LTE tutorial

- Looking forward beyond HSPA+

sppe12083@[Link] RAN System Engineer

Outline
Beyond HSPA+ LTE: motivation and expectations E-UTRAN overview & initial performance evaluation OFDMA and SC-FDMA fundamentals LTE physical layer LTE transmission procedures

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Beyond HSPA evolution 3GPP path

DL: 14.4 Mbps UL: 5.76Mbps DL: 28 Mbps UL: 11 Mbps DL: 42 Mbps UL: 11 Mbps DL: 84 Mbps UL: 23 Mbps DL: 100+ Mbps UL: 23+ Mbps

UTRAN

Rel-99 WCDMA HSDPA/HSUPA

HSPA+ (HSPA Evolution)

Rel-5

Rel-6

Rel-7

Rel-8

Rel-9 deployment & service enhancement

Beyond Rel-9

E-UTRAN

LTE specification process ~ 2007Q4

DL:300 Mbps UL: 75 Mbps

LTE-A

DL: 1 Gbps UL: 100 Mbps

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LTE - background
Motivation:
Based on HSPA success story(274* commercial HSPA networks worldwide) Uptake of mobile data traffic upon cellular networks enforces:
Reduced latency Higher user data rate Improved system capacity and coverage Cost-reduction per bit

Expectation:
Detailed requirements captured in 3GPP TR 25.913 NGMN formally released requirements on next generation RAN in late 2006**
*source: [Link] mobile broadband evolution: roadmap from HSPA to LTE UMTS forum White paper **[Link]
All rights reserved @ 2009

LTE - background
Motivation:
Based on HSPA success story(274* commercial HSPA networks worldwide) Uptake of mobile data traffic upon cellular networks enforces:
Reduced latency Higher user data rate Improved system capacity and coverage Cost-reduction per bit

Expectation:
Detailed requirements captured in 3GPP TR 25.913 NGMN formally released requirements on next generation RAN in late 2006**
*source: [Link] mobile broadband evolution: roadmap from HSPA to LTE UMTS forum White paper **[Link]
All rights reserved @ 2009

LTE feature overview

Flexible and expandable spectrum bandwidth Simplified network architecture High data throughput (Macro eNodeB & Home eNodeB) Support for multi-antenna scheme (up to 4x4 MIMO in Rel-8) Time-frequency scheduling on shared-channel Soft(fractional) frequency reuse Self-Organizing Network (SON)

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LTE spectrum flexibility

Operating bands
Flexible carriers: from 700MHz to 2600MHz Extensible bandwidth: from 5MHz to 20MHz
FDD Pair uplink downlink

5 MHz

20 MHz Channel bandwidth (MHz) Transmission bandwidth configuration(RBs)

active RBs
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LTE basic parameters

Frequency range channel bandwidth (MHz) 1.4 Transmission bandwidth NRB: (1 resource block = 180kHz in 1ms TTI) Modulation Schemes: Uplink: QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM(optional) downlink: OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) Multiple Access: uplink: SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access) downlink: TxAA, spatial multiplexing, CDD ,max 4x4 array Multi-Antenna Technology Uplink: Multi-user collaborative MIMO Downlink: 150Mbps(UE Category 4, 2x2 MIMO, 20MHz bandwidth) 300Mbps(UE category 5, 4x4 MIMO, 20MHz bandwidth) Uplink: 75Mbps(20MHz bandwidth) 3 5 10 15 20 UMTS FDD bands and TDD bands defined in 36.101(v860) Table 5.5.1

15

25

50

75

100

Downlink: QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM

Peak data rate

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LTE Peak throughput w.r.t UE categories

Table 4.1-1: Downlink physical layer parameter values set by the field ue-Category
UE Category Maximum number of DL-SCH transport block bits received within a TTI Maximum number of bits of a DL-SCH transport block received within a TTI 10296 51024 75376 75376 149776 Total number of soft channel bits 250368 1237248 1237248 1827072 3667200 Maximum number of supported layers for spatial multiplexing in DL 1 2 2 2 4

Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4 Category 5

10296 51024 102048 150752 299552

Peak rate 150Mbps with 2x2 MIMO

Peak rate 300Mbps with 4x4 MIMO

Table 4.1-2: Uplink physical layer parameter values set by the field ue-Category
UE Cate gory Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4 Category 5 Maximum number of bits of an UL-SCH transport block transmitted within a TTI 5160 25456 51024 51024 75376 Support for 64QAM in UL No

Peak rate 75Mbps

No No No Yes

3GPP TS 36.306 v850 User Equipment (UE) radio access capabilities

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LTE UE category
UE Category Peak rate (Mbps) DL UL 1 10 5 2 50 25 3 100 50 20 MHz QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM 4 150 50 5 300 75

RF bandwidth DL Modulation UL

QPSK, 16QAM

2 Rx Diversity 2x2 MIMO 4x4 MIMO Optional

Assumed in performance requirements Mandatory Not supported Mandatory

3GPP TS 36.306 v850 User Equipment (UE) radio access capabilities

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Channel dependent scheduling

Time-frequency scheduling

UE #1

UE #2

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Soft (fractional) frequency reuse

