ANCIENT PERIOD AND EARLY INHABITED AREAS

Human Skull found in Niah caves- Sarwak, 15 years old boy dated to 40,000 years ago Toba Volcano layers of dust left by eruptions, Kuala Tampan, Perak civilization dated to 74,000 years ago found by geologist Stauffer.
Year 35000 yrs ago Main characteristic of Inhabitants lives in caves main activities collecting forest product & hunting started using stone tools (simple and crude) lives in caves, along rivers and lakes start farming used more refined stone tools Able to make earthenware Area tampan , perak niah caves, Sarawak tingkayu, sabah cha caves, Kelantan kecil caves, Pahang kepah caves, kedah jenderam hilir, Selangor madai caves, sabah gamantang caves, sabah niah caves, Sarawak Same with Mesolithic places

Period Paleolithic

Mesolithic

11000 yrs ago

Neolithic

5000 yrs ago

Metal age

2500 yrs ago

used more sophisticated tools start rearing livestock start communicating start creating object and using accessories population grew developed residential area in wide open land near rivers more orderly and sedentary lifestyle practised customs

lang river, Selangor langar river, Selangor muar river, johor tembeling river, Pahang tganu river, tganu

Origin of Malays:
Migrated from Yunan around 5000 years ago Another group known as Deutero-Malays came around 2500 years ago from South China.

Ancient Ports
Because 1. Peninsula Malaysia is located at the crossroads between Chinese, Indian and Arabian trade routes. 2. Malaysias natural resources such as resin, cane, gold and tin ore attracted many foreign merchants especially from Arabia, India and China.

Several ports were built in the country at that time, like the important ports of: 1. Kuala Selinsing in Perak 2. Jenderam Hilir in Selangor 3. Santubong in Sarawak Indian merchants named Peninsula Malaysia as Suvarnabumi, which means Golden Earth and Ptolemy, a famous Greek geographer, named it Golden Chersonese, meaning Golden Peninsula.

Islands of the Malay Archipelago:

The geographical region of the Malays is known as; Malay world or the islands of the Malay Archipelago. The British controlled Peninsula Malaysia, The Dutch controlled the south Indonesia, the French controlled Indo-China, and The Spanish controlled the Philippines. REFER TO TABLE 1.2

EMPIRE OF MALACCA HISTORY

The Golden Age of Malacca was founded by Parameswara in 1403 AD Malacca grew into great empire in Malay Archipelago well known as centre for maritime trade, the spread of Islam an empire with advance civilization The ruler was the head of state, the Islamic region and the army the government was based on two laws (Malacca Law, Malacca Law of the Sea) Reason behind Malaccas glory 1. its strategic location midway along India and china 2. Malay as Lingua Franca 3. usage of currency system 4. strong trade ties between foreign countries 5. reasonable taxation system 6. efficient administrative system From Political Side 1. Received protection from China against Siam 2. strengthen its position by building diplomatic ties with Java and India Fall of Malacca ended in 1511 after Portugese attack Reached supremacy under the 1477) but declined thereafter

rule

of

Sultan

Mansur

Syah

(1459-

Internal factor after the death of Tun Perak, Malacca become lacked of efficient leader his successor, Tun Mutahir, was a weak leader. As a result, there were often struggles for powers sultan Mahmud paid less attention to the administration, bribery and high taxes, cause ppl split and disunited malay ppl become hostile to Indian Muslim. Evidence, Sultan Mahmud commanded Tun Mutahir and Tun Ali to be put to death due to the betrayal of Kitul and Raja Mandaliar. later, Chief Minister Tepok replaced him, but he was very old oredy. Continued misunderstanding and dispute caused segregation among ppl. External factor discovery of Cape of Good Hope in South Africa by Bartholomew Diaz in 1488 easier to sail from West to East. As a result, easier for Portugese to invade Malacca Internal conflict and high taxes caused merchants to move to other ports

Other Malay Kingdoms:

After the fall of Malacca, Johor emerged as the most important kingdom. Malacca had two laws (Malacca Law, Malacca Law of the Sea) Perak had the 99 Perak laws Negeri Sembilan had Adat Perpatih. Sabah and Sarawak were under the Brunei Kingdom.

