GEd 109 - SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

BSCE 1211 SECOND SEM 2023

INSTRUCTOR: DEN DEN URBANO
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➢ There are already mathematics and

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT astronomy existing
★ Thales of Miletus - prediction of
ANCIENT PERIOD solar eclipse on May 28, 585 BC.
1. Mesopotamia & Egypt ➢ High regards in terms of religious
2. Indus Valley Civilization rituals and ceremonies.
3. Ancient China ★ Hippocrates - a famous name in
4. Ancient Greece & Rome terms of medicine
5. Mesoamerica - “Father of Western
ANCIENT GREECE Medicine”
➢ A really progressive civilizations - He observed soldiers,
➢ One of the pioneers injuries, and co-relate them
➢ Developed a very organized and to their lifestyles.
systematic political systems ★ Water mills - used to grind grains
➢ Known for political and philosophical ★ Perachora Wheel - used to create
contributions water mills
➢ Expansion of villages ★ Aqueducts
➢ First to develop the first concept of ★ Water clock - Ctesibius
political system - democracy - Also known as clepsydra
★ Agora - the meeting place, where - Metal and clay
not only politics but also trade and ★ Odometer - a part of any vehicle to
commerce commonly happen. measure the distance covered by a
★ Indirect democracy - democracy by vehicle.
representation - Invented by Archimedes of
➢ Development of philosophy Syracuse
➢ “Why do we exist?” - For transportation
➢ A question for the existence of earth, - Adapted by ancient roman
existence of where they live. empire
➢ Having a rational thought ANCIENT ROME
★ Pythagoras - pythagorean theorem ➢ Covered almost europe
- “Number” is the only ★ Augustus Caesar - first emperor
objective concept in the of roman empire
understanding of reality ★ Consul - to elect
➢ Lasted 800 years

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 ➢ Most of their inventions are adapted - Temples - pyramid in
from Greek civilizations. chichen itza in mexico -
➢ Its legacy can be traced to its civil equinoxes
and military engineering. - Hydraulic systems - drive
➢ The contributions in Medicine: technology
★ Galen - Asian physician, the first - Mayan hieroglyphics -
one to describe and diagnose writing system; - pictorial
symptoms of different diseases and script
their corresponding treatments. - Vigesimal number system -
- Aside from medicine books, originally developed from
he invented surgical counting of vinegars and
instruments such as rectal - know how to make paper and
speculum, bone levers, and created books on long strips
cupping vessels. of paper folded in harmonica
➢ The use of concrete to use in the style
construction of roads, buildings and - dresden codex - contains
aqueducts were made from prediction of solar eclipses
volcanic ashes for centuries and position of
★ Aqueduct - to transport water to venus
Rome and the precursor of Rome’s - prediction by aligning stars
development sewage system, w/ 2 object
sanitation management and public - developed the most
baths. accurate calendar ever
- Built by Appius Claudius designed (origin of calendar)
Caseus in 312 BC - in architecture - first to use
★ Colosseum - constructed circular, pitched ceilings
canopy, napapalitan yung floor ➢ The Inca - old civilization
- amphitheater - Roads paved with stones
➢ Already developed mechanical - Stone buildings - built with
equipment like pulleys, canopy the use of iron tools
★ Pantheon - Roman temple - Irrigation systems
- Each of this is dedicated to a - Inca Calendar - Sun and
particular god stars; 12 months
MESOAMERICA - Quipu - system of knotted
➢ mexico-guatemala, belize and parts ropes to keep records
of honduras and el salvado - manufactured of rubber
➢ The Maya - lasted for - tlachtli ball game using
approximately 2000 years rubber ball
- Most advanced civilization - public latrines - along
- Astronomy highways
- Astrological cycles - ➢ The Aztec - mandatory
calendar systems education, puts value to their
education, regarded of their social

