MISAMIS ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Sta. Cruz,Cogon, Balingasag, Misamis Oriental

Basic Education Department
Senior High School Department
SY: 2020-2021, 2nd Semester
Tel no. 333-5054, Cel no. 09652357351

Reading and Writing Skills

Module 3

Prepared by:

MS. YEDDA MARIE L. ACERO

Teacher

Reviewed and checked by:

MR. LUCAS Z. VALMORES JR.

Coordinator, Senior High School

Approved by:

MRS. NYMPHA R. DELSOCORA

Principal, Basic Education Department

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Subject Title: Reading and Writing Skills Semester: 2nd

Grade: 11 Academic Year: 2020-2021

Teacher Section
Ms. Yedda Marie L. Acero Excellence, Bravery, Modesty, Prudence, Discipline,
Trustworthy and Perseverance
Simplicity
Gratitude, Generosity and Piety,

Core Subject Description: The development of reading and writing skills as applied to a wide range of
materials other than poetry, fiction and drama.

CONTENTS

PURPOSEFUL WRITING IN THE DISCIPLINES Page

Academic and Professional Writing 3

Academic Writing in the Discipline

a. Book Review or Article Critique 4

b. Literature Review 5

c. Research Report 6

d. Project Proposal 7

e. Position Paper 9

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 Academic and Professional Writing
Components of Academic and Professional Writing

 Context refers to the situation where professional writing is performed. It includes the
people involved (i.e., the sender and the receiver), relationship between the people involved in the
communication, time and place, and some possible interferences.

 Message refers to the content of your document. It includes the main topic and the details
that support it. These details may be in the form of facts, statistics, testimonies, and observation.

 Language refers to the channel used to convey the message. It can be either be visual or
textual, formal or informal, verbal and non-verbal.

 Purpose is the reason or motive that you have when communicating. It also helps you
determine the reactions you want to elicit from your target audience.
Two levels of purpose:
o General. In professional and academic writing, the two general purposes are to
inform and to persuade. To inform means to make the audience understand a
concept whereas to persuade means to influence the readers to change their
attitudes or actions.
o Specific. The reason why you want to inform or persuade your target audience.
 Audience is the receiver of the message. It can either be primary (i.e., the direct receiver of
your document) or secondary (i.e., the indirect receiver of your document).
 Product refers to the output that you intend to produce after considering all the other
components.

The following are some examples of outputs produced through academic and professional writing.

Academic Writing Professional Writing

Academic essay, Thesis, Dissertation, Library Instructional manuals, Specification, Brochure,
research, Coursework, Reaction paper, Book Business correspondence (letter and memo),
review, Literature review, Research report. Business and technical report
Project proposal, Position paper

Academic Writing
Academic writing is a type of writing produced by students in an academic setting. Its main
purpose is to inform and persuade, not to entertain. The most common types of academic writing include
academic essays, book reviews, literature reviews, research reports, project proposals, position papers and
reaction papers.
Academic writing is impersonal and formal. It is impersonal because it usually uses the third
person perspective and does not have a direct reference to persons and feelings. It is formal because it
strictly adheres to formal English and avoids word contractions (e.g., don’t, shouldn’t).
You also need to consider the structure of academic texts. In this type of text, each paragraph
contains one main idea and has a clear topic sentence. An academic essay also places the thesis

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statement at the last part of the introductory paragraph and it is then repeated in the first sentence
of the concluding paragraph.
In terms of mechanics, make sure to follow the guidelines for language use and mechanics of a
well-written texts. Aside from this, citation and referencing are also two essential elements of any
academic writing.

Professional Writing
Professional writing is any type of written communication done specifically in a professional
context; it is most often applied in business and technical writing. Similar to academic writing, its main
purpose is to inform and persuade readers.
Professional writing may involve private businesses, government corporations and offices, and
academic institutions which produce online and offline documents that aim to communicate information
to a particular audience. Some of the most common examples are business and technical reports, as well as
business correspondences.
Compared to academic writing, professional writing uses business English and a more personal
tone. This means that professional writing can use the first and second person points of view (e.g., I
and you). Although professional writing is more personal, it does not mean that you can use personal
anecdotes, jokes, and colloquial expressions. Professional writing addresses a particular need,
follows a standard structure and format, and conveys business and technical content to specific
audience. It is also objective, unemotional, accurate, concise, and straightforward.
In terms of mechanics, professional writing bars the use of emoticons, contractions, and
unnecessary exclamation points. Unlike academic writing, it does not require a great number of citations;
few relevant ones may be sufficient.

