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[EB cambridge Assessment "] '€P International Education Endorsed for Paper 1 Cambridge International AS & A Level Further Pure Mathematics 1 Sophie Goldie Rose Jewell Series editor: Roger Porkess G HODDER Take mathematical understanding to the next level with this accessible series, written by experienced authors, examiners and teachers. Improve confidence as a mathematician with clear explanations, worked examples, diverse activities and engaging discussion points. Advance problem-solving, interpretation and communication skills through a wealth of questions that promote higher-order thinking Prepare for further study or life beyond the classroom by applying mathematics to other subjects and modelling real-world situations. Reinforce learning with accompanying digital practice available on MEIs Integral® online teaching and learning platform.* This book covers the syllabus content for h (9231), including roots of polynomial equations, rational functions and graphs, summation of series, matrices, polar coordinates, vectors and proof by induction See inside back cover for information on the full series for Cambridge AS & A Level Further Mathematics (9231). “MET Integrat* material has not been through the Cambridge International endorsement process. eT This book is fully supported by Dynamic Learning ~ the online subscription service that helps make teaching and learning easier. Dynamic Learning provides unique tools and content for: front-of-lass teaching streamlining pianning and sharing lessons focused and flexible assessment preparation independent, flexible student study * HODDER EDUCATION e: education@[Link] w: [Link] Beets ee ea Peers ees) Provides full support for Paper 1 of the syllabus for examination from 2020 V/ Has passed Cambridge International's rigorous quality-assurance process V Developed by subject experts ov For Cambridge schools worldwide For over 25 years we have been trusted by Cambridge schools around the world to provide quality support for teaching and learning. For this reason we have been selected by Cambridge Assessment International Education as an official publisher of endorsed material for their syllabuses. ISM 978-1-5109-2178-9, HWM Algebra: this is an essential tool which supports and expresses ‘mathematical reasoning and provides a means to generalise across a number of contexts » Geometrical techniques: algebraic representations also describe a spatial relationship, which gives us a new way to understand a situation. » Calculus: this is a fundamental element which describes change in dynamic situations and underlines the links between fianctions and graphs. »» Mechanical models: these explain and predict how particles and objects move or remain stable under the influence of forces. » Statistical methods: these are used to quantify and model aspects of the world around us. Probability theory predicts how chance events might proceed, and whether assumptions about chance are justified by evidence. Communication Mathematical proof and reasoning is expressed using algebra and notation so that others can follow each line of reasoning and confirm its completeness and accuracy, Mathematical notation is universal. Each solution is structured, but proof and problem solving also invite creative and original thinking. Mathematical modelling Mathematical modelling can be applied to many different situations and problems, leading to predictions and solutions. A variety of mathematical content areas and techniques may be required to create the model. Once the model has been created and applied, the results can be interpreted to give predictions and information about the real world. ‘These key concepts are reinforced in the different question types included in this book: Problem-solving, Communication and proof, and Modelling. As for everything else, so fora mathematical theory - beauty can be perceived but not explained. Arthur Cayley (1821-1895) Matrices and transformations Suonewsossuedy pue serleW | Philippines A Figure 1.1 Direct flights between countries by one airline. Figure 1.1 shows some of the direct flights between countries by one airline. How many direct flights are there from: > Singapore to Australia > Australia to New Zealand >. the UK to the Philippines? Answers to exercises are available at wav, hoddereducation,com /cambridgeexetras x ‘1 MATRICES AND TRANSFORMATIONS. 1.1 Matrices ‘You can represent the number of direct flights between each pair of countries (hown in Figure 1.1) as an array of numbers like this: The array is called a matrix (the plural is matrices) and is usually written inside curved brackets. oRoHS onooe oHoce NOoeNe onece Ie is usual to represent matrices by capital letters, often in bold print. ‘A matrix consists of rows and columns, and the entries in the various cells are known as elements. ‘The matrix M = Rose Noose 0 0 -coo 0 4 2 1 0 2 nooo ° representing the Hights between the counties has 25 elements, arranged in five rows and five columns. M is described as a5 X 5 matrix, and this is the order of the matrix. You state the number of rows first then the number of columns. So, for example, the matrix 4-4 a=(3 7) $ J 922 x9 mat nN = 3.4 Jisa3 x2 matrix, 20 0-2 Special matrices Some matrices are described by special names that relate to the number of rows and columns or the nature of the elements, 586 1 Matrices such -(! 2 an 2 0 —4 | that have the same number of, 17 3 rows as columns are called square matrices. ‘The matrix (: ° } is called the 2 x 2 identity matrix or unit matrix, 100 and similarly | 0 1 @ | is called the 3 x 3 identity matrix, Identity matrices 001 must be square, and are usually denoted by I. The matrix O =| ° ' } is called the 2X 2 zero matrix. Zero matrices can be of any order ‘Two matrices are said to be equal if, and only if, they have the same order and each clement in one matrix is equal to the corresponding element in the other matrix. So, for example, the matrices A and D below are equal, but B and € are not equal to any of the other matrices w(22) 9(52) o(228) (22) Working with matrices Matrices can be added or subtracted if they are of the same order. (2 4 ah: 14 }-(: 3 |) = 4135fl20-5)7l130 in corresponding positions, 2-3) (7-3 41 -12 ax ( ‘ ; 2 }(2 +) xe be evaluated because the matrices are not of the same order. These matrices are non-conformable for addition. 5 0 ( 5 4 } 4— Subtract the elements in - corresponding positions, You can also multiply a matrix by a scalar number: 2} —— Multiply each of the elements by 2, 06} lo 12 Answers to exercises are available at wuw [Link]/cambridgeextras 1 MATRICES AND TRANSFORMATIONS. logy You can use a calculator to add and subtract matrices of the same order and to multiply a matrix by a number. If you have a calculator that can handle matrices, find out: »» the method for inputting matrices » how to add and subtract matrices »» how to multiply a matrix by a number for matrices of varying sizes. Associativity and commutativity ‘When working with numbers the properties of associativity and commutativity are often used. When you add numbers, it does not matter how the Addition of numbers is associative. numbers are grouped, the { answer will be the same. (+5)+8=34+(5+8)4—— Associativity When you add numbers, the order of the numbers can be reversed and the answer will still be the | same. Commutativity Addition of numbers is commutative. 