THE BACKGROUND OF WESTERN COLONIZATION Only the British controlled the whole country Factors for Colonizing i. ii. TABLE 1.3 vast natural resources place for them to extend their political influence and Christian faith

Portuguese and Dutch Colonization

Portuguese, lead by Alfonso de Albuquerque, took over Malacca in 1511 Main reason 1. 2.
To

control maritime trade in east to spread Christianity

FAILED. Due to the inconsistency between their trading practice and religion although they did conquer Malacca, their objectives was not completely achieved cuz Malays often attacked them, limiting their influence only to the vicinity of the Fort Portuguese colonization led to the falling of Malacca and the start of new kingdom, the JohorRiau Malay Kingdom. with assistant from Johor, Dutch defeated Portuguese and took over Malacca in 1641 the Dutch only interested in tin ores in Malay peninsula and the island of Jawa.

British Colonization:
The Acquisition of Penang and Singapore English merchants set up British East India Company in 1600 to improve trade in the region. in 11 August 1786, Sultan Abdullah made an agreement with Francis Light to protect Kedah from Siam. Thus, Penang Island was given to British on 6th Feb 1819, Stamford Raffles occupied Spore. achieved thru British manipulation in a local issue between Chief Military officer Abdul Rahman and Sultan Abdul Rahman in Riau

ANGLODUTCH TREATY 1824 (PERJANJIAN BELANDA 1824) was signed on 17 march 1824 main aim end the rivalry between British and Dutch Factors of rivalry 1. trade 2. Dutch were not happy British got Singapore 3. Got worse when some British ppl got killed in Ambon Effect of this treaty 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Dutch handed Malacca to British in exchange with Bangkahulu Malay islands were split in two Johor Riau empire ended as it was split Area of south of Singapore belongs to Dutch Area of north of Singapore belongs to British Agreed to work together to fight pirates activities

Straits Settlement (NNS):

Penang, Malacca and Singapore These states were united on 1829 with Penang was the first capital state with governor as head. on 1st April 1867, the administration of NNS was transferred from Calcutta, India to London. thus, declaring NNS as British colonial territory

British Intervention in Malay States, Sabah and Sarawak

The first Malay states that accepted British intervention were Perak, Negeri Sembilan, Pahang and Selangor this states were called Federated Malay States Factors of British Intervention 1. 2. 3. 4. internal weakness no unity among inhabitants, thus allowing British to install an advisor Presence of important natural resources such as tin ores. Strong competition among western powers

To make administrative become more efficient 1. British introduced Resident system. Role of residents, to advice Sultan 2. every states was divide into district, division, parish, and villages 3. police force were established for peace keeping From economic viewpoint 1. taxation system and imposition of license on boats and firearms were set 2. ban on slavery system 3. immigration of foreign workers

THE STRUGGLE AGAINST COLONIALIST

Mat Kilau son of Tok Gajah joined rebellion against the British imperialism (Pahang Rebellion 18911895) have many abilities (can pretend to be dead for hours) Larut War a series of 4 wars started in July 1861 and ended with the signing of the Pangkor Treaty of 1874.

The Federated Malay States:

In 1896, Selangor, Perak, Pahang, and Negeri Sembilan were joined under one ruling system. Reasons: 1. 2. 3. 4. To solve Pahang Financial problems Good administration To check the residents system power Security

The Non Federated Malay States:

Before 1909, Kelantan, Terengganu, Kedah, and Perlis were under the Siamese. In 1909 bangkok treaty they were handed to the british 1919 they were grouped as the non federated Malay states.

