through issuance of new equity. Assume Taggart will
incur a 2% underwriting fee on the new debt issue and a 5% underwriting fee on the issuance of
new equity. If management believes Taggart's current share price of $25 is $3 less than its true
value, then the NPV of Taggart's new rail line is closest to:
A) $185 million
B) $195 million
C) $200 million
D) $235 million
Answer: A
Explanation: A) NPV = VL - Investment = VU + TcD - Investment - (1 - Tc)issuance cost
= ($32 million)/(.08)+ (35%)$150 million - $250 million - (1 - 35%)
(Note that equity issuance costs are not tax deductible.)
Diff: 2
Section: 18.7 Other Effects of Financing
Skill: Analytical

6) Which of the following questions is false?

A) With perfect capital markets, all securities are fairly priced and issuing securities is a zero-
NPV transaction.
B) The fees associated with the financing of the project are independent of the project's required
cash flows and should be ignored when calculating the NPV of the project.
C) When a firm borrows funds, a mispricing scenario arises if the interest rate charged differs
from the rate that is appropriate given the actual risk of the loan.
D) The WACC, APV, and FTE methods determine the value of an investment incorporating the
tax shields associated with leverage.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Section: 18.7 Other Effects of Financing
Skill: Conceptual

7) Which of the following questions is false?

A) Sometimes management may believe that the securities they are issuing are priced at less than
(or more than) their true value. If so, the NPV of the transaction, which is the difference
between the actual money raised and the true value of the securities sold, should not be included
in the value of the project.
B) An alternative method of incorporating financial distress and agency costs is to first value the
project ignoring these costs, and then value the incremental cash flows associated with financial
distress and agency problems separately.
C) When the debt level—and, therefore, the probability of financial distress—is high, the
expected free cash flow will be reduced by the expected costs associated with financial distress
and agency problems.
D) If the financing of the project involves an equity issue, and if management believes that the
equity will sell at a price that is less than its true value, this mispricing is a cost of the project for
the existing shareholders.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Section: 18.7 Other Effects of Financing
40
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education
Skill: Conceptual

8) Luther Industries is considering borrowing $500 million to fund a new product line. Given
investors' uncertainty regarding its prospects, Luther will pay a 7% interest rate on this loan. The
firm's management knows, that the actual risk of the loan is extremely low and that the
appropriate rate on the loan is 5%. Suppose the loan is for four years, with all principal being
repaid in the fourth year. If Luther's marginal corporate tax rate is 35%, then the net effect of the
loan on the value of the new product line is closest to:
A) $22 million
B) $34 million
C) $35 million
D) $24 million
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Luther Industries is paying (7% - 5% = 2%) more for the loan than the risk
demands. However, part of this 2% premium in the interest rate is being offset by the interest tax
shield. Therefore the true cost in any year is the amount of debt × (2%) × (1 - τc).

Cost per year = $500M(.02)(.65) = $6.5M, we need to discount this amount each year by the
correct rD of 5%, this is amount is constant and occurs each year for four years we have an
annuity, solving:

PMT = 6.5
I = 5%
FV = 0
N=4
Compute PV = $23.04 million
Diff: 2
Section: 18.7 Other Effects of Financing
Skill: Analytical

41
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education
18.8 Advanced Topics in Capital Budgeting

Use the following information to answer the question(s) below.

Wyatt Oil is considering an investment in a new project with an unlevered cost of capital of 11%.
Wyatt's marginal corporate tax rate is 35% and its debt cost of capital is 6%. The project has free
cash flows of $25 million per year which are expected to decline by 3% per year.

1) If Wyatt adjusts its debt continuously to maintain a constant debt-equity ratio of 50%, then the
appropriate WACC for this new project is closest to:
A) 7.5%
B) 8.6%
C) 10.3%
D) 10.8%
Answer: C
Explanation: C) where d , so
Diff: 2
Section: 18.8 Advanced Topics in Capital Budgeting
Skill: Analytical

2) If Wyatt adjusts its debt once per year to maintain a constant debt-equity ratio of 50%, then
the appropriate WACC for this new project is closest to:
A) 7.5%
B) 8.6%
C) 10.3%
D) 10.8%
Answer: D
Explanation: D)
where d , so