4455544 =? > Give examples to show that subtraction of numbers is not comunutative or associative. > Are matrix addition and matrix subtraction associative and/or ‘commutative? 1 Write down the order of these matrices. 24 o 8 4 fi) 60 fi) |2—a 1 Wil (7 -3) 37 5 3-2 liv Beene — x * 2 L be ou 2 For the matrices 1 a § (35) (3 3 find, where possible li) A-E (i) C+D (ii) E+A-B liv) F+D ™ D-c (vil 4F (vi) 3¢+2D (viii) B+ 2F (ix) E-@B-a) 3 The diagram below shows the number of direct ferry crossings on one day offered by a ferry company between cities PQ, R and S. The same information is also given in the partly completed matrix X. woF =F ou (i) Copy and complete the matrix X. A second ferry company also offers ferry crossings between these four cities. The following matrix represents the total number of direct ferry crossings offered by the two ferry companies, 0232 2021 2203 1030 (ii) Find the matrix Y representing the ferry crossings offered by the second ferry company. (iii) Draw a diagram similar to the one above, showing the ferry crossings offered by the second ferry company. 4 Find the values of t,x, y and = such that aw )f 2-1 j_f{-9 8 -1 4 yz 11-8 Answers to exercises are available at wu [Link] /cambridgeesctras g 41, MATRICES AND TRANSFORMATIONS Find the possible values of p and q such that yp -3 |_| 5p -2 |_f 6 -1 | 29 a ¢ 9 4 Four local football teams took part in a competition in which every team plays each of the others twice, once at home and once away. The results matrix after half of the games had been played is Goals Goals Win Draw Lose for against Stars 2 1 0 6 3 Cougars | 0 0 3 2 8 Town 2 oO | 4 3 United | 1 1 1 5 3 (i) The results of the next three matches are as follows: Stars 2 Cougars 0 Town 3 United 3 Stars 2 Town 4 Find the results matrix for these three matches and hence find the complete results matrix for all the matches so far: (ii) Here is the complete results matrix for the whole competition. 411412 8 114 5 12 312 12 10 132109 Find the results matrix for the last three matches (Stars vs United, ‘Cougars vs Town and Cougars vs United) and deduce the result of each of these three matches. A mail-order clothing company stocks a jacket in three different sizes and four different colours 17 8 10 15 The matrixP =| 6 12 19 3 | represents the number of jackets 24 10 11 6 in stock at the start of one week. 2530 The matrix Q=| 1 3 4 6 | represents the number of orders for 5023 jackets received during the week. (i) Find the matrix P - Q. “What does this matrix represent? What does the negative element in the matrix mean? A delivery of jackets is received from the manufacturers during the week. 5 10 10 5 The matrixR=| 10 10 5 15 | shows the number of jackets 0 0 5 5 J received. lil] Find the matrix that represents the number of jackets in stock at the end of the week after all the orders have been dispatched. ii] Assuming that this week is typical, find the matrix that represents sales of jackets over a six-week period. How realistic is this assumption? 1.2 Multiplication of matrices When you multiply two matrices you do not just multiply corresponding terms, Instead you follow a slightly more complicated procedure. The following example will help you to understand the rationale for the way it is done. There are four ways of scoring points in rugby: a try (five points), a conversion (two points), a penalty (three points) and a drop goal (three points). In a match, Tonga scored three tries, one conversion, two penalties and one drop goal. So their score was 3X541X24+2x341x3=26. You can write this information using matrices. The tries, conversions, penalties and drop goals that Tonga scored are written as the 1 x 4 row matrix (3 1 2 1) and the points for the different methods of scoring as the 5 4X 1 column matrix | 2 3 These are combined to give the 1X 1 matrix G@X5+1x242X34+1% 3) = QO) Combining matrices in this way is called matrix multiplication and this example is written as (3 12 1) x = (26) eena Answers to exercises are available at www, [Link]/cambridgeexctras 2 Zz S & < z = 3 2 a Zz = = —E a Zz = a a 3 £ = x The use of matrices can be extended to include the points scored by the other team, Japan. They scored two tries, two conversions, four penalties and one drop goal. This information can be written together with Tonga’ scores as a 2X 4 matrix, with one row for Tonga and the other for Japan. The multiplication is then written as 5 3121)\) 2 |_f{ 26 2241)/3 29 3 So Japan scored 29 points and won the match, This example shows you two important points about matrix multiplication. Look at the orders of the matrices involved. The two ‘middle’ numbers, in this case 4, must be the same for it to be possible to multiply two matrices. If two matrices can be multiplied, they are conformable for multiplication. The two ‘outside’ numbers give you the order of the product matrix, in this case 2x 1 You can see from the previous example that multiplying matrices involves multiplying each element in a row of the left-hand matrix by each element, in a column of the right-hand matrix and then adding these products re()(2) Solution The product will have order 2x 1 > (10x 5) +3 x 2)=56 ee > (-2x5)4+(7x2)=4 ‘A Figure 1.2 ena 4 3)(4 39) 1 Solution The order of this product is 2 x 3. xa+6x= UxO+ExD=3 (X44 GBx-2Q=-2[~P-2 3 18 -21 5, x (2x4) 46x) =-18 (29469 salen ey Ole last eacn we Sere ot 18 -215 (C2xg+6xN=5 sa2Ly}EU Jo UONEDNWINW ZL e 13 > wA=|-24 as e which of the products AB, BA, AC, CA, BC and CB exist? (2 2)(03) ‘What do you notice? Solution The order of this product is 2 2. (3 a \itcon a (ms 2 Re a4 jo 14) )(-14 ‘ Cixg+Gxned 1x1) + 4x0) Multiplying a matrix by the identity matrix has no effect. Answers fo exercises ave available at www [Link] /cambridgeextras g Properties of matrix multiplication In this section you will look at whether matrix multiplication is: » commutative »» associative. On page 4 you saw that for numbers, addition is both associative and commutative. Multiplication is also both associative and commutative. For example: @x4)x =3x (4x5) and 3x4=4x3 ACTIVITY 1.1 Using A= (3 “|) map= (23 a find the products AB and BA and hence comment on whether or not matrix multiplication is commutative. Find a different pair of matrices, C and D, such that CD = DC. ‘MATRICES AND TRANSFORMATIONS (iii) (ABC liv) A@C) Does your answer suggest that matrix multiplication is associative? Is this true for all 2x 2 matrices? How can you prove your answer? i} In this exercise, do not use a calculator unless asked to. A calculator can be used for checking answers. i 1 Write down the orders of these matrices. 