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Modeling and control of three Phases grid connected photovoltaic system

Conference Paper · November 2016

DOI: 10.1109/IRSEC.2016.7984004

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Karima Boudaraia Hassane Mahmoudi

Mohammadia School of Engineers Mohammed V University of Rabat
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Marouane El Azzaoui
National School of Applied Sciences Agadir
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 Modeling and Control of Three Phases Grid
Connected Photovoltaic System
Karima Boudaraia∗ , Hassane Mahmoudi † , and Marouane El Azzaoui ‡
Electronics Power and Control Team, Department of Electrical Engineering
Mohammadia School of Engineers, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco.
Emails: ∗ [Link]@[Link], † mahmoudi@[Link], ‡ [Link]@[Link]

Abstract—This paper addresses the modeling and control of results show the performance of the system under irradiation
the grid connected photovoltaic system. The system contains a variation using Matlab/Simulink.
PV panel that converts irradiation to electrical power, a boost
converter which increases the voltage of the PV, and a grid
connected inverter to convert the DC power to three Phases II. S TRUCTURE OF THE P ROPOSED S YSTEM
AC power. MPPT control is developed in order to track the Fig. 1 indicates the configuration structure of the system to
maximum power provided by the photovoltaic generator. The
grid side inverter is controlled to keep the DC link constant, to
interface the photovoltaic system with the utility grid. In the
synchronize the frequency and phase between the grid and PV, first stage, the output of the photovoltaic generator is attached
and to have a unitary power factor side grid. Simulation is carried to a boost converter which increases the voltage of the PV to
out in Matlab/Simulink and the results shows the performance a suitable level for the DC-AC inverter. The second stage, is
and dynamic behavior of the proposed system. the inverter that convert the DC power to three phases power
Index Terms—Grid, Inverter, Irradiation, MPPT, PV. to supply the grid. The inverter operates in currents control
mode. In the output of the inverter, RL filter is used to reduce
I. I NTRODUCTION the harmonics generated by the inverter which is controlled
by a high frequency PWM.
Solar energy is an inexhaustible source, predictable, which
has huge potential. It is a clean energy that emits almost no
pollution during use : neither greenhouse gases [1] nor waste III. PV C ELL M ODELING
as components of solar panels can be widely recycled. During The equivalent circuit of a photovoltaic cell consists of a
their operation, the panels cause only very small nuisance: photo current, a diode, a shunt resistor that expresses the
little noise, no movement or vibration. leakage current, and a series resistor defines the internal
When the PV is integrated to the utility grid, a simulation of resistor which limits the current (Fig. 2).
the installation is necessary. The system is an association of Equation describing the voltage-current characteristic is
linear and non linear equations describing the PV generator given by:
and the switching inverter and boost converter, and the rest  
q (Vpv + Rs Ipv )
 
Vpv + Rs Ipv
of the system. Numerous studies discussed the integration of Ipv = Iph −Is exp −1 − (1)
nkT Rsh
the PV to the grid. In this work [2], the authors present the
study and simulation of synchronization algorithm for a three Fig. 3 presents the P-V and I-V characteristics of the PV array
phase grid connected photovoltaic, and in this research [3],the for different irradiation values and maintain the temperature to
authors explicate the mathematical modelling of a photovoltaic T = 25◦ C.
system, implementation of Perturbe and Observe for three
phases grid connected photovoltaic system. and in these works IV. M ODELING OF B OOST C ONVERTER
[4] and [5] the authors reveal the design of inverter to be The Boost converter allows to obtain an output DC voltage
synchronized with the grid. greater than the input DC voltage, is known also by the high
The present paper deals with the modeling and control of the efficiency step up converter. It’s involves an inductor and two
grid connected photovoltaic system. Control system is consist switches elements. The circuit of the boost converter is shown
of two strategies: PV side with a MPPT control based Perturb in Fig. 4. When the switch is closed the inductor get charged
and Observe to track the maximal power produced by the PV, by the photovoltaic generator, the diode blocks the current and
and grid side which its control aim to synchronize the PV and the load is supplied by the capacitor discharging. When the
grid in same frequency and phase, to regulate the DC link to switch is open the diode conducts and the energy stored in
a constant value, and to provide a unitary power factor. the inductor discharges and charges the capacitor. The output
Structure of the proposed system is described firstly, and voltage of boost converter is given by:
the modeling of the PV cell is presented in the third section.
Thus, the Modeling of the boost converter and the inverter Vin
Vout = (2)
are depicted in the fourth and fifth sections respectively. 1−D
Thereafter, the control system is detailed. Finally, Simulation Where D is the duty cycle.
978-1-5090-5713-9/16/$31.00 ©2016 IEEE
 PV array Boost converter DC bus Inverter RL filter Grid