Diff: 2
Section: 18.8 Advanced Topics in Capital Budgeting
Skill: Analytical

42
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education
3) If Wyatt adjusts its debt continuously to maintain a constant debt-equity ratio of 50%, then the
value of this new project is closest to:
A) $240 million
B) $320 million
C) $340 million
D) $445 million
Answer: C
Explanation: C) where d , so
The cash flows from this project follow a growing perpetuity, therefore

Diff: 2
Section: 18.8 Advanced Topics in Capital Budgeting
Skill: Analytical

4) If Wyatt adjusts its debt once per year to maintain a constant debt-equity ratio of 50%, then
the value of this new project is closest to:
A) $240 million
B) $320 million
C) $340 million
D) $445 million
Answer: B
Explanation: B) where d , so

The cash flows from this project follow a growing perpetuity, therefore

Diff: 2
Section: 18.8 Advanced Topics in Capital Budgeting
Skill: Analytical

43
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education
Use the following information to answer the question(s) below.

Galt Industries is expected to generate free cash flows of $24 million per year. Galt has
permanent debt of $80 million, a corporate tax rate of 40%, and an unlevered cost of capital of
12% and its cost of debt capital is 6%.

5) The value of Galt's equity using the APV method is closest to:
A) $150 million
B) $180 million
C) $230 million
D) $240 million
Answer: A
Explanation: A) APV = VL = VU + TcD (40%)$80 million = $232 million
Value of equity = total value - debt = $232 - $80 = $152 million
Diff: 2
Section: 18.8 Advanced Topics in Capital Budgeting
Skill: Analytical

6) Galt's WACC is closest to:

A) 6.0%
B) 9.6%
C) 10.3%
D) 10.7%
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Using APV = VL = VU + TcD (40%)$80 million = $232
million
rwacc = ru - dTc[rd + ϕ(ru - rd)] where ϕ = 1 with permanent debt and d =

rwacc = 12% - (40%)[6% + 1(12% - 6%)] = .103448

Diff: 3
Section: 18.8 Advanced Topics in Capital Budgeting
Skill: Analytical

44
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education
7) The value of Galt's equity using the WACC method is closest to:
A) $150 million
B) $180 million
C) $230 million
D) $240 million
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Using APV = VL = VU + TcD (40%)$80 million = $232
million
rwacc = ru - dTc[rd + ϕ(ru - rd)] where ϕ = 1 with permanent debt and d =

rwacc = 12% - (40%)[6% + 1(12% - 6%)] = .103448

Using Wacc Method Value $232 million

Value of equity = total value - debt = $232 - $80 = $152 million
Diff: 3
Section: 18.8 Advanced Topics in Capital Budgeting
Skill: Analytical

8) If Galt's debt cost of capital is 6%, then Galt's equity cost of capital is closest to:
A) 11.2%
B) 12.0%
C) 14.8%
D) 15.2%
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Using APV VL = VU + TcD (40%)$80 million = $232 million

re = r u + (ru - rd) = 12% + (12% - 6%) = 15.157895%

Diff: 2
Section: 18.8 Advanced Topics in Capital Budgeting
Skill: Analytical

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9) Galt's free cash flow to equity (FCFE) is closest to:
A) $19.2 million
B) $20.4 million
C) $21.2 million
D) $24.0 million
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Using APV VL = VU + TcD (40%)$80 million = $232 million

re = r u + (ru - rd) = 12% + (12% - 6%) = 15.157895%

FCFE = FCF - (1- TC)DrD = $24 - (1 - 40%)($80)(6%) = $21.12 million
Diff: 3
Section: 18.8 Advanced Topics in Capital Budgeting
Skill: Analytical

10) Consider the following equation for the Project WACC with a fixed debt schedule:
rwacc = rU - dτc[rD + f(rU - rD)]

The term d in this equations represents

A) a measure of the permanence of the debt level.
B) the annual adjustment percentage to the amount of debt.
C) the debt-to-value ratio.
D) the dollar amount of debt outstanding.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Section: 18.8 Advanced Topics in Capital Budgeting
Skill: Analytical

11) Consider the following equation for the Project WACC with a fixed debt schedule:
rwacc = rU - dτc[rD + f(rU - rD)]

The term f in this equations represents

A) the annual adjustment percentage to the amount of debt.
B) a measure of the permanence of the debt level.
C) the dollar amount of debt outstanding.
D) the debt-to-value ratio.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Section: 18.8 Advanced Topics in Capital Budgeting
Skill: Analytical

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