34-1 fi) fal A=]02 3 (b] B=(2 3 6) 15 0 id c=|4 ° 2 i) p=[° 2 4 2 1-30 03-81 250-41 tel z-(3| () F=|-39 -3 2 2 6 100 104 (ii) Which of the following matrix products can be found? For those that can, state the order of the matrix product. (3) AE (b] AF (c] FA i] CA (e) DC 2 Calculate these products. » 55)03) 02 fi) (2-3 5)) 5 8 31 1 4) (25-10 )\|-9 (iii) 364 3)) 1 -2 Check your answers using the matrix function on a calculator if possible. GB) 3 using the mcs A= 5 ? Janam = (3 5 } onm that matrix multiplication is not commutative. 4 For the matrices oe(s2) (2 3)e(35 34 47 375 D=/7 0 |E=/3 2 |F=| 260 1-2 15 -14 8 calculate, where possible, the following: () AB fi) BA (ii) CD (vw DC ™ EF Wi FE Answers to exercises are available at www. [Link]/cambridgeextras 1 MATRICES AND TRANSFORMATIONS. Using the matrix function on a calculator, find M* for the matrix 20-1 M=/|3 1 2 143 a-(* 3 |)p-{2* 0 0-1 43) (i) Find the matrix product AB in terms of x. 10x -9 M*meansM X MX MXM (i) 1fAB= ( } find the possible values of x. (iii) Find the possible matrix products BA, (i) For the matrix A = (2 : } find (a) Az {b) AS {c]_ At (ii) Suggest a general form for the matrix A" in terms of n. (iii) Verify your answer by finding A! on your calculator and confirming it gives the same answer as (ii) ‘The map below shows the bus routes in a holiday area. Lines represent routes that run each way between the resorts. Arrows indicated one-way scenic routes. ‘M is the partly completed 4 x 4 matrix that shows the number of direct routes between the various resorts B vow (i) Copy and complete the matrix M. i) Calculate M? and explain what information it contains. ii) What information would MB contain? 10 2-5 4x 0 A= B= (353) tx x7 (i) Find the product AB in terms of x. A symmetric matrix is one in which the entries are symmetrical about 5 5 34-6 the leading diagonal, for example | ? and] 4 2.5 65 1 (ill Given that the matrix AB is symmetric, find the possible values of w. (i ‘The diagram on the right shows the start of the plaiting process for producing a leather bracelet from three leather strands a, b and c. Write down the possible matrices AB. The process has only two steps, repeated alternately: Step 1: cross the top strand over the middle strand Step 2: cross the middle strand under the bottom strand. Ac the start of the plaiting process, Stage 0, the order of the strands is given by S, =| b ¢ 010 (i) Show that pre-multiplying S, by the matrix A=| 1 0 0 004 gives S,, the matrix that represents the order of the strands at Stage 1. (ii) Find the 3 x 3 matrix B that represents the transition from Stage 1 to Stage 2. (ii) Find matrix M = BA and show that MS, gives S,, the matrix that represents the order of the strands at Stage 2. liv] Find M? and hence find the order of the strands at Stage 4 v]_ Calculate M3, What does this tell you? Answers to exercises are available at www [Link]/cambridgeextras § 1 MATRICES AND TRANSFORMATIONS. 1.3 Transformations You are already familiar with several different types of transformation, including reflections, rotations and enlargements. >» The original point, or shape, is called the object, »» The new point, or shape, after the transformation, is called the image. >» A wansformation is a mapping of an object onto its image. Some examples of transformations are illustrated in Figures 1.3 to 1.5 (note that the vertices of the image are denoted by the same letters with a dash, e.g. A’,B’). A Figure 1.5 Enlargement centre O, scale factor 2 In this section, you will also meet the idea of »» a stretch parallel to the x-axis or y-axis » a shear. ‘A transformation maps an object according to a rule and can be represented by a matrix (see next section).’The effect of a transformation on an object can be found by looking at the effect it has on the position vector of the point (5} ¥ i.e. the vector fiom the origin to the point (x, y).So, for example, to find the effect ofa transformation on the point (2,3) you would ook at the effect that the transformation matrix has on the position vector | Vectors that have length or magnitude of 1 are called unit vectors. In two dimensions, two unit vectors that are of particular interest are 1 i= ( 1 } — a unit vector in the direction of the x-axis js ( ° } —a unit vector in the direction of the y-axis. ‘The equivalent unit vectors in three dimensions are 1 & . S i=| 0 |—a unit vector in the direction of the x-axis 3 2 g 3 o a j= | 1 |—a unit vector in the direction of the y-axis s 0 0 k=] © |-a unit vector in the direction of the z-axis. 1 Finding the transformation represented by a given matrix Start by looking at the effect of multiplying the unit vectors i= ( ‘ } , . wsts=( Jovaemeee( 24) ‘The image of | ' | under this transformation is given by A Figure 1.6 Answers f0 exercises are available at wun [Link] /cambridgeexctras ¥ The image af } under theitransformation is piven by (> s)(t}-(5) The letter J is often used for the point (0, 1 A Figure 1.7 You can see from this that the matrix (3 o the origin, through 180°. EESIMTERESIE Describe the transformations represented by the following matrices. (So) om (38) Solution © (elk) Gale) ‘1 MATRICES AND TRANSFORMATIONS A Figure 1.8 A Figure 1.9 ‘The matrix ( o Bi } represents a reflection in the line p = *GIGHG) G20)C) A Figure 1.10 A Figure 1.11 You may find it easier to see what the transformation is when you use a shape, like the unit square, rather | than points or lines, D ‘The mat he matrix ( 5 " } represents an enlargement, centre the origin, scale 1 factor 2, ‘You can see that the images of i= ( ; } andj -( °) are the two columns of the transformation matrix. Finding the matrix that represents a given transformation ‘The connection between the images of the unit vectors i and j and the matrix representing the transformation provides a quick method for finding the matrix representing a transformation, SuoWeWsojSUE)) f°] Ic is common to use the unit square with coordinates © (0,0), (1,0), P (1.1) andJ (0, 1). You can think about the images of the points I and J, and from this you can write down the images of the unit vectors i and j This is done in the next example. Seu ome By drawing a diagram to show the image of the unit square, find the matrices that represent each of the following transformations: (i) a reflection in the x-axis, lil) an enlargement of scale factor 3, centre the origin. Solution ti A Figure 1.12 You can see from Figure 1.12 that I (1, 0) is mapped to itself and J (0, 1) is mapped to J’ So the image otis (3) | and the image of Jis, ET So the matrix that represents a reflection in the a-axis is c q ) s > Answers to exercises are available at www [Link] /cambridgeextras 1 MATRICES AND TRANSFORMATIONS. (ii) ] So the image of Lis (3) | J ‘You can see from Figure 1.13 that I (1, 0) is mapped to I’ (3, 0), and J (0, 1) is mapped to J’ (0,3) A Figure 1.13 and the image of J is ( ) 0 So the matrix that represents an enlargement, centre the origin, 03 seale factor 3 is ( aa } > Fora general mansormation represented by the mati (« uy ie ‘ are the images of the unit vectors ( if ) and ( a ) > What is the image of the origin (0, 0)? Dp activity 1.3 ‘Using the image of the unit square, find the matrix which represents a rotation of 45° anticlockwise about the origin. ‘Use your answer to write down the matrices that represent the following transformations: (i) a rotation of 45° clockwise about the origin {ii]_a rotation of 135° anticlockwise about the origin. i) (iil Find the matrix that represents a rotation through angle @ anticlockwise about the origin. 