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 class, gender, or age - taught of ➢ Emergence of Studium Generale -
science and technology universities offered courses in Arts,
- Chocolates, used it as Medicine, Law and other sciences.
currency, part of tributes to ➢ Already have a concept of university,
their gods studiong hineral
- Antispasmodic medication ➢ Christian Scholasticism - a
- prevent muscle spasms, method of critical thought that
and relax muscles, created integrated religious theology with
from passion flower scientific truth. Founded by
Franciscan and Dominican Friars.
➢ Galileo Galilei - locked in prison
MIDDLE AGES due to his science
➢ Start of the fall of the roman ➢ Already have an academy for
empire science.
➢ Tasteless, vulgar and old-fashioned ➢ Roger Bacon - there is a repeating
➢ Known as “Dark Ages” cycle in terms of
➢ Christian religion was very dominant, - a friar-scholar contributed on
powerful during this time. the development of the
➢ 6th century-end of 15th Scientific Method.
ANCIENT EUROPE ➢ Alchemy - converting basic metal
➢ Invent some weapons to conquer into precious metals.
lands or threaten people's lives. - ancient branch of natural
★ Dane axe philosophy; seeks to convert
★ Magnetic compass - to have a sense base metals to noble metals
of direction ➢ Astrology - connecting the positions
➢ Jerusalem was dominated by of heavenly and celestial bodies to
muslim the dwellings of human life and the
➢ Crusade - to reclaim Jerusalem natural world.
➢ Crossbow - used it every time they ➢ Nicholas Oresme - mean speed
have crusades theorem or theorem on uniform
➢ Three-field system - seasonal acceleration.
planting ➢ John Buridan - how a body in
- division of a single piece of motion continuous to stay in motion
land into three smaller plots through the body’s intrinsic and
where different seasonal natural quality called impetus
crops would be planted. ➢ Spectacles
➢ Claudius Ptolomey’s geography ➢ Magnets
➢ Eurocentric ➢ Spinning wheels
➢ Christopher Columbus - already ➢ Astro lamps
discovered america, or the new
world
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT
➢ Emergence of geography
DEFINED SOCIETY

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SCIENTIFIC PARADIGM ➢ Geocentrism (Earth is the center of
➢ a framework containing all the solar system)
commonly accepted views of the ➢ Ptolemy - He stated that the sun
subject, conventions about what and moon moved in a circular
direction research should take motion around the Earth
and how it should be performed. (geocentrism).
PARADIGM SHIFT COPERNICAN HELIOCENTRISM
➢ “Normal science” is discounted as ➢ Heliocentric Model of the Solar
acceptable levels of error. ; System - planets revolve around a
“revolutionary science” (paradigm fixed sun
shift), these anomalies became the ➢ Tycho Brahe - measured the
center of attention as scientists distance of stars; made the
attempt to construct a new world geoheliocentric model
view that incorporates and explains - naikot ang ibang planeta sa
them. sun, at ang sun at moon ay
➢ Scientific Revolution - golden age naikot sa earth
for people committed to scholarly - using only the naked eye raw
lines in science. hahaha
➢ Intellectual Revolution - a period of ➢ Johannes Kepler - student ni Tycho
paradigm shift; accepted beliefs Brahe
were challenged - use math/calculus to define
COPERNICAN REVOLUTION the working of the cosmos
➢ Nicolaus Copernicus - born on feb - realized orbits are elliptical,
19, 1473; polish mathematician and not circular, based on
astronomer Brahe's data
➢ Problem of Geocentrism: paths of - the law of harmonies
planetary orbits have uninterrupted ★ Law of Planetary Motions
circles as they sometimes seem to 1. Law of ellipse
move backwards. 2. Law of equal
➢ Proposed that the Sun serves as 3. Law of harmonies
the fixed point to which the motions ➢ Galileo Galilei - using his telescope,
of the planets should be referred; seeing craters on the moon.
that Earth is a planet which, besides Therefore, it is not perfect and pure
orbiting the Sun annually, also turns - provides facts that support
once daily on its own axis heliocentric theory
PRE-COPERNICAN SYSTEM - the church tried to preserve
➢ Geocentric Model of the solar the aristotelian and ptolemaic
system - earth is the center of the view of the universe by
solar system; moon, planets, sun, clumping down on Galileo.
stars rotate around the earth with (torture 70 year old galileo)
uniform circular motion - Dialogue on the Great World
➢ Aristotle - The most influential Systems - presenting both
figure in Western Science since views equally
1960.