Soft Frequency Reuse(SFR):
inner part of cell uses all subbands with less power; Outer part of cell uses pre-served subbands with higher power;

b- s Su rier r ca

po w e rd en s ity

BS 2

subcarr ier

MS 22

BS 1

Pow er d e

MS 21

nsity
MS 12 MS 11

MS 31

MS 32

s ca ubrri er

n de er w Po

y sit

3GPP R1-050841 Further Analysis of Soft Frequency Reuse Scheme

BS 3

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E-UTRAN overview

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E-UTRAN architecture

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X2

S1

S1
S1

S1

X2

E-UTRAN architecture

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E-UTRAN radio protocol

notifications common dedicated

RRC radio bearers

Paging

System information SRB0

Dedicated Control and information transfer SRB1 Integrity and ciphering ARQ SRB2 Integrity and ciphering ARQ DCCH 2 DRB1 ciphering and ROHC ARQ DTCH 1 DRB2 ciphering and ROHC ARQ DTCH 2

PDCP RLC logical channels PCCH BCCH CCCH

DCCH 1

MAC transport channels PCH BCH RACH

Multiplexing and HARQ control

DL-SCH PHY layer functions

UL-SCH

physical channels

PBCH

PRACH

PDSCH

PUSCH

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E-UTRAN radio channels

downlink
PCCH BCCH CCCH DCCH DTCH MCCH MTCH

uplink
Logical channels
CCCH DCCH DTCH

PCH

BCH

DL-SCH

MCH

Transport channels

RACH

UL-SCH

PDCCH

PBCH

PDSCH

PMCH

Physical channels

PRACH

PUCCH

PUSCH

Logical Channels Define what type of information is transmitted over the air, e.g. traffic channels, control channels, system broadcast, etc. Transport Channels no per-user dedicated channels! Define how is something transmitted over the air, e.g. what are encoding, interleaving options used to transmit data Physical Channels Define where is something transmitted over the air, e.g. first N symbols in the DL frame
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E-UTRAN bearers
SRB: internal E-UTRAN signalings such as RRC signalings, RB management signalings NAS signalings: such as tracking area update and mobility management messages data traffic: E-UTRAN radio bearer + S1 bearer +S5/S8 bearer L1/L2 control channel
RT U IP DP P H TC TT P P

IP -u TP G P UD S NA AP S1 TP SC
IP L2

PD CP

RR C PD CP

RR C

-u -u TP GTP G P DP UD U
IP L2 IP L2

u PGT P UD
IP L2

NA S

RL C

S1

AP

TP SC IP ye La r2

Y HY PH P

Y PH

RL C

M AC

M AC

L1

S-GW

LT E

LT E

L1

P-GW

Y PH

Y PH

eNodeB UE E-UTRAN radio bearer EPS bearer

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MME S1 bearer

S5/S8 bearer

E-UTRAN Control plane stack

MME/ eNodeB NAS RRC PDCP RLC MAC PHY 36.331 36.323 36.322 36.321 36.211~36.214 RRC PDCP SCTP RLC IP MAC PHY L2 L1 S1-MME/X2-C 36.412 36.422 SCTP IP L2 L1 24.301 eNodeB S1AP X2AP 36.413 36.423 NAS S1AP X2AP

UE

LTE-Uu

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E-UTRAN User Plane Stack

PDN/S-GW eNodeB

UE Application IP PDCP RLC MAC PHY 36.323 36.322 36.321 36.211~36.214 PDCP RLC MAC L2 PHY L1 S1-U/X2-u GTP-u UDP IP 29.274 eNodeB

IP GTP-u UDP IP L2 L1

LTE-Uu

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Radio resource management

QoS management
L3

RRC Load control

Admission control

Interference management Semi-persistent scheduling

mobility management

PDCP
L2

RLC MAC

Hybrid ARQ manager

Dynamic scheduling

Link adaptation

L1

PHY

PDCCH adaptation

CQI manager

An overview of downlink radio resource management for LTE, Klaus Ingemann Pedersen, et al, IEEE communication magazine, 2009 July
All rights reserved @ 2009

E-UTRAN mobility
Simplified RRC states Idle-mode mobility (similar as HSPA) Connected-mode mobility
handover controlled by network

RRC-idle

RRC-connected

Cell reselection decided by UE Network controlled handovers Based on UE measurements Based on UE measurements Controlled by broadcasted parameters Different priorities assigned to frequency layers

MME/SGW HO decision
Source eNodeB

Mobility difference between UTRAN and E-UTRAN

UTRAN Call Admission
target eNodeB

E-UTRAN Not relevant since no CS connections Tracking area No SHO No similar RRC states Core network sees every handover No need to provide cell-specific information, only carrier-frequency is required.

Location area (CS core) Routing area SHO Cell_FACH, Cell_PCH,URA_PCH RNC hides most of mobility

Target cell signal quality meets reporting threshold

Neighbour cell list required

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Overview of a PS call control plane

UE activities after power-on
Power up

Initial cell search

Derive system information

Random Access

Data Tx/Rx

UE
paging

E-UTRAN

S /SS SS P

Radom Access procedure

H BC
RRC Connection Request

ICH /PH H H CC FIC PD PC

Connection establishment

m ado Rn

ss cce
H CC PU / CH US P

RRC Connection Setup RRC Connection Setup Complete

H SC PD

Security procedures
RRC Connection Reconfiguration RRC Connection Reconfiguration Complete

Radio bearer establishment

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Overview of a PS call control plane

UE activities after power-on
Power up

Initial cell search

Derive system information

Random Access

Data Tx/Rx

UE
ns tra k sch ta in da upl DL K & AC ss mi ion

E-UTRAN
paging

gr ing l ed u

ant

Radom Access procedure

& CK

nn cha
at Ld

tus sta el

rt epo r
n

RRC Connection Request RRC Connection Setup RRC Connection Setup Complete

Connection establishment

a a tr

sio mis ns

Security procedures
RRC Connection Reconfiguration RRC Connection Reconfiguration Complete