Academic Writing in the Discipline

a. Book Review or Article critique
 It is a specialized form of academic writing in which a reviewer evaluates the contribution to
knowledge of scholarly works such as academic books and journal articles.
 It usually ranges from 250 to 750 words, is not simply a summary. It is a critical assessment,
analysis, or evaluation of a work.
 It addresses a more specific audience and usually offers a critical response to a published
scholarly work.
 Book and article reviewers do not just share mere opinions; rather, they use both proofs and
logical reasoning to substantiate their opinions. They process ideas and theories revisit and
extend ideas in a specific field of study, and present analytical responses.

Structure of a Book Review or Article Critique

Introduction (around 5% of the paper)
 Title of the book/article
 Writer’s name
 Writer’s thesis statement
Summary (around 10% of the paper)
 Writer’s objective or purpose
 Methods used (if applicable)
 Major findings or claims
Review/Critique (in no particular order) (around 75% of the paper)
 Appropriateness of methodology to support the arguments
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  Theoretical soundness
 Soundness of explanation in relation to other available information and experts
 Sufficiency of explanation
 Other perspectives in explaining the concepts and ideas
 Coherence of ideas
Conclusion
 Overall impression of the work
 Scholarly value of the reviewed article/book
 Benefits to the intended audience
 Suggestion for future directions
b. Literature Review
 It is the type of academic writing that provides an overview of a specific topic. It surveys
scholarly work such as academic books (but not textbooks), computerized databases,
conference proceedings, dissertation/ these, empirical studies, government reports, historical
records, journal articles, monographs, and statistical handbooks.
 As an advance form of academic writing, a literature review critically analyses the
relationship among the different scholarly works and the current work. It can be written
as a stand-alone paper or as part of a research paper explaining a theoretical framework and
related studies. A literature review combines both summary and synthesis.
Structure of a Literature Review
Introduction
 Purpose for writing the literature review and the importance of the topic being
reviewed
 Scope of the review
 Criteria used for selecting the literature
 Organizational pattern of the review
Body
 Historical background
 Relevant theories
 Relationship between and among the studies, and how each study advanced a
theory
 Strengths and weaknesses of each other
 Various viewpoints on the topic
Conclusion
 Restatement of the main argument or thesis
 Main agreements and disagreements in the literature
 If stand-alone paper: conclusions, implications, and direction for future studies
 If part of a thesis or research paper: linking of the literature review to the research
questions
 Overall perspective on the topic

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c. Research report
 It is an expanded paper that presents interpretations and analyses of a phenomenon based on
experiments and previous information so that readers can better understand it.

Parts of a Research Report

1. Title page – contains an informative title that describes the content of the paper, the name of
author/s, addresses or affiliations, and date of submission.
2. Abstract – contains the summary of the research findings and conclusions. It briefly
presents the context of the context of the study, research questions or objectives, methodology,
major findings, conclusions, and sometimes implications. An abstract does not contain any
citation or a great deal of statistical results. Its length ranges from 100 to 250 words.
3. Introduction – explains the current state of the field and identifies research gaps. It is also the
part where the research focus is presented by addressing the identified gaps in the topic. It
puts the research topic in context. It is usually three to five paragraphs long.
4. Literature review – contains the summary and synthesis of all available sources directly
related to the study. In a research report, the literature review is divided into two sections:
related concepts and related studies.
Related concepts present some of the fundamental concepts needed by the readers to
better understand the study. Concepts and theories are defined, explained, and described.
Unlike related concepts, related studies are based on previously conducted studies directly
related to the paper. Both the related concepts and studies will help the writer explain the
phenomena that may arise in the study.
This section ends with a paragraph that synthesizes all of the studies presented and puts
the study in context. Hence, the last paragraph may include the topic and specific research
problems. The length may range from two to three pages. Note that in some cases, the
literature review is integrated in the introduction section.
5. Methodology – describes how the experiments or tests in the research were conducted.
It presents the context within which the study was study was conducted, the participants, the
instruments used, data gathering procedure, and the data analysis. In discussing the context of
the study and the participants, the number and the demographic profiles of the participants
are explained as well as the place where the study was conducted.
The discussion of the instrument used presents the tool o gathering data. These tools may
be in the form of a questionnaire, interview, focus group discussion, survey, and tests, among
others. All of the instruments used should be described in detail, along with the explanation of
how they were validated. The data gathering section presents the details on how the data were
collected while the data analysis section presents how the data were analysed, either
qualitatively (coding scheme) or quantitatively (statistical tools).
The past tense is used in writing the methodology.
6. Results – factually describes the data gathered and the tables and graphs that summarize
the collected data. Along with the tables and graphs are their respective interpretations. The
flow of the results section should follow the flow of the research
questions/problems/objectives. It is expected that for each research problem or objective,
corresponding results are presented.
7. Discussion – provides an explanation of all the results in relation to the previous studies
presented in the literature review.
In this section, the research problems or objectives, as well as the major findings, are
restated in the first paragraph. The succeeding paragraphs should explain whether the study
supports or rejects the previous findings and explain the reasons for this. New findings