Lpv D
Ipv Ibt Iinv

S11 S12 S13 Rf Lf

Idc
Irradiation vm1
ig1
Cpv ig2 u m1
Vpv Cdc Vdc
PVG vm2
ig3 u m2
Temperature S21 S22 S23
vm3

Synchronisation , currents control

MPPT and DC bus regulation

Figure 1. Description of DFIG and PV based hybrid system.

Rs Lpv
Ipv Ipv IL Idc

Cpv V pv K C V dc
Iph D Rsh V pv

Figure 4. circuit of the boost converter.

Figure 2. Equivalent circuit of a PV cell.

In order to prevent the short circuit of the voltage source
and doesn’t interrupt the current, both switches in the same
2 MPP
Ir=1000 W/m2 1000 Ir=1000 W/m cell must be at all times in complementary states:
20 Ir=800 W/m2
2
Ir=800 W/m
800 Ir=600 W/m2
15 S1j + S2j = 1 ∀A ∈ {1, 2, 3} (4)
Ir=400 W/m2
Current (A)

Power (W)

Ir=600 W/m2
600 Ir=200 W/m2
10 Ir=400 W/m2 The modulated voltage is then written as the product of the
400
2 DC bus voltage and two modulation functions, which can then
5 Ir=200 W/m
200 be written as:
0 0 
# S11

0 20 40 60 0 20 40 60 " # "
Voltage (V) Voltage (V) m1 1 0 −1 
m= =  S12  (5)

m2 0 1 −1
Figure 3. P-V and I-V curves under irradiation change. S13

Then the modulated phase voltages and modulated currents

V. M ODELING OF THE I NVERTER are written as follows:
The inverter that converter the DC power to AC power has
six IGBTs switches. In the literature there are two kind of the um = [m] Vdc (6)
inverter average and discrete models. The state of each switch
is quantified by a connection function Sij that takes a value T
iinv = [m] ig (7)
0 if the switch is open and one if the switch is closed.
( " #
i ∈ {1, 2} 1 2 −1
Sij ∈ {0, 1} , with (3) vm = um (8)
j ∈ {1, 2, 3} 3 −1 2
 VI. C ONTROL S YSTEM B. Grid Side power Control
The control aim of the inverter is to synchronize the
A. MPPT control frequency and phases between the grid and the PV, and to
The principle of perturb and observe MPPT is to perturb the regulate the DC bus voltage to a constant value. Thus, control
voltage of a low amplitude and analyze the effect on the power of inverter allows to get a unitary power factor side grid. Fig.
produced. As illustrated in Fig. 5, if a positive increment of 7 shows the connection between the inverter and the grid.
the voltage Vpv generates an increasing of the power Ppv , this
means that the operating point is to the left of the MPP point. I bt
However, if the power decreases, it means that the operating Rf
ig 1
point is to the right of MPP. Similar reasoning can be made I dc
when the voltage decreases. From these various analyzes on ig 2 vg 1
the consequences of a change in voltage on the power, it
is easy to locate the operating point relative to the MPP, ig 3 vg 2
and converge it to the maximum power through an order of
appropriate control. In summary, if after a perturbation of the vg 3
voltage, the power increases, the direction of this perturbation
is maintained. Otherwise, it is reversed to resume convergence
towards the new MPP.
Figure 7. Connection between the Inverter and the grid.