1 Use your answer to find the matrix that represents a rotation of 60° anticlockwise about the origin. Solution fi (ii) Figure 1.14 shows a rotation of angle @ anticlockwise about the origin. suoHeui0jsued) ¢'} A Figure 1.14 Call the coordinates of the point A’ (p,q). Since the lines OA and OB are perpendicular, the coordinates of B’ will be (-q, p) From the right-angled triangle with OA’ as the hypotenuse, cos@ = a and so p = cosé. Similarly, from the right-angled triangle with OB’ as the hypotenuse, sin =4 so q = sind So, the image point A’ (p, 4) has position vector ea } and the sin image point B’ (~q, p) has position vector | ~"@ cos@ Therefore, the matrix that represents a rotation of angle @ anticlockwise about the origin is | C088 —SN@ | sin@ cos@ ‘The matrix that represents an anticlockwise rotation of 60° about Alps 3! the origin is cos60° —sin60° Ball sie 2 sin 60° cos60° v3 1 2 2 ‘What matrix would represent a rotation through an angle 6 clockwise about the origin? Answers to exertises are available at www [Link] /cambridgeesctras ‘4 MATRICES AND TRANSFORMATIONS ACTIVITY 1.4 Investigate the effect of the matrices: “Gy a Deseribe the general transformation represented by the matrices |" ° |ana{ 1 ° |. o1 on You could use geometrical software to try different values of m and n. Activity 1.4 illustrates two important general results: » The matrix (" © } represents a stretch of scale factor m parallel to the s-axis. >» The matrix ( 10 } represents a stretch of scale factor » parallel to the praxis On Shears Figure 1.15 shows the unit square and its image under the transformation represented by the matrix (3 ; } on the unit square. The matrix ( ; ; } _{1 transforms the unit vector i= ( 5 } to the vector (: } and transforms the anit wear} (] sos vecor (3) ‘The point with position vector (: } is transformed to the point with “(UG position vector (: } AFigure 1.15 This transformation is called a shear. Notice that the points on the x-axis stay the same, and the points J and P move parallel to the x-axis to the right. This shear can be described fully by saying that the x-axis is fixed, and giving the image of one point not on the x-axis, eg, (0, 1) is mapped to (3, 1) Generally, a shear with the x-axis fixed has the form (: ‘ } and a shear with the y-axis fixed has the form | 1 © |, Find the image of the rectangle with vertices A (-1,2), B (1,2),€ (1,1) and D (-1,-1) under the shear ( 13 ) and show the rectangle and its image on a diagram. o1 Solution 13 )\ (ie les 72 & o1 oe ah 23 = et A Figure 1.16 i Answers to exercises are available at [Link] /cambridgeextras 1 MATRICES AND TRANSFORMATIONS ‘The effect of this shear is to transform the, B sides of the rectangle parallel to the y-axis" Note into sloping lines. Notice that the Notice that under the shear gradient of the side A’D’ is L,which transformation, points above 3 the x-axis move to the right is the reciprocal of the top right-hand and points below the x-axis move to the left. element of the matrix ( 13 } OL ACTIVITY 1.5 For each of the points A, B,C and D in Example 1.7, find distance between the point and its image distance of original point from x-axis ‘What do you notice? In the activity above, you should have found that dividing the distance between the point and its image by the distance of the original point from the x-axis (which is fixed), gives the answer 3 for all points, which is the number in the top right of the matrix. This is called the shear factor for the shear. GB Technology note It you have access to geometrical software, investigate how shears are defined ‘There are different conventions about the sign of a shear factor, and for this reason shear factors are not used to define a shear in this book. It is possible to show the effect of matrix transformations using some geometrical computer software packages. You might find that some packages use different approaches towards shears and define them in different ways SEMITONES In a shear, S,the y-axis is fixed, and the image of the point (1, 0) is the 1 point (1, 5). (i) Draw a diagram showing the image of the unit square under the transformation S. (ii) Find the matrix that represents the shear S, Solution (i suonewsossued} £"} A Figure 1.17 (i) Unders| 1 |_,/ 1 0 = and (° }- ( } — Since the y-axis is fixed So the matrix representing S is ( 2 . } LS Notice that this matrix is of the form ( os ) for shears with the y-axis fixed Answers to exercises are available at www [Link]/cambridgeextras a Summary of transformations in two dimensions Reflection in the x-axis (: ) Reffection in the p-axis (: o 1 0-1 0 } Reflection in the o1 Reflection in the line -1 line p= x 10 Jl y=-x 0 Rotation, anticlockwise cos@ —sino | | Enlargement, centre the ko about the origin | Ging cos@ | | origin, scale factor k Ok through angle 6 Stretch parallel to the & 0 || Stretch parallel to the a8 x-axis, scale factor k 0 1 J | yeaxis, scale factor ke Ok Shear, x-axis fixed, 1 a) | Shear, praxis fied, 10 swith (0,1) mapped to (k,1) | 4 7 | J with (0) mappedeo (1.8) | 4 1. MATRICES AND TRANSFORMATIONS All these transformations are examples of linear transformations. In a linear transformation, straight lines are mapped to straight lines, and the s mapped to itself 1 The diagram shows a triangle with vertices at O, A (1, 2) and B (0, 2). For each of the transformations below (a) draw a diagram to show the effect of the transformation on triangle OAB (b) give the coordinates of A’ and B’, the images of points A and B {cl find expressions for x’ and y’, the coordinates of P’, the image ofa general point P (x, y) (d) find the matrix that represents the transformation. fl ti) {iii Enlargement, centre the origin, scale factor 3 Reflection in the x-axis i ] Reffection in the line x+y =0 liv] Rotation 90° clockwise about O wi ‘Two-way stretch, scale factor 3 horizontally and scale factor vertically. Describe the geometrical transformations represented by these matrices. i) (iv) (i) & 5 40 3 1 m [e? $ 04 -10 3 a Each of the following matrices represents a rotation about the origin. s Find the angle and direction of rotation in each case. a 1 v3 22 (i) {0.574 -0.819 Bo4 0.819 0.574 2 2 oe M3 1 tii) | V2 V2 wm | 2 2 ot aL A v3 v2 V2 2 2 ‘The diagram below shows a square with vertices at the points A (1,1), B fi) {il Cray ey (1, +1), C (-1,-1) and D (-1,1). Draw a diagram to show the image of this square under the transformation matrix M = ( 7 : } ) Describe fully the transformation represented by the matrix