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 uncovered in the research should always be stated. Similar to the flow of the results, the
discussion part follows the flow of the research problems or objectives.
8. Conclusion – contains the restatement of the major findings, the limitations of the study,
the recommendations, and the implications. Note that in some cases, the conclusion is
integrated into the discussion.
9. References – contains the different sources used in the study. These may be academic
books, journals, and other online sources. Its format depends on the school, teacher, or field of
study.
d. Project proposal
 It is a highly persuasive and informative document that aims to address a particular
problem or issue. It is a bid or offer to initiate a project for an individual or group. It usually
ranges from 1,000 to 2,500 words depending on the complexity of the project being proposed.

Type of Project Proposal

1. Solicited internal
 It is used when the target reader is within the organization.
 It responds to a specific request within the organization.
The problem has been identified within the organization and the decision to solve it has
been made.
2. Unsolicited internal
 It is used when the target reader is within the organization.
 It is a self-initiated proposal that no one asked for.
 The target reader has not yet identified that a problem exists within the organization;
hence, no decision has been made to solve the problem.
3. Solicited external
 It is used when the target reader is not within the organization.
 It responds to a specific request from someone who is not within the company.
 The problem has been identified and the decision to solve it has been made.
4. Unsolicited external
 It is used when the target reader is not within the organization.
 It is a self-initiated proposal that no one asked for.
The target reader has not yet identified that a problem exists; hence, no decision has been
made to solve the problem.

Parts of a Project Proposal

1. Cover Letter
 Introduces the proposal to the reader
 States the project proposal title, date the proposal was requested (if solicited), general
purpose and scope of the proposal, and acknowledgment of people who have contributed
to the completion of the proposal
 Includes the highlights of the proposal and directs the readers to these highlights
2. Title Page
 Includes the project title that is concise and informative
 Includes the lead organization, place and date of project, client’s or donor’s name,
proponent’s name and the department or organization he/she represents, and date of
submission

3. Abstract or Executive Summary

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  Includes the objectives, implementing organization, major project activities and total
project cost
 Usually composed of 200 to 250 words and highlights only the major points, some
abstracts may be longer depending on the culture of the funding agency
 Uses a paragraph format
4. Context of the Proposal
 Describes the socio-economic, cultural, and political background in which the proposal is
situated
 Presents data collected from other sources that are relevant to the planning stage
5. Project Justification
 Provides a rationale for the project
 Includes a problem statement that specifies the problem addressed by the project
 Points out why the problem is an issue that requires immediate attention
 Specifies the target group’s needs that arise from the adverse effect of the described
problem
 Presents the approach or strategy that will be used to address the problem
 Describes the capability of the implementing organization or group by stating its track
record
Note: When writing this section, justify why your organization or group is the best group to
implement the project.
6. Personnel Involved
 Lists the people involved in the project, their corresponding roles, and their summary of
qualifications
7. Project Implementation
 Is divided into an activity plan which specifies the schedule of activities and a resource plan
which specifies the items needed to implement the project
 Describes the activities and resource allocation in detail, as well as the person in charge of
executing the activities ¢ Indicates the time and place of activities
8. Budget
 Presents the expected income and expenses over a specified time period
 Itemizes the budget
9. Monitoring and Evaluation
 Specifies when and how the team will monitor the progress of the project
 Specifies the method for monitoring and evaluation
 Specifies the personnel in charge of monitoring and evaluation
10. Reporting Scheme
 Specifies the schedule for reporting the finances and progress of the project
11. Conclusion
 Briefly describes the project, the problem it addresses, and its benefits to all stakeholders
through a summary
 Directs the readers back to the good features of the project
 Urges the readers to contact the proponent to work out the details of the project proposal
12. References
 Lists all the references used in drafting the project proposal using the formats required by
the funding agency.

e. Position Paper
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 A position paper is a type of academic writing that presents one’s stand or viewpoint on a
particular issue. The main objective of writing a position paper is to take part in a larger debate by
stating your arguments and proposed course of action.