Japanese Invasion
-Started 8 december 1941 from 15 feb 1942 15 august 1945 the entire country and Singapore were defeated in just 70 days the attacks started from two directions, East and West Kota Bharu then Kuantan then Mersing on 12 dec 1941, Jitra then Penang then Slim River jan 1942, KL Both Jap troops meets in Johor Baharu 15 feb 1942, Singapore fell into Jap army Main aim to establish New Great East Asia Government The Jap Victory Due to 1. 2. 3. 4. British was not prepared for the attack Jap has a comprehensive plan (spies in Malaya) japs army were well trained they had practical war tactics

Effects of Jap Invasion In social aspect 1. worsen the relationship among races 2. Chinese seek refuge at the edge of the jungle In economic aspect 1. Malaya was in complete confusion 2. economic structure were destroyed 3. economic activities were disrupted 4. inflation occurs From 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. political aspects period of misery for local citizens political awareness Malays were attracted by the slogan Asia for Asians Chinese established MPAJA (Malayan people anti jap army) Communist Party of Malaya becomes stronger Jap use police (malay ppl) to fight MPAJA, causing more racial friction After Japs surrendered, the bloody conflict lasted two weeks

DECLARATION OF EMERGENCY IN 1948

closely related to development and activities of the MCP communism crept into Malaya in the early of 1920 thru a branch of Kuomintang Party. Objectives of MCP To overthrow the British government and established the Communist Republic of Malaya as soon as WWII ended, some of the MCP guerrillas emerged from the jungle and prepared a strategy to take over the controlling power they are form Malayan Races Liberation Army (MRLA) or also known as Three Stars MCP set up supply bad public spy unit called Min Yuen Functions of Min Yuen 1. Get food and medical supplies for guerrillas in jungle 2. Obtained info on British activities

No Support for Communist Ideology

for Malays, communism was against Islamic teaching as it denied the existence of God MCA is established to safe guard the interest of the Chinese ppl incidently, the Malayan economy was quite stable at that time and most Malayan citizens were against MCP in 1948, following the Calcutta Resolution, the MCP launched attacks rubber estates and tin mines

Communist Uprising and Terrorism

The Asian Communist Young Congress held in Calcutta in Feb 1948, influence d the MCP however, MCP failed to conquer country thru constitution and peace thus, they use violence to defeat British in june 1948, MCP launched an armed uprising in Malaya on 6 oct 1951, Sit Henry Gurney was shot dead by communist this attack shocked British and actions were taken 1. Emergency 2. The Briggs Plan 3. Military steps 4. Psychological warfare (the Templer Plan)

Declaration of Emergency and Emergency Laws (17/6/48-31/7/60)

16 june 1948, Sir Edward Gent declared Perak and Johor emergency areas 17 june 1948, whole Malaya was declared declaration was due to the killing of three European estate manager in Perak 23 July 1948, MCP was officially outlawed Impact 1. Roadblocks and curfew in areas where communist were rife 2. Introduction of registration system (IC)

The Briggs Plan

to eradicate communist activities thru a strategy to relocate the squatter areas from the edge of the forest to a new village launched starvation movement weakened Min Yuen activities and forced the communist out of the jungles

Military Measures
Sir Gerald Templer replaced Sir Henry Gurney used military force to fight the communist include 13 battalions of English soldiers, Gurkhas and Malays forming home guards system in 1953 recruiting assistant from Commonwealth Countries

Psychological Warfare
Sir Gerard Templer took this action 1. Making conditions easier for non Malays to obtain citizenship 2. Pardoning large number of MCP members who surrendered 3. Rewarding ppl who give info regarding communist 4. Giving out pamphlets calling the communist to give up 5. Introduced the system of white and black areas.

The Baling Negotiation

MCP negotiates with government of Malaya held in Baling, Kedah in 28, 29 dec 1955 Government MCP Tunku Abdul Rahman Chin Peng David Marshall Chen Tien Tan Cheng Lok Rashid Maidin negotiation failed becoz MCP rejected governments offer and refused to lay down their arm

Impact of Emergency
31 July 1960, Tunku Abdul Rahman proclaimed the end of Emergency. MCP failure due to 1. Their offensive act against the Malayan Union Government 2. Lack of support from the Malayan citizen 3. Lack of protection from other communist country many were killed, property were destroyed, economy was crippled new village with public facilities unlike those in traditional malay village widened the social gap