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Challenges of Non-Math Teachers in Math

This document discusses out-of-field teaching in the Philippines, where teachers are assigned subjects outside of their training. It notes insufficient resources and overcrowded classrooms contribute to this issue. The study will explore challenges non-math major elementary teachers face teaching mathematics, including lesson planning and delivery. It aims to understand how teachers cope with challenges and identify common setbacks. The theoretical framework discusses skill mismatch theory and the importance of teacher quality for student achievement.

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Grace T Kalif
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
23 views7 pages

Challenges of Non-Math Teachers in Math

This document discusses out-of-field teaching in the Philippines, where teachers are assigned subjects outside of their training. It notes insufficient resources and overcrowded classrooms contribute to this issue. The study will explore challenges non-math major elementary teachers face teaching mathematics, including lesson planning and delivery. It aims to understand how teachers cope with challenges and identify common setbacks. The theoretical framework discusses skill mismatch theory and the importance of teacher quality for student achievement.

Uploaded by

Grace T Kalif
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Aside from insufficient number of classrooms, facilities, teachers

and books, teachers teaching outside of their area of expertise is

becoming one of the least unrecognized problems in the basic

education programs in the Philippines where some teachers are being

assigned to teach subjects that do not match their training or

education. This phenomenon is referred to out-of-field teaching

(Laitsch, 2003).

The statistics in 2018 from the Department of Education of the

Philippines provided a roughly estimated 23.5 million students

enrolled in public schools, 4.1 million students in private schools and

about 152,000 in state universities and local colleges which offer basic

education programs. Data also revealed that teachers’ population in

public schools in 2016 is estimated to be 3.8 million including the full

time and part-time teachers both in elementary and secondary

schools. With these figures, the ideal ratio of teacher to student tends

not to be applicable. Because of this insufficiency of subject authority

teachers, educators are teaching subjects they don't know or outside

their area of specialization which can bring either positive or negative


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impact on student learning resulting to higher or lower academic

performance. This will adversely affect the teaching and learning

process.

Every classroom needs teachers, and when schools are short of

Mathematics teachers, they find other teachers to teach it. This

phenomenon varies greatly across schools, teachers and classrooms.

This has been indicative of a teacher's inadequate subject-matter

knowledge, and this inadequate subject-matter knowledge has been

found by some research to be a critical element in below-standard

teaching quality (Darling-Hammond and Ball, 1997).

The out-of-field teaching usually happens in a small school. Not

surprisingly, in the study of Ingersoll (2006) found that out-of-field

teaching occurs more often in small schools than in large schools

particularly in far-flung areas. In such schools, it becomes difficult to

assign every teacher to teach only one discipline because of the

smaller number of students and the teaching loads required to meet.

This study will explore the experiences and challenges of the

elementary teachers who are non-math majors teaching Mathematics.

This is important as teachers have been seen as lacking sufficient

content, and pedagogical content knowledge in the subjects or

learning areas they are assigned to teach.


3

Statement of the Problem

The purpose of this phenomenological study is to describe the

experiences and challenges for the out-field teachers teaching

Mathematics particularly in lesson planning and lesson delivery, to

identify their common challenges or setbacks to be encountered and to

determine their strategies to cope with the challenges of their

experiences.

At this stage in the research, this research will intend to better

understand how these out-of-field teachers cope with the challenges of

teaching Mathematics subjects and discover their mechanisms in

facing such challenges. In this study, the researcher will focus on the

participants’ stories about remarkable episodes of their teaching

career especially when given the task to teach subjects outside of their

field of specialization.

Research Questions

1. What are the reasons why non-math major participants are

assigned to teach Mathematics?


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2. How do non-Math majors teacher describe their experiences in

terms of:

a. lesson planning?

b. lesson delivery / teaching Mathematics?

3. What are the common setbacks/challenges encountered by non-

Mathematics major teaching Math?

4. How do the participants cope with the setbacks/challenges in

teaching Mathematics?

Theoretical Framework

The study of non-Mathematics major elementary teachers

teaching Mathematics provides the theory of Skill Mismatch by

Sattinger (1993). The skills or qualifications of a person is mismatched

with the job he/she has when the person does not use the skills

he/she has learned. This skill mismatch is the discrepancy between

the skills possessed by the workers and those required to perform

their job. Every secondary school should have both formal education

and teacher training in the subject that they teach. If a teacher is


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characterized by lack of content and pedagogical knowledge in his/her

subject assigned, learning will be detrimental.

Significant number of teachers is assigned to teach subjects that

do not match their training or education which may have negative

effects. Another finding on which this study suggested that policy

investments in the quality of teachers may be related to improvements

in student performance. She confirmed that measures of teacher

preparation and certification are by far the strongest correlates of

student achievement in the subjects being taught in school. The

quality of teachers and teaching is undoubtedly one of the most

important factors shaping the learning and growth of students (Goe,

2007).

