WAYS OF CITING RELATED
LITERATURE AND STUDIES
zephiecastle
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
• Process of identifying, locating, organizing and
analyzing information about a research topic..
• Provides info about past research studies related to
the intended investigation, preventing duplication of
research undertakings
• Presents gaps in the field of study
• Affords confidence and authority to researchers since
reviewing the literature can provide them all possible
constructs and perspectives of the present study.
REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES
• It enumerates findings from previous studies that may
support those of the present study.
• Provides ideas on how implications may be drawn out
of the analysis and interpretation of data
TYPES OF SOURCES
• GENERAL REFERENCES
Sources that are first accessed by researchers to give them
information about other sources such as research articles,
professional journals, books, monographs, conference proceedings,
similar documents
• PRIMARY SOURCES
First-hand information about expert’s and other
researchers’ publications; with findings that are directly
communicated to the readers and interested parties like in
academic and research journals published by universities
and learned organizations
TYPES OF SOURCES
• SECONDARY SOURCES
Written by authors that describe another researcher’s works
(summaries or interpretations) like in articles or textbooks and books
edited by different authors
• TERTIARY SOURCES
Books and articles based on secondary sources and that
synthesizes and explains the work of others.
APA Format
•American Psychological Association Style
•Social sciences
•Author-date-method of in-text citation
•Author’s surname and the year of publication for
the source
Example: (Cahan, 2000)
APA Format
•A work by 2 authors
Use the word “and” between the author’s names
within the text and use the ampersand (&) in the
parentheses.
Research is….. (Robinson & Levin, 1997)
Robinson and Levine (1997) discussed that….
APA 7th edition
APA Format
•A work by 3 to 5 authors
Include entire author’s surname in parentheses
the first time the source is cited
Kim, Song, Chang (2013) stated that…
Learning is… (Kim, Song, Chang & Park, 2013)
APA Format
•A work by 6 or more authors
Use the first author’s surname followed by et
al. in parentheses
Choi et al. (2013) reported that…..
APA Format
•A work by 6 or more authors with identical
surnames
Orleans, Nuevo, Palomar, Camacho, Avilla,Sotto
(2014) suggested….
Orleans, Nuevo, Palomar, Florentino,
David,Abulon (2014) suggested….
APA Format
•A work by 6 or more authors with identical
surnames
Orleans, Nuevo, Palomar, Camacho, et al.(2014)
suggested….
Orleans, Nuevo, Palomar, Florentino, et al. (2014)
suggested….
APA Format
•Associations, corporations, government
agencies, etc. as an author
According to the Department of Education
(2013)…
APA Format
•If the association has well-known abbreviation,
the abbreviation in brackets is included the first
time it appears and then only the abbreviation in
later citations
First citation: Commission on Higher Education
[CHED] (2012)….
Second citation:
CHED (2012)….
APA Format
•Indirect sources
If a source was mentioned in another source, the
citation is as follows:
Smith argued that…. (as cited in Johnson, 2005, p.92)
APA Format
•Electronic Sources
Cited in the same way as any other document by
using the author-date style
Briones (2009) explained…
APA Format
•Citing websites
For sources with no date, “n.d” in place of the
year is used
Briones (2009) explained…
APA Format
•Citing websites
Reference entry for website with no author
Provincial Government of Bulacan. (2007). Retrieved from
[Link]
APA Format
•Citing websites
Section of website with no author
In addition, bamboo bike cannot be split in two because of
having so much fiber (“Philippine Bamboo Bikers Hit”, 2012).
APA Format
•Citing websites
Reference entry for section of a website with no
author
Philippine Bamboo Hikes Hit Market. (2012). Manila Bulletin.
Retrieved from [Link]
[Link]
ETHICAL STANDARDS IN WRITING RELATED
LITERATURE
• PLAGIARISM
An act of claiming another’s work or copying a
portion of someone else’s writing.
• SELF-PLAGIARISM
Researchers reuse their own work or data in a
“new” written product without letting the readers
know that the manuscript already appeared in
another literature
ETHICAL STANDARDS IN WRITING RELATED
LITERATURE
• COPYRIGHT
For researchers who want their papers to be
published in conventional journals, the usual
agreement is for the copyright of the researcher’s
work to be transferred to the publisher of that
journal
Sample Format for Chapter II
•Discuss the variables and other concepts in your
study
•The last part consists of the SYNTHESIS of
Chapter II
- point out similarities and differences of your
concept to all of your selected references and
you may also indicate you stand