M. State the fixed line and the image of the point A. Answers to exercises are available at www hoddereducation, com /cambridgcesctras a 4] MATRICES AND TRANSFORMATIONS. (i) Find the image of the unit square under the transformations represented by the matrices ={10 ={1 05 a ac(i®) ww a-(J 05) lil] Use your answers to part (i) to fully describe the transformations represented by each of the matrices A and B. ‘The diagram below shows a shear that maps the rectangle ABCD to the parallelogram A’B’C’D’. ‘The angle A’DA is 60°. BQ.2 A) {i]_ Find the coordinates of A’, (ii) Bind the matrix that represents the shear. ‘The unit square OABC has its vertices at (0,0), (1,0), (1,1) and (0, 1). OABC is mapped to OA’B'C’ by the transformation defined by the mati (: 3 } 54 Find the coordinates of A’, B’ and C’ and show that the area of the shape has not been changed by the transformation. The transformation represented by the matrix M = (: ; |» applied to the triangle ABC with vertices A (-1, 1),B (1,1) and C (-1,-1). (i) Draw a diagram showing the triangle ABC and its image A’B'C’. (ii) Find the gradient of the line A’C’ and explain how this relates to the matrix M. A transformation maps P to P’ as follows: » Each point is mapped on to the line y = x, »> The line joining a point to its image is parallel to the y-axis. Find the coordinates of the image of the point (x, y) and hence show. that this transformation can be represented by means of a matrix. ‘What is that matrix? @ 10 A square has corners with coordinates A (1, 0), B (1, 1), C (0, 1) and O (0, 0). It is to be transformed into another quadrilateral in the first quadrant of the coordinate grid. Find a matrix that would transform the square into: (i) a rectangle with one vertex at the origin, the sides lie along the axes and one side of length is 5 units (ii) a thombus with one vertex at the origin, two angles of 45° and side lengths of V2 units; one of the sides lies along an axis (il parallelogram with one vertex at the origin and two angles of 30°; one of the longest sides lies along an axis and has length 7 units; the shortest sides have length 3 units. Is there more than one possibility for any of these matrices? If so, write down alternative matrices that satisfy the same description. 1.4 Successive transformations Figure 1.18 shows the effect of two successive transformations on a triangle The transformation A represents a reflection in the x-axis. A maps the point P to the point A(P). The transformation B represents a rotation of 90° anticlockwise about O. When you apply B to the image formed by A, the point A(P) is mapped to the point B(A(P)). This is abbreviated to BA(P). B — ~~ » » BAQ) o * o x AP) Notice that a transformation written as BA means ‘carry out A, then carry out B’, This process is sometimes called composition of transformations. A Figure 1.18 Look at Figure 1.18 and compare the original triangle with the final image after both transformations. > Describe the single transformation represented by BA. > Write down the matrices which represent the transformations A and B. Calculate the matrix product BA and comment on your answer. Answers to exercises are available at www hoddereducation, com /cambridgeextras SUONeUIOJSUeL aA1552I9NS f°] w 2 2 = =z z S 2 a z < = & 2 Z 2 a a = = g = A transformation is often denoted by a capital letter. The matrix representing this transformation is usually denoted by the same | letter, in bold. | ug Technology | note Ifyou have access to geometrical software, you could investigate this using several different matrices for 'T and S. In general, the matrix for a composite transformation is found by multiplying the matrices of the individual transformations in reverse order. So, for two transformations the matrix representing the first transformation is on the right and the matrix for the second transformation is on the left. For 1 transformations Ty Ty in [Link] the matrix product would be TT, ... T,T,. mt ‘You will prove this result for two transformations in Activity 1.6. p activity 1.6 The transformations T and S are represented by the matrices r(% i }ms-[? ‘| cd rs T is applied to the point P with position vector p =| * |. The image of Pis PY y S is then applied to the point P”. The image of P’ is P” This is illustrated in Figure 1.19. () A Figure 1.19 (i) Find the position vector ( | of P” by calculating the matrix product T (; } ? F, (ii) Find the position vector ea of P” by calculating the matrix a y oduct $ |, |. e a (iii) Find the matrix product U = ST and show that U. G } is the same e y as a y 2? > How can you use the idea of successive transformations to explain the associativity of matrix multiplication (AB)C = A(BC)? Assume that a rotation is anticlockwise unless otherwise stated Proving results in trigonometry Ifyou carry out a rotation about the origin through angle @, followed by a | rotation about the origin through angle ¢, then this is equivalent to a single rotation about the origin through angle @ + ¢. Using matrices to represent these transformations allows you to prove the formulae for sin(9 + ¢) and cos (6 + @). This is done in Activity 1.7. ACTIVITY 1.7 (i) Write down the matrix A representing a rotation about the origin through angle @, and the matrix B representing a rotation about the origin through angle ¢. (ii) Find the matrix BA, representing a rotation about the origin through angle 8, followed by a rotation about the origin through angle 4. (iii) Write down the matrix C representing a rotation about the origin through angle @ + 9. iv] By equating C to BA, write down expressions for sin {6 + ¢] and cosl# + dl. (v)_ Explain why BA = AB in this case. (i) Write down the matrix A that represents an anticlockwise rotation of 135° about the origin. (ii) Write down the matrices B and C that tepresent rotations of 45° and 90° respectively about the origin, Find the matrix BC and verify that A= BC. (ii) Calculate the matrix B? and comment on your answer. Solution (i) Be 7: Answers fo exercises are available at www [Link]/cambridgeexctras g Ty 1 MATRICES AND TRANSFORMATIONS. al (ii) 2 Sl Sie ie V2 This verifies that three successive anticlockwise rotations of 45° about the origin is equivalent to a single anticlockwise rotation of 135° about the origin 1 a-(3 }a-(9 Z}e-(3 0 Jantn=(° a) 03 10 on 10 (i) Describe the transformations that are represented by matrices A,B,C and D. lil) Find the following matrix products and describe the single transformation represented in each case: (a) BC [b] CB [) DC (d) A? [ec] BCB [| DC’D lil] Write down two other matrix products, using the matrices A,B, C and D, which would produce the same single transformation as DC°D. 2 The matrix X represents a reflection in the x-axis. The matrix ¥ represents a reflection in the y-axis (i) Write down the matrices X and ¥. (ii) Find the matrix XY and describe the transformation it represents. (iil Find the matrix YX. liv) Explain geometrically why XY = ¥X in this case. 3. The matrix P represents a rotation of 180° about the origin The matrix Q represents a reflection in the line y = x (i) Write down the matrices P and Q. (ii) Find che matrix PQ and describe the transformation it represents. (iil Find the matrix QP. liv) Explain geometrically why PQ = QP in this case 4 The transformations R and S are represented by the matrices R={? —! Jands=/ 3 ° |. 