In the theory of the spiral curriculum, Jerome Bruner (1960)

contends that children are capable of comprehending surprisingly

challenging topics and issues, provided that they are presented in an

age-appropriate manner. Bruner suggests that teachers revisit topics

annually, adding complexity and nuance every year. But the idea

which can be integrated in the out-of-field teaching is the argument

that underlines the considerable effect of poor teacher placement on

the curriculum implementation. When teachers are assigned to

courses outside their area of study, the curriculum is weakened by

fragmented content knowledge.


6

Conceptual Framework

Lesson Plan
Non- -Issues
Mathematics
Teacher -Challenges
Lesson Delivery

Significance of the Study

This study will be beneficial for teachers as

Scope and Delimitations

This study will only focus on the experiences of the non-

Mathematics majors teaching Math particularly in lesson planning

and lesson delivery, to identify their common setbacks/challenges

encountered and to determine their strategies to cope with the

challenges of their experiences. This study will employ

phenomenological analysis to make sense of the interpretations of the

participants’ experiences in teaching Math and their strategies in

coping with the challenges of their experiences. The researcher will

study seven (7) participants who are secondary non-Math elementary

school teachers teaching Math at selected schools in North Cotabato.


7

Definition of Terms

The following terms are operationally defined.

Challenges are the teaching problems or setbacks experienced by the

participants who are non-math majors teaching Math.

Experiences are personal and practical knowledge, skill or practice

derived from direct observation or participation of events. In this

study, the participants’ experiences will serve as the primary

source of the data.

Out-of-field Teachers are teachers assigned to teach subjects which

do not match their training or education

Lesson planning are teacher's detailed description of the course of

instruction or "learning trajectory" for a lesson.

Lesson delivery is all about holding true to the objectives of the

lesson, Engaging the Students, and Appropriate Pacing of the

lesson based on student needs.

Common questions

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Non-math majors may be assigned to teach Mathematics due to a shortage of qualified math teachers and school staffing flexibility in handling teacher shortage . This indicates systemic issues in the recruitment and allocation of teachers, emphasizing a need for better teacher training and scheduling practices to ensure all subjects have suitably trained educators .

Students frequently taught by out-of-field teachers, particularly in critical subjects like Mathematics, may show long-term effects such as gaps in knowledge, reduced interest in the subject, and lower academic performance . These outcomes may hinder their readiness for higher education and competitiveness in STEM-related fields, ultimately affecting their career opportunities .

Out-of-field teaching highlights deficiencies in policies related to teacher qualifications and certifications, where mismatched teaching assignments occur despite disparities in teachers' formally assessed competencies . Improvements could include stricter enforcement of qualification requirements and targeted professional development programs to equip teachers to handle multiple subjects effectively .

Non-math major teachers may use strategies such as seeking peer support, attending workshops, or self-study to improve their content knowledge and pedagogical skills . These strategies can be effective in improving their teaching by providing them with better tools and methods to manage classrooms and deliver content, although their efficacy might vary depending on the availability of resources and institutional support .

Non-math major teachers face challenges primarily in lesson planning and delivery due to inadequate subject matter knowledge . This can negatively impact student learning as such teachers may struggle with effectively engaging students and lack the pedagogical approaches needed for the subject, potentially leading to lower student achievement .

A high student-teacher ratio, as seen in many schools, exacerbates the prevalence of out-of-field teaching as schools struggle to fill teaching positions with appropriately qualified staff, impacting educational quality negatively . Larger class sizes further strain teaching resources, contributing to reduced individual attention for students and compromised lesson delivery .

The challenges in lesson planning for non-math majors often stem from their insufficient subject knowledge which can weaken their lesson objectives, student engagement, and pacing . This can lead to a perception of teaching ineffectiveness as teachers may feel inadequately prepared to deliver high-quality educational experiences, impacting their confidence and student outcomes .

The theory of Skill Mismatch suggests that when teachers are assigned subjects outside their expertise, there is a significant discrepancy between their skills and job requirements . This mismatch can lead to diminished learning as teachers may lack the necessary content and pedagogical knowledge, thus impacting the quality of education and student outcomes negatively .

Out-of-field teaching is more common in small schools due to limited staffing, where teachers are required to teach multiple disciplines to meet school needs . This disparity can lead to inequities in educational quality, as students at these schools might not receive the same standard of education as those in larger schools with specialized, qualified teachers .

According to Bruner's theory of the spiral curriculum, subjects should be revisited annually with increasing complexity . Out-of-field teaching can disrupt this process as teachers lacking expertise might not effectively introduce and build upon complex topics, leading to a poorly implemented curriculum with fragmented knowledge progression .

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