Radio bearer establishment

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Overview of a PS call user plane

Tx 1 resource block: 180 kHz = 12 subcarriers
PS data via S1 interface

to RF

eNodeB
PDCP
(Ciphering Header Compression,)

OFDM Signal Generation

1 resource block pair 1 TTI = 1ms = 2 slots

resource mapping

RLC
(Segmentation, ARQ) scheduling

data modulator

coding

UE

HARQ

Multiplexing per user

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Overview of a PS call user plane

Tx 1 resource block: 180 kHz = 12 subcarriers
PS data via S1 interface

to RF

eNodeB
PDCP
(Ciphering Header Compression,)

OFDM Signal Generation

1 resource block pair 1 TTI = 1ms = 2 slots

resource mapping

RLC
(Segmentation, ARQ) scheduling

data modulator

coding

UE

Occupying different radio resources across TTIs adapts to time-varying radio channel condition!

HARQ

Multiplexing per user

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LTE initial deployment scenario

Similar coverage as 3G HSPA on existing 3G frequency bands
LTE radio transmission technology itself does not provide coverage boost. Lower frequency (e.g, 900MHz) provides better coverage but demands largesize antennas.

Over-layed initial deployment on hot-spot area

Spectrum availability Backhaul capacity Handset maturity (multi-mode)

urban
(0.6 ~ 1.2km)

sub-urban
(1.5 ~ 3.4km)

Rural
(26 ~ 50 km)

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LTE initial trial performance

LTE data rates
Peak rate measured in lab and trial align with 3GPP performance targets In reality, user throughputs are impacted by
RF conditions & UE speed Inter-cell interference & multiple users sharing the capacity Application overhead
Peak rate measured with a single user in unloaded, optimal radio condition Average: 10 active users with 3Mbps throughput per user

Top 5%, loaded Average Cell edge 1Mpbs throughput at cell edge

Active users per cell Source: [Link]

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Active users per cell

Macro Cellular network: peak rate Vs average rate

Unlike circuit-switched network design, live network throughput is not fixed any more, being dependent on many environmental factors such as CQI,Tx buffer status,etc. In macro cellular network, network average throughput falls behind peak rate by 10x. Cellular booster for Mobile broadband
Ubiquitous coverage High capacity & data rate Low cost
HSPA cell throughput
Tput (Mbps) G-factor (dB)

8 4 2

25 15 10 2

>> FemtoCell Home eNodeB!

-3

3GPP TS 25.101 Table 9.8D3, 9.8D4, 9.8F3 for PA3

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LTE initial trial performance

User plane latency
3GPP RTT target is 10ms for short IP packet Field trial results: 10~13ms with pre-scheduled uplink <25ms with on-demand uplink
EPC air interface RTT End-to-End Ping

App Server

Control plane latency

Short latency helps to keep always on user experience Field trial results Measured idle to active latency: 70~ 100ms
Active (Cell_DCH) Less than 50msec Dormant (Cell_PCH)

Less than 100msec Camped-state (idle)

* Measurement taken with one UE in unloaded case * Source: [Link]

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OFDMA and SC-FDMA rationale

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OFDM fundamentals frequency spectrum

FDM OFDM

f
f
f

sin(
No Inter-Carrier Interference!

2f f

2f

frequency domain

Tu =

1 f

Time domain

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OFDM fundamentals multicarrier modulation

+1 -1 +1 f1
Modulated subcarriers

x (t ) =

Nc 1 k =0

(t ) =

Nc 1 k =0

e j 2 k ft

f2

Specifying system sampling rate:

f s = 1 / Ts = N f
Nc1 k =0

+
f3

We get:

xn = x(nTs) = ak e j 2kfnTs = ak e
Nc1 k =0 j 2k n N

= ak e
k =0

N 1

j 2k

n N

a0

e j 2f0t e
j 2f1t

x0 (t )
+

a0

a0 , a1 ,..., a N c 1 x(t )
S/P

a1

X0 X1

a0 , a1 ,..., a N c 1
S/P

a1

x1 (t )
Nc1

a Nc 1

e j 2xf Nc1t (t )

a Nc 1
0 0

IFFT

P/S

XN-1

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OFDM fundamentals- Cyclic Prefix

Tu
directed path: reflected path:

ak 1

ak
Integration interval of direct path

ak +1

directed path: reflected path:

Guard time: Cyclic Prefix Vs Padding Zeroes

Tcp >

guard time

FFT integration time=1/Carrier spacing OFDM symbol time

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OFDM fundamentals- Cyclic Prefix

Tu
directed path: reflected path:

ak 1

ak
Integration interval of direct path

ak +1

directed path: reflected path:

Guard time: Cyclic Prefix Vs Padding Zeroes

a0 a1
a Nc 1
guard time FFT integration time=1/Carrier spacing OFDM symbol time

Tcp >
add Cyclic Prefix
an OFDM symbol Tu+Tcp

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IFFT

P/S
Tu

OFDM fundamentals general link level chains

Binary input data

Coding

Interleaving
5 MHz Bandwidth

QAM mapping

Pilot Insertion

S/P

IFFT

P/S

add CP

FFT
Guard Intervals Symbols

Sub-carriers

Frequency

RF Tx

DAC

Pulse shaping

Time

RF Rx

ADC

Timing and frequency Sync CP removal

Binary output data

de-coding

deinterleaving

QAM de-mapping

Equalizer

P/S

FFT

S/P

Digital communications: fundamentals and applications by Bernard Sklar, Prentice Hall, 1998. ISBN: 0-13-212713-x OFDM for Wireless Multimedia Communications by Richard van Nee & Ramjee Prasad, Artech house,2000, ISBN: 0-89006-530-6 3GPP TR 25892-600 feasibility study for OFDM in UTRAN
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OFDM fundamentals frequency domain equalizer *

