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Fuzzy Membership Functions and Methods

This document discusses key concepts in fuzzy logic systems including fuzzy reasoning, fuzzy inference systems, fuzzification and defuzzification. It describes fuzzy reasoning as deriving conclusions from fuzzy if-then rules and known facts. It outlines different types of fuzzy inference systems and explains fuzzification as converting crisp inputs to fuzzy values using membership functions. It also describes common defuzzification techniques like centroid calculation to obtain a single output value from the aggregate fuzzy set.

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Shubhankar Naik
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66 views14 pages

Fuzzy Membership Functions and Methods

This document discusses key concepts in fuzzy logic systems including fuzzy reasoning, fuzzy inference systems, fuzzification and defuzzification. It describes fuzzy reasoning as deriving conclusions from fuzzy if-then rules and known facts. It outlines different types of fuzzy inference systems and explains fuzzification as converting crisp inputs to fuzzy values using membership functions. It also describes common defuzzification techniques like centroid calculation to obtain a single output value from the aggregate fuzzy set.

Uploaded by

Shubhankar Naik
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Module IV

Fuzzy membership functions, fuzzification, Methods of


membership value assignments – intuition – inference – rank
ordering, Lambda –cuts for fuzzy sets, Defuzzification methods.

Types of fuzzy set 1) Normal Fuzzy set


A fuzzy set whose membership function has at least one elementx in the
universe whose membership value is unity is callednormal fuzzy set. The
element for which the membership is equal to 1 is called prototypicalelement.
2) Subnormal Fuzzy set

A fuzzy set where in no membershipfunction has its value equal to 1 is


called subnormal fuzzy set.

3) Convex Fuzzy set


A convex fuzzy set has a membership function whose membership values are
strictly monotonically increasingor strictly monotonically decreasing or strictly
monotonically increasing than strictly monotonically decreasingwithincreasing
values for elements in the universe.

4) Nonconvex Fuzzy set

Afuzzy set possessing characteristics opposite to that of convex fuzzy set is


called nonconvexfuzzyset, i.e., the membership values of the membership
functionare not strictly monotonically increasing or decreasing or strictly
monotonically increasing than decreasing.
Fuzzification
Fuzzification is the process of transforming a crisp set to a fuzzy
set or a fuzzy set to a fuzzier set, i.e.,crisp quantities are converted to
fuzzy quantities. This operation translates accurate crisp input values
into linguistic variables.

A Fuzzy set , a common fuzzification algorithm is


performed by keeping µi constant and xi being transformed to a fuzzy
set Q(xi) depicting the expression about xi. The fuzzy set Q(xi) is
referred to as the kernel of fuzzification. The fuzzified set A can be
expressed as

where the symbol ~ means fuzzified.

This process of fuzzification is called support fuzzification (sfuzzification).


There is another method of fuzzification called grade fuzzification (g-
fuzzification) whereXiis kept constant and µiis expressed as a fuzzy set. Thus,
using these methods, fuzzification is carried out.
Methods of Membership Value Assignments
The method of assigning membership values are as follows:

1. Intuition
2. Inference
3. Rank Ordering
4. Angular Fuzzy Sets
5. Neural Networks

6. Genetic Algorithm

7. Inductive Reasoning.

[Link]
Intuition method is based upon the common intelligence ofhuman. It is the
capacity of the human to developmembership functions on the basis of their own
intelligence and understanding capacity. There should be an in-depth knowledge
of the application to whichmembership value assignment has to be made.
The Figure below shows various shapes of weights of people measured in
kilogram in the universe. Each curve is a membershipfunction corresponding to
various fuzzy (linguistic) variables; such as very light, light, normal, heavy
andvery heavy.
The curves are based on context functions and the human developing them.
For example, if theweights are referred to range of thin persons we get one set of
curves, and if they are referred to range ofnormal weighing persons we get another
set and so on. The main characteristics of these curves for their usagein fuzzy
operationsare based on their overlapping capacity.
2)Inference
The inference method uses knowledge to perform deductive reasoning.
Deduction achieves conclusion bymeans of forward inference. There are various
methods for performing deductive reasoning.
Here the knowledgeof geometrical shapes and geometry is used for
defining membership values. The membership functionsmay be defined by
various shapes: triangular, trapezoidal, bell-shaped, Gaussian and so on. The
inferencemethod here is discussed via triangular shape.
Consider a triangle, where X, Yand Zare the angles such that

and let u be the universe of triangles, i.e.,

There are various types of triangles available. Here a few are considered to
explain inference methodology:

= isosceles triangle (approximate)