P (W ) From Fig. we can write the voltage equation by applying

Kirchhof’s laws:
MPP dig1
Pmpp
vc1 = Rf ig1 + Lf + vg1 (9)
dt
The system approaches dig2
the MPP vc2 = Rf ig2 + Lf + vg2 (10)
dt
P 0 dig3
vc3 = Rf ig3 + Lf + vg3 (11)
dt
P 0
The system moves
Applying Park transformation, we get:
away from the MPP dIgd
Vcd = Rf Igd + Lf − ωs Lf Igq (12)
dt
V 0 V 0
dIgq
Vcq = Rf Igq + Lf + ωs Lf Igd + Vgq (13)
dt
Vmpp V (V )
Where ωs is the electrical frequency of the grid.
Figure 5. Principle of Perturb and observe MPPT. Neglecting the resistance filter and considering the field
oriented, active and reactive power are deduced as follows:
Fig. 6 shows the flowchart of the P&O method, where the Pg = Vgq Igq (14)
evolution of power is analyzed after each voltage disturbance.
For this type of control, two sensors (current and voltage) is Qg = Vgq Igd (15)
required to determine the power of the PV every moment. The powers flowed in the DC bus is expressed by:
Pc = PP V − Pg (16)
Start

measure
Where Pc is the capacitor power, Ppv is the PV power, and
V(k) and I(k) Pg is the power input to the inverter.
P(k) = V(k) x I(k)
Eq. 16 can be write as:
Vdc Idc = Vdc Idc − V gqIgq (17)
No Yes
P(k) > P (k-1)
Equation of the capacitor is defined by:
No
V(k) > V (k-1)
Yes No
V(k) > V (k-1)
Yes
dVdc
Idc = C (18)
dt
D(k) = D (k-1) + ΔD D(k) = D (k-1) - ΔD D(k) = D (k-1) - ΔD D(k) = D (k-1) + ΔD Substituting Eq. 18 into Eq. 17 we obtain:
dVdc
CVdc
= Vdc Idc − V gqIgq (19)
Figure 6. Flowchart of Perturb and observe MPPT. dt
From its clear that we can control the DC bus voltage
 630 Vdc_ref
Dis crete,
Ts = 5e- 06 s . [Vdc] Vdc
Ppv Pulses
powergui [Ig_abc] Ig_abc
V
Pulse [Vg_abc] Vs_abc
I
Inverter control
MPPT
m
+ a
k
m L Diode I nverter [Vg_abc] AV
g Grid filter [Ig_abc] Ia
+

+
Group 1 +

g
C
Signal 1 Ir + A A a Ba
C1 IGBT C2 B B b b
Irradiance m -
C C c Cc
E
(W/m2) -
B1 Grid
PV Panel

C
B
Vdc

v +-
Load
Measurement--
[Vdc]

Figure 8. Simulink block of the Grid connected PV.

by controlling Igq , and by controlling Igd to track zero the time is fixed to 1 s. In order to know the performance of
reactive power become null and consequently we can get a the system, we change the irradiation. Irradiation curve is
unitary power factor. Fig.9 present the control scheme of the as shown in Fig. 10. The waveforms of the output voltage,
grid connected PV. a PI controller is used to control the inner current, and power of the PV is shown in Fig. 11, Fig. 12,
loop to regulate the q current, and to control the outer loop and Fig. 13 respectively. The DC link voltage, Three phases
that regulate the DC bus voltage. Thus, another PI controller AC current, and active power injected to the grid utility is as
is used to control the d current which its reference is set to shown in Fig. 14 , Fig. 15 , and Fig. 16. The output one phase
zero to have a unitary power factor. voltage and current of the grid is presented in Fig. 17.