MRC filter: Zero Forcing: MMSE:
transmitter

w( ) = h ( ) h( ) w( ) = 1 2
n(t )

= E{ s(t ) s(t ) }
receiver

Channel model

S (t )

h( )

r (t )

w( )

~ (t ) s

rn
W0

W0
D W1 + Time domain D D WL-1

R0

r (t )
DFT

WN 1

S0

sn

RN 1

frequency domain

S N 1

IDFT

s(t )

Frequency domain equalizer outperforms with much less complexity!

Frequency domain equalization for single carrier broadband wireless systems, David Falconer , [Link], IEEE Communication magazine, 2002 April
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OFDM fundamentals
Advantages:
OFDM itself does not provide processing gains, but provides a degree of freedom in frequency domain by partitioning the wideband channel into multiple narrow flat-fading sub-channels. Channel coding is mandatory for OFDM to combat frequency-selective fading. Efficiently combating multi-path propagation in term of cyclic prefix OFDM receiver (frequency domain equalizer) has less complexity than that of Rake receiver on wideband channels. OFDM characterizes flexible spectrum expansion for cellular systems. f

Drawbacks:
high peak-to-average ratio. Sensitive to frequency offset, hence to Doppler-shift as well

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OFDM fundamentals downlink OFDMA

1 resource block: 180 kHz = 12 subcarriers

f
1 slot = 0.5 ms PDCCH PDSCH

OFDMA provides flexible scheduling in time-frequency domain. In case of multi-carrier transmission, OFDMA has larger PAPR than traditional single carrier transmission. Fortunately this is less concerned with downlink. Does OFDMA suits for uplink transmission?
Uplink being sensitive to PAPR due to UE implementation requirements With wider bandwidth in operation, OFDMA in uplink will have lower power per pilot symbol which in turn leads to deterioration of demodulation performance.

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Wideband single carrier transmission frequency domain equalizer (SC-FDE)

While time-domain discrete equalizer has effect of linear convolution on channel response; frequency domain equalizer actually serves as cyclic convolution thereof. The difference will make first L-1 symbols incorrect at the output of FDE. Solution could be either overlapped processing or cyclic prefix added in transmitter.
transmitter
block-wise generation
Single carrier Pulse signal CP Shaping generation N samples insertion N+Ncp samples

x(t)

Adaptive Frequency-Domain Equalization and Diversity Combining for Broadband Wireless Communications, M. V. Clark, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 16, no. 8, Oct. 1998 Linear Time and Frequency Domain Turbo Equalization, M. Tchler et al., Proc. IEEE 53rd Veh. Technol. Conf. (VTC), vol. 2, May 2001 All rights reserved @ 2009 Block Channel Equalization in the Frequency Domain, F. Pancaldi et al., IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 53, no. 3, Mar. 2005

SC-FDMA multiple access with FDE

Binary input data

Coding

Interleaving

QAM mapping

DFT (size M)

Subcarrier mapping

IFFT (size N)

P/S

add CP

FDMA: user multiplexing in frequency domain Single Carrier: sequential transmission of the symbols over a single frequency carrier

RF Tx

DAC

Pulse shaping

RF Rx
Binary output data

ADC

Timing and frequency Sync FFT (size N) CP removal

de-coding

deinterleaving

QAM de-mapping

IDFT (Size M)

Freq Domain Equalizer

P/S

S/P

Introduction to Single Carrier FDMA, Hyung G Myung, 2007 EURASIP

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SC-FDMA multiple access with SC-FDE

Multiple access in LTE uplink
Terminal A
data stream

DFT
0

OFDM

Pulse Shaping

Terminal B
0

data stream

DFT

OFDM

Pulse Shaping

Orthogonal uplink design in frequency domain!

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SC-FDMA multiple access with SC-FDE

Multiple access in LTE uplink
Terminal A
data stream

DFT
0

OFDM

Pulse Shaping

Terminal B
0

data stream

DFT

OFDM

Pulse Shaping

Orthogonal uplink design in frequency domain!

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SC-FDMA multiple access with FDE

block-wise signals
DFT (M)

IFFT (N)

CP insertion

D/A conversion /pulse shaping

RF

Adopted by LTE uplink!

Also called DFTSpread OFDM!

Localized FDMA:
A B C D
DFT (M)

Distributed FDMA:
DFT (M)

IFFT (N)

A B C D

IFFT (N)

OverSampling in freq domain results in interpolation at time domain output time domain: A* * * B * * * C * * * D* * *

Upsampling in freq domain makes repeated sequence at time domain output ABCDABCDABCDABCD

frequency domain:

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OFDMA Vs SC-FDMA
Time domain: Frequency domain
- OFDM modulates each subcarrier with one data symbol - OFDM symbol is a sum of all data symbols by IFFT - SC-FDMA symbol is repeated sequence of data chips - SC-FDMA distributes all data symbols on each subcarrier.

Input data symbols

OFDM symbol

SC-FDMA symbol *

time domain

f
frequency domain

* Assuming bandwidth expansion factor Q=4 in distributed FDMA.