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 ➢ Isaac Newton - the force pulling the 1. traits are often heritable
apples to earth was keeping the 2. more offspring are produced
moon in its orbits than can survive
- invented calculus 3. offspring vary in their
- Principia Mathematica heritable traits

DARWINIAN REVOLUTION FREUDIAN REVOLUTION

➢ Charles Darwin - born on feb. 12, ➢ Sigmund Freud - australian
1809 ; british naturalist who neurologist
proposed theory of biological - founder of psychoanalysis;
evolution by natural selection - change the way society
- Author of "The Origin of thought about and dealt with
Species (1859)". mental illness
PRE-DARWINIAN BELIEF - everyone had an Oedipal
➢ Empedocles Theory - matter is crisis, and everyone could
composed of 4 elements (fire, potentially become mentally
water, earth, air) ill.
➢ Theory of Essentialism - nature of ➢ Structure of Personality - id
living is constituted of a particular (instinctual drives, pleasure), ego
goal-oriented disposition to (reality principle, conscious
generate an organism typical of reasoning), superego (morally
its kind (acc to aristotle) right)
➢ Concept of Lamarckism - change ➢ Jean-Martin Charcot - claimed that
occurs through use and disuse; hysteria had primarily organic
- organism are driven to causes, and that it had a regular,
greater complexity comprehensible pattern of
- Inheritance of acquired symptoms.
characters. ➢ Psychoanalysis - A set of
➢ Concept of Catastrophism - psychological theories and
catastrophic events are responsible methods of therapy to treat mental
for causing large mass of extinction disorders.
➢ Beagle Voyage, finches ➢ Evolution of Psychoanalysis
SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST ○ Carl Jung
➢ Evolution - species can change ○ Erik Erikson
over time,
- that new species come from
pre-existing species, and that
- all species share a common
ancestor.
➢ Natural Selection - explained how
populations could evolve (undergo
descent with modification) in such a
way that they became better suited
to their environments over time.

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Erastosthenes ​ (3) at the time of the quarter Moon,
➢ first measurement of the size of the angular distance between the
Earth for which any details are Moon and the Sun is 87 degrees.
known. ➢ Later, Hipparchus and Ptolemy
➢ His measurement of Earth’s refined Aristarchus’s methods and
circumference may have varied by arrived at very accurate values for
0.5 to 17 percent from the value the size and distance of the Moon.
accepted by modern astronomers, Hipparchus
but it was certainly in the right range. ➢ discovered the precession of the
➢ He also measured the degree of equinoxes
obliquity of the ecliptic (in effect, the ➢ calculated the length of the year to
tilt of Earth’s axis) and wrote a within 6.5 minutes
treatise on the octaëteris, an ➢ compiled the first known star
eight-year lunar-solar cycle. catalog, and
➢ He is credited with devising an ➢ made an early formulation of
algorithm for finding prime trigonometry.
numbers called the sieve of ➢ His observations were painstaking
Eratosthenes, in which one and extremely accurate.
arranges the natural numbers in ➢ He adequately accounted for the
numerical order and strikes out one, irregularities in the Moon’s motion
every second number following two, that are due to its elliptical orbit.
every third number following three, ➢ His main contribution to geography
and so on, which just leaves the was to apply rigorous mathematical
prime numbers. principles to the determination of
Euclid places on Earth’s surface, and he
➢ best known for his treatise on was the first to do so by specifying
geometry, the Elements. latitude and longitude.
➢ “Father of Geometry” Archimedes
Aristarchus of Samos ➢ found that the volume of a sphere is
➢ Greek astronomer who maintained two-thirds the volume of a cylinder
that Earth rotates on its axis and that encloses it.
revolves around the Sun. ➢ discovered a law of buoyancy,
➢ First heliocentric theory. Archimedes’ principle, that says a
➢ His only extant work is On the Sizes body in a fluid is acted on by an
and Distances of the Sun and upward force equal to the weight of
Moon, the oldest surviving the fluid that the body displaces.
geometric treatment of this problem. ➢ he invented the Archimedes screw,
➢ Aristarchus takes as premises that which uses a screw enclosed in a
(1) as observed during a lunar pipe to raise water from one level to
eclipse, the diameter of Earth’s another.
shadow is twice the diameter of the
Moon;
​ (2) the Moon and Sun are each 2
degrees in angular diameter; and

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EUDAIMONIA
➢ Highest emotional state, pleasure,
happiness
➢ An ideal emotional state
➢ Can only be achieved when they
reached a certain sense of fulfillment
MARTIN HEIDEGGER