13 24 (i) Find the matrix which represents the transformation RS, (i) Find the image of the point (3, -2) under the transformation RS. 5 The transformation represented by C = ( ° } is equivalent to a single transformation B followed by a single transformation A. Give geometrical descriptions of a pair of possible transformations B and A and state the matrices that represent them. ‘Comment on the order in which the transformations are performed. 7 ‘The diagram on the right shows the image of the unit square OABC under the combined transformation with matrix PQ. (i) Write down the matrix PQ, Matrix P represents a reflection. [ii] State the matrices P and Q and define fully the two transformations represented by these matrices. When describing matrix Q you should refer to the image of the point B. Find the matrix X that represents rotation of 135° about the origin followed by a reflection in the y-axis. Explain why matrix X cannot represent a rotation about the origin. @ Note Assume that a rotation is anticlockwise unless otherwise stated (i) Write down the matrix P that represents a stretch of scale factor 2 parallel to the y-axis 50 o-1 transformations that are represented by the matrix Q. (iii) Find the matrix PQ. Write a list of the three transformations that are represented by the matrix PQ. In how many different orders could the three transformations occur? (iv) Find the matrix R for which the matrix product RPQ would transform an object to its original position. (iil The matrix Q= ( } Write down the two single There are two basic types of four-terminal electrical networks, as shown in the diagrams below. + 2 Oe R, bh h b : ‘| bh “| . * . Type A ‘Type B InType A the output voltage V, and current J, are related to the input voltage V, and current J, by the simultaneous equations: ¥,=Y-1R, L=h Answers to exercises are available at wav [Link] /cambridgeextras SuoHeUa)sues) anisseans 7° ‘1 MATRICES AND TRANSFORMATIONS. V, y, The simultaneous equations can be written as 7 }: | L } D (| Find the matrix A. In Type B the corresponding simultaneous equations are: aK, (ii) Write down the matrix B that represents the effect of a Type B network. (ii Find the matrix that represents the effect of Type A followed by ‘Type B. liv] Is the effect of Type B followed by Type A the same as the effect of Type A followed by Type B? 10 The matrix B represents a rotation of 45° anticlockwise about the origin. i a ee Given that D? = B, find exact values for a and b. Write down the transformation represented by the matrix D. What do the exact values aand 6 represent? 14 v2 w-(; + 1 } where 4 and bare positive real numbers In questions 11 and 12 you will need to use the matrix that represents a 1+m | 2mm? reflection in the line y= mx. This can be written as —1 ( 1am! On 11. (i) Find the matrix P that represents reflection in the line y = ¥ . and the matrix Q that represents reflection in the line y = J3x. (ii) Use matrix multiplication to find the single transformation equivalent to reflection in the line y = Lx followed by reflection in the line y = V3x v3 Describe this transformation fully (iii) Use matrix multiplication to find the single transformation equivalent to reflection in the line y = y3x followed by reflection in the line y = Lx. V3 Describe this transformation fully. 12. The matrix R represents a reflection in the line y = mx, Show that R? = (: : } and explain geometrically why this is the case. 1.5 Invariance Invariant points > Ina reflection, are there any points that map to themselves? > Ina rotation, are there any points that map to themselves? Points that map to themselves under a transformation are called invariant points. The origin is always an invariant point under a transformation that can be represented by a matrix, as the following statement is always true: (:S)(3)0) More generally, a point (x,y) is invariant if it satisfies the matrix equation: (NC) For example, the point (~2, 2) is invariant under the transformation represented by the matrix | © 5 |; | © 5 | -2 |_/ -2 23) \la3}l2 ‘Mis the matrix (3 a } 0 (i) Show that (6, 5) is an invariant point under the transformation represented by M. (ii) What can you say about the invariant points under this transformation? Solution @ ( A ie } ie Fl 2 } so (5,5) is an invariant point under the transformation represented by M. ii] Suppose the point E } maps to itself. Then Y Pieley | en) eae ae 7 ie pe per | eee oe > Ix y=nand x i So the invariant points of the transformation are all the points on the line y = x Answers to exercises are available at www. [Link] /cambridgeerctras | These points all have the form [A, a). The point | [5.5/is just one of the points on this tine. ‘1 MATRICES AND TRANSFORMATIONS. ‘The simultaneous equations in Example 1.10 were equivalent and so all the invariant points were on a straight line. Generally, any matrix equation set up to find the invariant points will lead to two equations of the form ax + by = 0, which can also be expressed in the form & ‘These equations may be equivalent, in which case this is a line of invariant points. If the two equations are not equivalent, the origin is the only point that satisfies both equations, and so this is the only invariant point. Invariant lines A line AB is known as an invariant line under a transformation if the image of every point on AB is also on AB. It is important to note that it is not necessary for each of the points to map to itself. it can map to itself or to some other point on the line AB. Sometimes it is easy to spot which lines are invariant. For example, in Figure 1.20 the position of the points A-F and their images A’-F’ show that the transformation is a reflection in the line I. So every point on | maps onto itself and lis a line of invariant points. tmimor line, Look at the lines perpendicular to the mirror line in Figure 1.20, for example the line ABB’A’. Any point on ‘one of these lines maps onto another point on the same line. Such a line is invariant but it is not aline of invariant points. 4 Figure 1.20 Find the invariant lines of the transformation given by the matrix M = ( 3 | Solution Let the original point Suppose the invariant line has the form y = mx +¢ be (x, y) and the ¢<$$$__— image point be (, PU si) eey oft ‘As the line is invariant, (x’,y’) also lies on the line, so y’ = mx’. 2x + 4y = 5x tmx +c = (5+ m)x + c¢——_} 2x + (nx + 0) = (2 + 4m)x + 4c Therefore, (2+ Am)x + 4c = m[5 + mx + +e 0 = (wt? +m — 2x + (m— De For the left-hand side to equal zero, both m? + m — 2 = 0 and (m — 3)c = 0. (m= 1)(m +2) = 0. m= orm =-2 and m=3isnota viable (m= 3) = 0 > m= Sorc =0 solution as m? +m —2 #0. i So, there are two possible solutions for the invariant line: matc=0ey=x or m=-2,c=0 y=-2x Figure 1.21 shows the effect of this transformation, together with its invariant lines. 