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OFDMA Vs SC-FDMA
Similarities
Block-wise data processing and use of Cyclic Prefix Divides transmission bandwidth into smaller sub-carriers Channel inversion/equalization is done in frequency domain SC-FDMA is regarded as DFT-Precoded or DFT-Spread OFDMA

Difference
Signal structure: In OFDMA each sub-carrier only carries information related to only one data symbol while in SC-FDMA, each sub-carrier contains information of all data symbols. Equalization: Equalization for OFDMA is done on per-subcarrier basis while for SC-FDMA, equalization is done over the group of sub-carriers used by transmitter. PAPR: SC-FDMA presents much lower PAPR than OFDMA does. Sensitivity to freq offset: yes for OFDMA but tolerable to SC-FDMA.

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LTE Physical layer and transmission procedures

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LTE physical layer a vertical view

What kind of information is transmitted?
Upper layer SDUs plus additional L1 control information in transmission, e.g Reference Signals, Sync signals,CQI, HARQ,etc
control information or user data
PDCP RLC MAC

How is it transmitted?
Downlink OFDMA and uplink SC-FDMA Channel dependent scheduling, HARQ,etc multiple antenna support random access, power control, time alignment, etc
Scrambling modulation multiplex control information reference signals signals from other channels

Related L1 procedures

Transport blocks

coding

frequency

time
All rights reserved @ 2009

LTE physical layer - a horizontal view

PBCH: carries system broadcast information PCFICH: indicates resources used for PDCCH PHICH: carries ACK/NACK for HARQ operation. PDCCH: carriers scheduling assignments and other control information PDSCH: conveys data or control information PMCH: for MBMS data transmission Reference signal PUCCH: carries control information Synchronization signal (PSS,SSS) PRACH: to obtain uplink synchronization PUSCH: for data or control information Reference Signals (Demod RS & SRS)
Feedback C QIs, data transm ission PDCCH n otifies how to demodula te d

ata

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Fundamental Downlink transmission scheme

1 radio frame = 10 sub-frames = 10 ms 1 sub-frame = 2 slot = 14 OFDM symbols*
1 sub-frame = 1 ms 1 resource element
1 slot = 0.5 ms = 7 OFDM symbols

1 resourrc block = 12 sub-carriers = 180KHz

1 radio frame = 10 ms

Tcp

66.7 us

5.2 s, Tcp = 4.7 s,

Tcp _ e = 16.7 s

for first OFDM symbol for remaining symbols

Tcp-e

66.7 us

*An alternative slot structure for MBMS is 6 OFDM symbols per slot where extended CP is in use.
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System information broadcast

System information
MIB: transmitted on PBCH (40msTTI)
information about downlink bandwidth PHICH configuration SFN
One BCH transportation block CRC insertion 1/3 conv. coding scrambling modulation antenna mapping De-multiplexing

SIB: transmitted on PDSCH(DL-SCH)

SIB1: operator infor & access restriction infor SIB2: uplink cell bandwidth, random access parameters SIB3: cell-reselection SIB4~SIB8: neighbor cell infor
PBCH: the first 4 OFDM symbol in 2nd Slot per 10ms frame 10MHz 600 subcarriers

1.08 MHz

Synchronization signal

10ms frame

10ms frame

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Downlink control channels PCFICH,PHICH

PCFICH:
tells about the size of the control region. Locates in the first OFDM symbol for each sub-frame.
2 bits

1/16 block code

32 bits

32 bits

16 symbols

Scrambling

QPSK mod

PHICH:

PCFICH-to-resource-element mapping depends on cell identity so as to avoid inter-cell interference.

One PHICH group contains 8 PHICHs

acknowledges uplink data transfer Locates in 1st OFDM symbol for each sub-frame inferior to PCFICH allocation
1 bit

3x repetition

3 bits

BPSK mod

I
12 symbols

1 bit

Orthogonal code 3x repetition

3 bits

Q
BPSK mod scrambling Orthogonal code

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Downlink control channels - PDCCH

Downlink control information (DCIs)
Downlink scheduling assignments Uplink scheduling assignments Power control commands

Control region size indicated by PCFICH Blind decoded by UE in its search space and common search space allows UEs micro-sleep even in active state QPSK always used but channel coding rate is variable
control information

control region

reference signals

1 sub-frame = 1 ms

R1-073373 Search space definition ofr L1/L2 control channels. Downlink control channel design for 3GPP LTE, Robert Love, Amitava Ghosh, et,al. IEEE WCNC 2008.
All rights reserved @ 2009

Downlink control channels PDCCH

How to map DCIs to physical resource elements
Control Channel Elements(CCEs), consisting of 36 REs, are used to construct control channels. CCE aggregated at pre-defined level(1,2,4,8) to ease blind detections.