Vdc It’s obvious from Fig. 13 that the PV power is always

∗
∗
∗
Ig q ∗
Vc q
around the maximal power point. That proves the validity of
Vdc Id c
PI PI dq
DC
the maximum power point tracking algorithm used. In Fig. 14,
Pp v Vg q the DC bus voltage is retained to its reference value (630 V).
∗
∗
Ig d = 0 Vc d SPWM
Fig. 15 shows that the evolution of the current is depend on
PI
the irradiation curve. Fig. 16 presents that grid power equal
θs AC
the PV power with the losses power in the boost converter
abc
and the inverter. Finally, Fig. 17 shows that the grid currents
remains the same phase and frequency which demonstrates
that the power factor equal to 1.
dq iga
igb
igc
abc θs
θs vga
PLL vgb
Vg q vgc
1200
Grid
Irradiation (W/m )

1000
2

Figure 9. Grid connected PV control

800

600
VII. S IMULATION R ESULTS
Simulation of the proposed system is carried out in Mat- 400
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
lab/Simulink environment. Fig. presents the Simulink block Time (s)

of the entire system. Parameters of PV Panel are given in

Appendix A. The grid voltage 220/380 V, 50 Hz. simulation Figure 10. Curve of irradiation.
 60 1200

1000
40

Grid Power (W)

800
Voltage (V)

20 600

400
0
200

−20 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Time (s) Time (s)

Figure 11. Output voltage of the PV Figure 16. Active power of the grid.

25

Voltage (V), 100*current (A)

1000 200 iga
20 0 vga
−200
Current (A)

15 500
0.56 0.58 0.6
10
0
5

0 −500
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Tiem (s) Time (s)

Figure 12. Output current of the PV Figure 17. Output one phase of voltage and current.

VIII. C ONCLUSION
1200
1000
This paper presents an approach to model and control a three
800 phases grid connected PV. The modeling of the PV, boost
converter, and inverter is presented. The control MPPT is
Power (W)

600
400 developed based on perturb and observe algorithm in order to
200 maximize the PV power, and control of the inverter allows
0
synchronizing the grid and PV with the same frequency and
−200
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 phase, to maintain the DC bus voltage constant, and to have a
Time (s)
unitary power factor, Simulation results for different irradiation
present the performance of the proposed system.
Figure 13. Output power of the PV

A PPENDIX A
800 PARAMETERS OF PV SYSTEM
Pn = 1 kW; Rp = 415.405 Ω; Rs = 0.221 Ω; Isc = 20.1 A;
DC bus voltage (V)

600
Voc = 62 V; Ns = 54; Np = 3;
400
R EFERENCES
200
[1] M. E. Ropp and S. Gonzalez, ”Development of a MATLAB/Simulink
0
Model of a Single-Phase Grid-Connected Photovoltaic System,” in IEEE
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 195-202, March
Time (s) 2009.
[2] B. K. Naick, M. Das, T. K. Chatterjee and K. Chatterjee, ”Study
Figure 14. Response of DC link voltage. and implementation of synchronization algorithm in three phase grid
connected PV system,” 2016 3rd International Conference on Recent
Advances in Information Technology (RAIT), Dhanbad, 2016, pp. 304-
309.
15 [3] S. Choudhury, L. Mohapatra and P. K. Rout, ”Three phase grid connected
2 photovoltaic generation system evaluation and comparison using Perturb
10 0
Grid Currents (A)

(P) and Observe (O) maximum power point tracking technique,” Elec-
−2 trical, Electronics, Signals, Communication and Optimization (EESCO),
5 0.56 0.58 0.6 2015 International Conference on, Visakhapatnam, 2015, pp. 1-6.
[4] Mateus F Schonardie and Denizar C Martins, ”Application of the dq0
0 transformation in the three phase grids connected PV system with active
and reactive power control,” Power Electronics Specialists Conference,
−5 pp. 1202 1208, June 2008
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 [5] G. Adamidis and G. Tsengenes, ”Three phase grid connected photovoltaic
Time (s)
system with active and reactive power control using instantaneous reactive
power theory,” International Conference on Renewable Energies and
Figure 15. AC three phases grid currents. Power Quality, pp. 8 16, March 2010 1996

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