1 Find the invariant points under the transformations represented by the following matrices. -1-1 34 4 7 -4 al? 1) w(? 4) w(#2] w(? 4) 2 What lines, ifany, are invariant under the following transformations? (i) Enlargement, centre the origin (ii) Rotation through 180° about the origin (iii) Rotation through 90° about the origin (iv) Reflection in the line y = x (v)_ Reflection in the line y * (vil Shear, x-axis fixed Answers to exercises are available at wu [Link] /cambridgeextras wo Zz 2 E < =z = S & a Zz < = E a Zz 2 a a = — = = 3. The diagram below shows the effect on the unit square ofa 06 08 08 -0.6 } transformation represented by A (i) Find three points that are invariant under this transformation. (ii) Given that this transformation is a reflection, write down the equation of the mirror line. {il) Using your answer to part [i], write down the equation of an invariant line, other than the mirror line, under this reflection. liv) Justify your answer to part (ii) algebraically. 4 (i) show that the origin is the only invariant point (ii] find the invariant lines of the transformation represented by M. 5 (i) Find the invariant lines of the transformation given by the matrix (3 4) lil] Draw a diagram to show the effect of the transformation on the unit square, and show the invariant lines on your diagram, 4 For the mica [ i ) -12 (i) find the line of invariant points of the transformation given by M ‘ Forse masi = [ 8 1) (ii) find the invariant lines of the transformation lili] draw a diagram to show the effect of the transformation on the unit square. t= 2m ttm? 14m? 2mm? —1 Ltm 14m 7 The matrix represents a reflection in the line y = mx. Prove that the line y = mx is a line of invariant points. y cdjly Show that invariant points other than the origin exist if ad — be = a +d —1 G9) 2° Tisa translation of the plane by the vector (; } ‘The point (x, y) is mapped to the point (x’, 7) 6 GD) 82 The transformation T maps (J» (: A } (; } (i) Write down equations for x and y' in terms of x and y. x 10a4)\/x (ii) Verify that | y’ |=| 0 1 6 || y | produces the same equations x} loor\i as those obtained in part (i) The point (X, ¥) is the image of the point (x, y) under the combined transformation TM where x | (-06 08 a)\(x Y |=| 08 06 6 |] y 1 o ot}la (iil) (a) Show that if'a=—4 and b= 2 then (0, 5) is an invariant point of TM. (b] Show that if a=2 and b= 1 then TM has no invariant point, (cl Find a relationship between a and b that must be satisfied if TM. is to have any invariant points KEY POINTS ~ 1A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers or letters. 2 The shape of a matrix is described by its order. A matrix with r rows and c columns has order 1X ¢. 3A matrix with the same number of rows and columns is called a square matrix, 4 The matrix O = ( oe ) is known as the 2 X 2 zero matrix. Zero matrices can be of any order 5 A matrix of the form I= (it p) is known as an identity matrix. All identity matrices are square, with 1s on the leading diagonal and zeros elsewhere. 6 — Matrices can be added or subtracted if they have the same order. ‘Two matrices A and B can be multiplied to give matrix AB if their orders are of the form pX q and qr respectively. The resulting matrix will have the order p Xr Answers to exercises are available at [Link], com /cambridgeexcta 3 1 MATRICES AND TRANSFORMATIONS Work on matrices is developed further in Chapter 6 “Matrices and their inverses’. 8 Matrix muliplication Row from left matrix with column from right matrix > ams P_*) (fa}e = [patrb perrd (ea) (sa) eee I haart > 9 Matrix addition and multiplication are associative: A+(B+C)=(A+B)+C A(BO) = (AB)C 10. Matrix addition is commutative but matrix multiplication is generally not commutative: AtB=B+A AB # BA 11 The matrix M -(° 4 represents the transformation that maps the point with position vector (: } to the point with position vector ax + by ot dy 12 A list of the matrices representing common transformations, including rotations, reflections, enlargements, stretches and shears, s given on page 24. 13 Under the transformation represented by M, the image of i ( Al is the first column of M and the image of of M, 14 The composite of the transformation represented by M followed by that represented by N is represented by the matrix product NM. @ ) is the second column 15. If (x, y) is an invariant point under a transformation represented by the matrix M, then M (; i; (; ) 16 A line AB is known as an invariant line under a transformation if the image of every point on AB is also on AB. LEARNING OUTCOMES Now that you have finished this chapter, you should be able to m= understand what is meant by the terms order ofa matrix square matrix zero matrix equal matrices m= carry out the matrix operations addition subtraction, multiplication by a scalar understand when matrices are conformable for multiplication and be able to carry out matrix: multiplication use a calculator to carry out matrix operations understand the use of matrices to represent the geometric transformations in the x-y plane rotation about the origin reflection in lines through the origin enlargement with centre the origin stretch parallel to the coordinate axes shear with the axes as fixed ines ® recognise that the matrix product AB represents the transformation that results from the transformation represented by B followed by the transformation represented by A find the matrix that represents a given transformation or sequence of transformations = understand the meaning of ‘invariant’ in the context of transformations represented by matrices as applied to points as applied to lines solve simple problems involving invariant points and invariant lines, for example locate the invariant points of the transformation find the invariant lines of the transformation show lines ofa given gradient are invariant for a certain transformation. Answers to exercises are available at www, [Link]/cambridgeextras 5 _ Series and induction Great things are not done by impulse, but bya series of small things brought together. Vincent Van Gogh (1853-1890) ee eee A Figure 2.1 Phases of the Moon. > How would you describe the sequence of pictures of the Moon shown in Figure 2.1? 