Usually 5MHz bandwidth system renders 6 UL/DL scheduling assignments within a sub-frame.
CCH candidate 2 CCH candidate 8 CCH candidate 10 CCH candidate 1 CCH candidate 3 CCH candidate 4 CCH candidate 5 CCH candidate 6 CCH candidate 7 CCH candidate 9

Control Channel Element 0 Control Channel Element 1 Control Channel Element 2 Control Channel Element 3 Control Channel Element 4 Control Channel Element 5

Control channel candidate set Or search space

R1-070787 Downlink L1/L2 CCH design

Control channel candidates on which the UE attempts to decode the information (10 decoding attempts in this example) All rights reserved @ 2009

Downlink control channels - PDCCH

Each PDCCH carries one DCI message.
Control information Control information Control information

RNTI

CRC attachment

RNTI

CRC attachment

RNTI

CRC attachment

1/3 Conv Coding

1/3 Conv Coding

1/3 Conv Coding

Rate mattching

Rate mattching

Rate mattching

CCE aggragation and PDCCH multiplexing

Scrambling

QPSK

Interleaving

Cell specific Cyclic shift

All rights reserved @ 2009

Downlink shared channel: PDSCH

Support up to 4 Tx antennas* Resource block allocation:
Localized: with less signaling overheads Distributed: benefits from frequency diversity
Transport block from MAC Transport block from MAC

CRC Segmentation FEC RM+HARQ Scrambling Modulation

CRC Segmentation FEC RM+HARQ Scrambling Modulation

Channelization (location):
control information reference signals

data region

User A User B User C unused Cell-specific, bit-level scrambling for interference randomization ** Antenna mapping RB mapping

1 sub-frame = 1 ms

To OFDM modulation for each antenna

* For MBSFN, antenna diversity scheme does not apply. ** For MBSFN, its MBSFN-area-specific scrambling.
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Downlink reference signals

Cell-specific reference signals are length-31 Gold sequence, initialized based on cell ID and OFDM symbol location. Each antenna has a specific reference signal pattern, e.g 2 antennas frequency domain spacing is 6 sub-carriers
Time domain spacing is 4 OFDM symbols That is, 4 reference symbols per Resource Block per antenna
time

frequency

Antenna 0

Antenna 1
3GPP TS 36.211 physical channels and modulation section [Link]
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LTE Multiple antenna scheme

NodeB transmitter

WCDMA STTD scheme:

S 0 , S1 , S 2 , S3 S 0 , S1 , S 2 , S3

STTD S * , S * , S * , S * 1 0 3 2

UE

LTE SFBC (space frequency block coding):

eNodeB transmitter

LTE CDD (cyclic delay diversity):

eNodeB transmitter

a2

a1
a3

OFDM modulation

a0

a2

a1
a3

OFDM modulation

a0

* a0
* a1 * a3 * a2

UE

a0 a1e j 2f t a2 e j 2f 2 t a3e j 2f 3t
OFDM modulation

UE

OFDM modulation

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LTE Multiple antenna scheme

Downlink SU-MIMO
Transmission of different data streams simultaneously over multiple antennas Codebook based pre-coding: signal is pre-coded at eNodeB before transmission while optimum pre-coding matrix is selected from pre-defined codebook based on r r UE feedback. S Open-loop mode possible for high speed r1 S1
S2

Precoding

H
r2

SIC receiver

eNodeB

UE PMI, RI, CQI

Uplink MU-MIMO: collaborative MIMO

Simultaneous transmission from 2UEs on same time-frequency resource Each UE with one Tx antenna Uplink reference signals are coordinated between UEs

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LTE Multiple antenna scheme

LTE channels Multiple Antenna Schemes
open-loop spatial multiplexing closed-loop spatical multiplexing DL data channel PDSCH multi-user MIMO UE specific RS beam-forming PDCCH PHICH DL control channel PCFICH PBCH Sync Signals receiver diversity UL data channel PUSCH multi-user MIMO PUCCH UL control channel PRACH receiver diversity MRC receiver diversity MU-MIMO MRC open-loop transmit diversity MU-MIMO Applicable > 4 Antennas SFBC SFBC SFBC SFBC PVS MRC/IRC

comments
large delay CDD/ SFBC SU-MIMO

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Synchronization and Cell Search

LTE synchronization design considerations:
high PSR (Peak to side-lobe ratio: the ratio between the peak to the side-lobes of its aperiodic autocorrelation function) to ease time-domain processing low PAPR for coverage Generalized Chirp Like (GCL) sequences overwhelm Golay and Gold sequences!

Synchronization signals
PSS: length-63 Zadoff-Chu sequences Auto-correlation/cross-correlation/hybrid correlation based detection SSS: an interleaved concatenation of two length-31 binary sequences Alternative transmission (SSS1 and SSS2) in one radio frame
0 1 2 1 radio frame = 10 ms 3 4 5

SSS
6 7 8 9

PSS

3GPP TS 36.211 physical channels and modulation Cell search in 3GPP LTE systems, by Yingming Tsai etal, JUNE 2007 | IEEE VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY MAGAZINE
All rights reserved @ 2009

Synchronization and Cell Search

LTE synchronization design considerations:
high PSR (Peak to side-lobe ratio: the ratio between the peak to the side-lobes of its aperiodic autocorrelation function) to ease time-domain processing low PAPR for coverage Generalized Chirp Like (GCL) sequences overwhelm Golay and Gold sequences!

Synchronization signals
PSS: length-63 Zadoff-Chu sequences Auto-correlation/cross-correlation/hybrid correlation based detection SSS: an interleaved concatenation of two length-31 binary sequences Alternative transmission (SSS1 and SSS2) in one radio frame
0 1 2 1 radio frame = 10 ms 3 4 5

SSS
6 7 8 9

PSS

62 Central Sub-carriers

3GPP TS 36.211 physical channels and modulation Cell search in 3GPP LTE systems, by Yingming Tsai etal, JUNE 2007 | IEEE VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY MAGAZINE
All rights reserved @ 2009

Synchronization and Cell Search

Hierarchical cell ID(1 out of 504):
Cell ID = 3* Cell group ID + PHY ID :
(n j un63 +1) e d u (n) = u ( n +1)( n + 2 ) j 63 e
CELL (1 (2 N ID = 3 N ID) + N ID)

PSS structure
x0 pss
PSS sequences

n = 0,1,...,30 n = 31,32,...,61

= 25 = 29 = 34

(2 N ID) = 0 (2 N ID) = 1

(2 N ID) = 2

62 sub-carriers excluding DC carrier

x1 pss x
62 pss

IFFT

CP insertion

f
odd sub-carriers even sub-carriers

SSS structure
S 0m ( 0 )

The indices (m0, m1) define the cell group identity.

