Review:
SEE8130: Advanced
Thermosciences for Energy
Engineering
Week 4:
Yun Hau Ng
School of Energy and Environment,
City University of Hong Kong
[Link]@[Link]
Review: Review:
4-1
• Equation that relates the pressure, temperature, and specific volume of a
substance is called an equation of state.
• There are several equations of state, some simple and others very complex.
• The simplest is:
Example:
Ru is universal gas constant; M is molecular weight
The gage pressure of an automobile tire of a car tire is measured to be 210 kPa before a trip
and 220 kPa after the trip at a location, where the atmospheric pressure is 95 kPa. Assuming
the volume of the tire remains constant and the air temperature before the trip is 25 °C,
determine air temperature in the tire after the trip.
(Poll: 26C, 35C, 39C, 45C)
• Many familiar gases such as air, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, helium, argon,
neon, krypton and even heavier gases such as CO2 can be treated as ideal gases Assignment 2, Question 1
with negligible error.
A 1 m3 tank containing air at 10°C and 350 kPa is connected through a valve to another
• How about dense gas (such as water vapor/steam)? tank containing 3 kg of air at 35 °C and 200 kPa. Now the valve is opened, and the
entire system is allowed to reach thermal equilibrium with the surroundings, which are
at 20 °C.
Determine the volume of the second tank and the final equilibrium pressure of air.
Poll: Yes or No
4-2
In a stationary closed system, the conservation of energy principle applied:
• Specific heat is the energy required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a
substance by one degree (1 K):
Specific heat at constant volume, cv;
Specific heat at constant pressure, cp.
• cp is always greater than cv
because at constant
pressure the system is
allowed to expand and the
energy for this expansion
work also supplied to the
system.
(Table A-21)
Specific heat ratio, k
(Table A-2c)
• Specific heat ratio of ideal gas changes little with
temperature.
• For monatomic gases (He, Ar), its value is
essentially constant at 1.667.
• Many diatomic gases, including air, have a specific
heat ratio about 1.4 at room temperature.
(Table A-2b)
4-3
(a)
(b)
Assignment 2, Question 2
Determine the internal energy change ( ) of hydrogen, in kJ/kg, as it is heated from
200 to 800 K, using
(a) The empirical specific heat equation as a function of temperature (Table A-2c),
and;
(b) The cv value at the average temperature (Table A-2b)
(c)
• A substance whose specific volume (or density) is constant is called an
incompressible substance.
• The specific volumes of solids and liquids essentially remain constant during
a process Æ approximated to be incompressible in most cases.
• No expansion or contraction when temperature changes Æ no work done
• Specific heat at constant pressure = Specific heat at constant volume
4-4
Example
Determine the enthalpy of liquid water at 100 C and 15 MPa:
(a) By using compressed liquid tables (previous slide)
(b) By approximating it as a saturated liquid, and
(c) By using the corrected equation of
At 100 °C, the saturation pressure of water is 101.42 kPa, and since P > Psat, the water
exists as a compressed liquid at the specific state.
(a) From compressed liquid tables,
(b)
(c)
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