2.1 Sequences and series A sequence is an ordered set of objects with an underlying rule. 2 For example: 2,5, 8,11, 14 A series is the sum of the terms of a numerical sequence: 24548411414 How would you describe this sequer e Notation ‘There are a number of different notations which are commonly used in writing down sequences and series »» The terms of a sequence are often written ay, dyy dy... OF ty, Hy yy «+ »» The general term of a sequence may be written as 4, of t, (Sometimes the letters k or i are used instead of r.) >» The last term is usually written as a, oF 4, » The sum S, of the first n terms ofa sequence can be written using the symbol } (the Greek capital S, sigma). S,=4, 44,44, +..4+4, ‘The numbers above and below the ¥ are the limits of the sum. They show that the sum includes all the a, ftom a, to 4,.The limits may be omitted if they are obvious, so that you would just write Ea, or you might write D4, (meaning the sum of 4, for all values of 1). When discussing sequences you may find the following vocabulary helpful: » In an increasing sequence, each term is greater than the previous term, » Ina decreasing sequence, each term is smaller than the previous term. » Inan oscillating sequence, the terms lie above and below a middle number. »» The terms ofa convergent sequence get closer and closer to a limiting value. Defining sequences One way to define a sequence is by thinking about the relationship between one term and the next. Answers to exercises are available at www hoddereducation. com /cambridgeexctras ‘i 2 SERIES AND INDUCTION The sequence 2, 5,8, 11,14, ... can be written as i, =2 4—— Youneed to say where the sequence starts. 4,4, = 4, +3 4— You find each term by adding 3 to the previous term. This is called an inductive definition or term-to-term definition. ‘An alternative way to define a sequence is to describe the relationship between the term and its position In this case, u, = 3r-1. ‘You can see that, for example, substituting r= 2 into this definition gives 4, = (3 x 2)—1= 5, which is the second term of the sequence. This is called a deductive definition or position-to-term definition. The series of positive integers One of the simplest of all sequences is the sequence of the integers: 1,2,3,4,5,6,.. As simple as it is, it may not be immediately obvious how to calculate the sum of the first few integers, for example the sum of the first 100 integers. aot Dra14+24... +100 One way of reaching a total is illustrated below: Sy =1F24+3+...+98+99+100 ¢—J cattthesum S, 100) Rewrite Sjop in reverse Sip = 100+ 99+ 98 4..4 34241 Adding these two lines together, by matching up each term with the one below it, produces pairings of 101 each time, while giving you 2S, on the left-hand side So = Lt 2+ 3 4..498 +99 +100 Soo = 100+ 994 8B 4..+4 3424 1 Wyo = 101 +101 + 101 +... #1014 101+ 101 There are 100 terms on the right-hand side (since you were originally adding 100 terms together), so simplify the right-hand side: 2S yoy = 100 X 101 and solve for Siu? 2S) = 10100 Syyp = 5050 ‘The sum of the first 100 integers is 5050, GB Technology note You could use a spreadsheet to verify this result for different values of 1. ‘You can use this method to find a general result for the sum of the first n integers (call this S,) S$, =142434...4(0-2)¢ (0-1 tn S,=nt(n-1)+(n—2)4...434241 28, = (ut I+ (WI + (Wt +.. + (Ht 1) + (nF 1) + (nF 1) 2S, =n (n+) 5, 3m(n +1) This result is an important one and you will often need to use it. Acommon confusion occurs with the sigma notation when there is ne rterm present. For example, : S—_f means ‘The sum of 3, with rchanging from 1 to 5” means 343434343515 since there are five terms in the sum [it's just that there is no rterm to change anything each time] In general: Disi+ie. tit with 1 repetitions of the number 1 So, This apparently obvious result is important and you will often need to use it You can use the results Sy = 5n(n + 1) and D1 = n co find the sum of other series. = = For the series 2+5 +8 +... + 500: (i) Find a formula for the rth term, #, (il) How many terms are in this series? (ii Find the sum of the series using the reverse/add method. liv) Express the sum using sigma notation, and use this to confirm your answer to part [iil . Answers to exercises are available at [Link] /cambridgeextras rm 2 SERIES AND INDUCTION Solution (i) The terms increase by 3 each time and start at 2. So u, (ii) Let the number of terms be n. The last term (the nth term) is 500. 4,=3n-1 on 500 3n = 501 n=167 ‘There are 167 terms in this series. (ii) S=24+5+4... +497 +500 5004497 +... +542 2S = 167 x 502 iv) Using the results Dy = b(n 0) 1 S = 3X5 x 167 x 168 - 167 4 S = 41917 Example 2.2 Calculate the sum of the integers from 100 to 200 inclusive. Solution Start with all the integers from 1 to 200, and subtract the integers from 1 to 99, leaving those from 100 to 200. % 200 x 201-5 x 99 x 100 = 20100 — 4950 = 15150 1 For each of the following definitions, write down the first five terms of the sequence and describe the sequence. 4 =5r41 (i) », =3-6r (ill p, = 27 liv) q =10+2x(-1)" Wo 44 = 2a, +14, = 2 fi) 4, = 3 r 2 For the sequence 1,5,9, 13, 17, (i) write down the next four terms of the sequence (ill write down an inductive rule for the sequence, in the form (iii write down a deductive rule for the general term of the sequence, in the form 3 Foreach of the following sequences, la] write down the next four terms of the sequence (b] write down an inductive rule for the sequence [cl write down a deductive rule for the general term of the sequence (d) find the 20th term of the sequence. (i) 10,8,6,4,2, .. (ii) 1,2,4,8, 16, . (ili) 50,250, 1250, 6250, ... 4 Find the sum of the series Su, for each of the following, li) u=2+r : (i) 4=3-11r (ii) 4=3" liv) 4 =7.5% C1) 5 For S=50+ 44+ 38 +324... +14, (i) express $ in the form Dy, where 1 is an integer, and u, is an algebraic expression for the rth term of the series lil) hence, or otherwise, calculate the value of S. & Given u,= 6r+ 2, calculate 45 Ansivers to exercises are available at [Link] /cambridgeesctras 4 ra 2 SERIES AND INDUCTION 8 8 7 The general term of a sequence is given by 4, = (-1)’ 5. (i) Write down the first six terms of the sequence and describe it. lil] Find the sum of the series "1, (a) when wis even (b) when mis odd, (iii) Find an algebraic expression for the sum to n terms, whatever the value of w 8 A sequence is given by by = b, + 2,b, =0, by = 100. (i) Write down the first six terms of the sequence and describe it. {ill Find the smallest odd value of r for which b, = 200, (ii) Find the largest even value of r for which b, < 200. 9 A sawmill receives an order requesting many logs of various specific lengths, that must come from the same particular tree. The log lengths must start at Sem long and increase by 2cm each time, up to a length of 53cm. ‘The saw blade destroys 1cm (in length) of wood (turning it to sawdust) at every cut, What is the minimum height of tree required to fulfil this order? 10. Find the sum of the integers ftom 1 to its square (inclusive). Express your answer in a fully factorised form. 11 Write down the first five terms of the following sequence: 3c, +1 if ¢, isodd . 10 me, “ 3 if, iseven If you have access to the internet, you can find out more about this sequence by a web search for the Collatz conjecture. ‘Try some other starting values (e.g, ¢ = 6 or 13) and make a conjecture about the behaviour of this sequence for any starting value. 2.2 Using standard results In the previous section you used two important results: Mise Yre Sn(n + 1)€——— The sum of the integers. There are similar results for the sum of the first # squares, and the first cubes.

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