SSC1

S1m (1)

S1m (1)

SSC2 S 0m ( 0 )

C1

Z1m ( 0 )

C1
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Z1m (1)

C0

+
C0

+ +

SSC1

SSC2

slot 0 slot 10

LTE Cell Search

PSS detection
Slot timing Physical layer ID (1 of 3)

Vs

WCDMA cell search

P-SCH detection
Slot boundary

S-SCH detection
frame timing code group ID

SSS detection
Radio frame timing Cell group ID (1 of 168) CP length

CPICH detection
Cell-specific scrambling code identified

PBCH decoding
PBCH timing System information access

BCH reading

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cell searching in WCDMA,Sanat Kamal Bahl, IEEE Potential 2003;

LTE uplink
SC-FDMA: fundamental uplink radio parameters are aligned with downlink scheme, e.g frame structure, sub-carrier spacing, RB size. Multiplexing of uplink data and control information
Combination of FDM and TDM are adopted in LTE uplink

Uplink transmission are well time-aligned to maintain orthogonality (no intra-cell interference) PRACH will not convey user data like WCDMA does, but serve to obtain uplink synchronization

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Fundamental uplink transmission scheme

1 sub-frame = 1 ms
1 slot = 0.5 ms = 7 OFDM symbols

1 radio frame = 10 ms

under eNodeB scheduling

f
Tcp 66.7 us

5.2s, Tcp = 4.7 s,

Tcp _ e = 16.7 s

for first OFDM symbol for remaining symbols

Tcp-e

66.7 us

Uplink transmission frame aligned with downlink parameterization to ease UE implementation.

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Uplink reference signal

Uplink reference signals

Mostly based on Zadoff-Chu sequences (cyclic extensions) Pre-defined QPSK sequences for small RB allocation

Demodulation Reference Signal (DRS) in a cell

Each cell is assigned 1 out of 30 sequence groups Each sequence group contains 1(for less than 5 RB case) or 2 (6RB+ case) RS sequence across all possible RB allocations Sequence-group hopping is configurable in term of broadcasting information where the hopping pattern is decided by Cell ID Cyclic time shift hopping applies to both control channel and data channel

interference randomization across intra-cell and inter-cells

DRS on PUSCH
0 0

RS sequence

block of data symbols

DFT (size M)

OFDM modulator

add CP
Instantaneous bandwidth (M sub-carriers)

0 0
One DFTS-OFDM symbol

3GPP TS 36.101 physical channels and modulation section 5.5.1

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Uplink reference signal

DRS on PUCCH
See next slides

Sounding Reference Signal (SRS)

Not regularly but allows eNodeB to estimate uplink channel quality at alternative frequencies UEs SRS transmission is subject to network configuration Location: always on last OFDM symbol of a sub-frame if available
one sub-frame

wideband, non-frequency hopping SRS

narrowband, frequency hopping SRS

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Uplink control channel transmission - PUCCH

Uplink control signaling
Data associated: transport format, new data indicator, MIMO parameters Non-data associated: ACK/NACK, CQI, MIMO codeword feedback

Channelization

no explicit tranmission from UE as it follows eNodeB scheduling!

In the absence of uplink data transmission: in reserved frequency region on band edge In the presence of uplink data transmission: see multiplexing with data on PUSCH
Uplink control TDM with data
Control region 1 Control region 2

..

downlink data transmission

total uplink system bandwidth

f
downlink data transmission

1 ms sub-frame

standalone uplink control

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Uplink control channel transmission - PUCCH

To cater for multiple downlink transmission mode, while preserving single-carrier property in uplink, multiple PUCCH formats exist. PUCCH is thus mainly classified by PUCCH format 1 & 2
PUCCH format 1/1a/1b: 1 or 2 bits transmitted per 1ms, for ACK/NACK/SR PUCCH format 2/2a/2b: up to 20 bits transmitted per 1ms, for CQI/PMI/RI

ACK/NACK

reference signal

CQI

reference signal

1 ms sub-frame

..
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1 ms sub-frame

..

Multiuser transmission on PUCCH

In PUCCH format 1, multiple PUCCHs are distinguished by cyclic shift of ZACAC sequences plus orthogonal cover sequence In PUCCH format 2, multiple PUCCHs are distinguished by cyclic shift of ZACAC sequences.
ACK/NACK bit

channel status report

BPSK/QPSK Length-12 phase rotated sequence Length-12 phase rotated sequence

QPSK

IFFT
Length-4 Walsh sequence

IFFT

IFFT

IFFT IFFT IFFT IFFT IFFT IFFT

RS

RS

RS

RS

RS

1 slot = 0.5 ms

1 slot = 0.5 ms

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Uplink data transmission - PUSCH