Parts of a Position Paper

1. Introduction
 Uses a lead that grabs the attention of readers
 Defines the issue and provide a thorough background
 Provides a general statement of your position through a thesis statement
2. Body
 States your main arguments and provide sufficient evidence (e.g., statistics, interviews
with experts, and testimonies) for each argument.
 Provides counterarguments against possible weaknesses of your arguments.
3. Conclusion
 Restates your position and main arguments
 Suggests a course of action
 Explains why your position is better than any other position.
 Ends with a powerful closing statement (e.g., a quotation, a challenge, or a question)

Reference:
Barrot, J. (2016). Academic Reading and Writing. 839 EDSA, South Triangle, Quezon City: C&E
Publishing Inc.

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 Reading and Writing Skills
Name: _____________________________________________________ Section: II-_____________
Teacher: _____________________________________________
GENERAL INSTRUCTION: Write your answers on the space provided.

I. Identify whether each text is academic or professional. Write “A” if it is academic and “P” if it is
professional.
____________1. Argumentative essay
____________2. Dissertation
____________3. Expository writing
____________4. Formal proposal
____________5. Incident report
____________6. Instructional manual
____________7. Job application letter
____________8. Library research work
____________9. Memos
____________10. Research abstract
____________11. Resumé
____________12. Technical reports
____________13. Term paper
____________14. Thesis
____________15. Trip report

II. Book Review or Article critique. Write T if the statement is true and F if false.
1. A book review or article critique is simply a summary.
2. Book and article reviewers share mere opinions.
3. The name of the author and title of the reviewed article is placed at the end of the article critique.
4. More than half of the review of the summary should be devoted to the summary.
5. A book review is exclusive for professionals.
6. A book review or article critique uses the same organization of ideas.
7. The purpose of an article critique is to inform and persuade readers.
8. A book description is similar to a book review.
9. A review or critique involves higher-order thinking strategies.
10. The overall impression of the work should be placed at the end of the article critique.
III. Research Report. Identify what is being asked.
a. abstract b. research report c. title d. introduction e. results

f. discussion g. references h. conclusion i. literature review j. methodology

1. It is the part where the research focus is presented by addressing the identified gaps in the topic.
2. It factually describes the data gathered and the tables and graphs that summarize the collected
data.
3. It provides an explanation of all the results in relation to the previous studies presented in the
literature review.
4. It contains the summary of the research findings and conclusions.
5. It contains lists all the references used.

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 6. It contains the restatement of the major findings, the limitations of the study, the
recommendations, and the implications.
7. It describes how the experiments or tests in the research were conducted.
8. It presents interpretations and analyses of a phenomenon based on experiments and previous
information.
9. It contains the summary and synthesis of all available sources directly related to the study.
10. It contains an informative title that describes the content of the paper, the name of author/s,
addresses or affiliations, and date of submission.
IV. Project proposal. Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answers on
the space provided.
1. It responds to a specific request from someone who is not within the company.
a. Unsolicited external b. Solicited external c. Solicited internal d. Unsolicited internal
2. Introduces the proposal to the reader.
a. Cover letter b. Personnel involved c. Budget d. Abstract
3. Includes a problem statement that specifies the problem addressed by the project.
a. Conclusion
b. Context of the Proposal
c. Project justification
d. Reporting scheme
4.
5. Presents the expected income and expenses over a specified time period.
a. Cover letter b. Personnel involved c. Budget d. Abstract
6. Includes the objectives, implementing organization, major project activities and total project cost.
a. Cover letter b. Personnel involved c. Budget d. Abstract
7. Lists the people involved in the project, their corresponding roles, and their summary of
qualifications.
a. Cover letter b. Personnel involved c. Budget d. Abstract
8. Directs the readers back to the good features of the project.
a. Conclusion
b. Context of the Proposal
c. Project justification
d. Reporting scheme
9.
10. Presents data collected from other sources that are relevant to the planning stage.
a. Conclusion
b. Context of the Proposal
c. Project justification
d. Reporting scheme
11. It responds to a specific request within the organization.
a. Unsolicited external b. Solicited external c. Solicited internal d. Unsolicited internal
12. Specifies the schedule for reporting the finances and progress of the project.
a. Conclusion
b. Context of the Proposal
c. Project justification
d. Reporting scheme

V. Literature Review. Write T if the statement is true and F if false.

1. A literature review is an example of academic writing.
2. A literature review is only limited only to articles.
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 3. Writing a literature review involves higher-order thinking skills.
4. The main purpose of making a literature review is to analyze literary texts such as short stories
and novels.
5. A literature review requires skills in summarizing but not in synthesizing information.

VI. Position Paper. Identify which part of position paper the following statements belong.

a. conclusion b. introduction c. body

____________1. Defines the issue and provide a thorough background.

____________2. States your main arguments and provide sufficient evidence.
____________3. Ends with a powerful closing statement.
____________4. Provides counterarguments against possible weaknesses of your arguments.
____________5. Ends with a powerful closing statement.

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