In case of PUSCH available, control signaling is multiplexed with data on PUSCH.
To cater for radio channel variation, link adaptation applies to data part Control signaling does not adopt adaptive modulation but the size of REs (resource elements) can change w.r.t varying radio condition
DFTS-OFDM modulation
Turbo coding Conv coding Block coding Rate matching Rate matching Rate matching baseband modulation

CQI/PMI RS ACK/NACK RI PUSCH data

UL-SCH

CQI,/PMI

MUX

DFT

IFFT

RI

ACK/NACK

Block coding

QPSK

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Uplink data transmission - PUSCH

UL-SCH processing chain
No Tx diversity/spatial multiplexing as downlink does PUSCH frequency hopping (on slot basis)
Subband-based hopping according to cell-specific hopping patterns Hopping based on explicit hopping information in scheduling grant
Transport block from MAC @UE

CRC Segmentation FEC RM+HARQ Scrambling Modulation

UE-specific, bit-level scrambling

To DFTS-OFDM and map to assigned frequency resorurce

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Random Access
LTE random access serves to obtain uplink synchronization, not to carry data.
Contention-based random access: preambles based on ZC sequences Contention-free random access: faster with reserved preambles (e.g, for handover)

Random access resources

64 preambles classified into 3 parts:
Preamble set #0 Preamble set #1 reserved
NAS UE ID RRC Connection Request 1ms random access area

UE RA preambles

eNodeB temporary C-RNTI; timing advance; initial uplink grant

RA area:

6 RBs

RA response (timing adjustment, UL grant)

1 in every 1~20 ms(configurable)

UE terminal ID early contention resolution Contention resolution

10 ms frame

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Random Access
PRACH structure
Preamble sequence: cyclic shifted sequences from multiple root ZC sequences CP: facilitates frequency-domain prcoessing at eNodeB Guard time: to handle timing uncertainty
near user Other users CP Preamble Sequence
Guard time Other users

far user

Other users
timing uncertainty

CP

Preamble Sequence

Other users

PRACH format options

preamble format RA window (ms) Tcp length (ms)

Tseq length (ms)

Typical usage

0 1 2 3

1 2 2 3

0.1 0.68 0.2 0.68

0.8 0.8 1.6 1.6

for small~medium cells (up to ~ 14 km) for larget cells(up to ~ 77km) without link budget problem for medium cells(up to ~ 29km) supporting low data rates for very large cells(up to ~ 100km)

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Layer 1 procedures power control

Uplink power control
WCDMA power control is continuous at 1500Hz; while LTE runs power control slower at 200Hz Based on open-loop setting while assisted by close-loop adjustment Independent power control on PUCCH and PUSCH respectively

PUCCH power control

PT = min{Pmax , P0 + PLDL + format + }

To increase uplink data rate, LTE would increase users bandwidth rather than increase Tx power!

PUSCH power control

Independent of PUCCH power control UE Power Headroom in use to indicate the true desired Tx power

PT = min{Pmax , P0 + PLDL + 10 log10 ( M ) + MCS + }

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Layer 1 procedures Timing Alignment

To maintain uplink intra-cell orthogonality, timing alignment is necessary.
The further away from eNodeB, the earlier the UE transmits. Configurable by eNodeB at granularity of 0.52us from 0 ~0.67 ms (corresponding to max cell radius of 100km)
Tx Rx
Tp1

Rx Tx

Ta1

Timing aligned uplink reception at eNodeB for different users

Tp2

Rx Tx

Ta2

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All rights reserved @ 2009

Backup - OFDMA Vs SC-FDMA

Channel equalizer:
OFDMA: divides wideband into multiple narrow flat-fading subbands hence equalization done on each sub-band is sufficient. SC-FDMA: frequency domain equalization on the whole group bandwidth of sub-carriers in use.
equalizer Detect Detect

OFDMA:

DFT

Sub-carrier de-mapping

equalizer equalizer

Detect

SC-FDMA:

DFT

Sub-carrier de-mapping

equalizer

IDFT

detect

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Backup - OFDMA Vs SC-FDMA

PAPR: PAPR = E ( s(t ) 2 ) CM: a better measure of UE PA back-off
s (t ) 2
3 (vn ) rms 20 log10 3 3 (vref ) rms 20 log10 (vn ) rms 1.5237 = CM = F 1.85

SC-FDMA has around 2dB CM gain against OFDMA!

3G evolution, HSPA and LTE for mobile broadband(2nd edition), ISBN: 978-0-12-374538-5, page.118,
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Backup - Zadoff-Chu sequence characteristics

Zadoff-Chu sequences Property of ZC sequences:
j un ( n +1) 63 e d u ( n) = u ( n +1)( n + 2) e j 63 n = 0,1,...,30 n = 31,32,...,61

Constant amplitude, even after Nzc-point DFT. Ideal cyclic auto-correlation Constant cross-correlation[=sqrt(1/Nzc)], assuming Nzc is a prime number

Polyphase codes with good periodic correlation properties, [Link], IEEE trans on Informaiton theory, ,vol.18, pp.531-532, July 1972 Phase shift pulse codes with good periodic correlation properties, [Link],[Link] and [Link], IEEE Trans on Information Theory, Vol 8, pp 381-382, Oct 1962.
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Backup mobility: intra-MME handover

UE Source eNodeB Target eNodeB EPC

Measurement reporting
Handover decision

Handover request
Admission control

Handover request Ack RRC Connection Reconfiguration

Detach from old cell Deliver packets to target eNodeB

Data forwarding
buffer packets From source eNodeB

RRC Connection Reconfiguration complete Path switch procedure UE context release

Flush buffer Release resource

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