= equilateral triangle (approximate)
= right-angle triangle (approximate)
= isosceles and right-angle triangle (approximate) =
other triangles
The membership values of approximate isosceles triangle is obtained using the
following definition, wher
and

e:
If X=Y or Y=Z and if X=120º,Y=60º and Z=0º , we get

The membership value of approximate right-angle triangle is given by·

If X= 90°, the membership value of a right-angle triangle is1, andif X=


180º,the membership value becomes 0:

The membership value of approximate isosceles right angle triangle is obtained


by raking the logical intersection of the approximate isosceles and approximate
right-angle triangle membership function.i.e.,
,

and it is given by,


The membership function for a fuzzy equilateral triangle is given by

The membership function of other triangles, denoted by, is the complement of

the. logical union of and i.e.,

By using De Morgan's law, we get

The membership value can be obtained using the equation

Rank Ordering

The formation of government is based on the polling concept; to identify a


best student, ranking may beperformed; to buy a car, one can ask for several
opinions and so on.
All the above mentioned activities are carriedout on the basis of the
preferences made by an individual, a committee, a poll and other opinion
methods.
This methodology can be adapted to assign membership values to a fuzzy
variable. Pairwise comparisons enable us to determine preferences and this results
in determining the order of the membership.
Lambda –cuts for fuzzy sets (Alpha-Cuts)
Consider a fuzzy set The set ,called the lambda (λ)- cut or (alpha
cut [α]-cut)set, is a crisp set of the fuzzy set and is defined as follows:

The setAλ.is called a weak lambda-cut set if it consists of all the elements
of a fuzzy set whose membershipfunctions have values greater than or equal to a
specified value. On the other hand, the setAλ, is called a Strong lambda-cut set if
it consists ofall the elements of a fuzzy set whose membership functions have
values strictlygreater than specified value. A strong λ-cut set is given by

The properties of λ-cut sets are as follows

The fourth property is essentially used in graphics. The figure below shows
a continuousvalued fuzzy with two λ-cut values.
The Figure belowshowsthe features of the membership functions.
Fuzzy inference is the process of formulating the mapping from a given input to an output using fuzzy
logic. The mapping then provides a basis from which decisions can be made, or patterns discerned.

Fuzzy reasoning

Introduction
Fuzzy reasoning, also known as approximate reasoning, is a inference procedure that derives
conclusions from a set of fuzzy if-then rules and known facts. Before introducing fuzzy
reasoning, we shall discuss the compositional rule of inference, which plays a key role in
fuzzy reasoning. Fuzzy inference system is key component of any fuzzy logic
system. It uses fuzzy set theory, IF-THEN rules and fuzzy reasoning process to
find the output corresponding to crisp inputs. Predicates in IF-THEN rules are
connected using and or or logical connectives. Following are types of FIS
Fuzzification
Fuzzification is the process of converting a crisp input value to a fuzzy
value that is performed by the use of the information in the knowledge
base. Although various types of curves can be seen in literature,
Gaussian, triangular, and trapezoidal MFs are the most commonly used
in the fuzzification process. These types of MFs can easily be
implemented by embedded controllers.

Figure 7.18 shows a system of fuzzy sets for an input with trapezoidal
and triangular membership functions. Each fuzzy set spans a region of
input (or output) values graphed against membership. Any particular
input is interpreted from this fuzzy set, and a degree of membership is
obtained. The membership functions should overlap, in order to allow
smooth mapping of the system. The process of fuzzification allows the
system inputs and outputs to be expressed in linguistic terms to allow
rules to be applied in a simple manner to express a complex system.
DEFUZZIFICATION TECHNIQUES
The input for the defuzzification process is the aggregate output fuzzy set and the output is a single
number. As much as fuzziness helps the rule evaluation during the intermediate steps, the final desired
output for each variable is generally a single number. However, the aggregate of a fuzzy set encompasses
a range of output values, and so must be defuzzified to obtain a single output value from the set.

There are five built-in defuzzification methods supported: centroid, bisector, middle of maximum (the
average of the maximum value of the output set), largest of maximum, and smallest of maximum. Perhaps
the most popular defuzzification method is the centroid calculation, which returns the center of the area
under the aggregate fuzzy set,

Common questions

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Lambda-cuts, or alpha-cuts, are used to define sets comprising elements of a fuzzy set whose membership functions meet certain criteria. In a weak lambda-cut set, elements have membership values greater than or equal to a specified value. In contrast, a strong lambda-cut set includes only those elements whose membership values are strictly greater than the specified value. These cuts are key for simplifying and analyzing the structure of fuzzy sets .

The use of multiple shapes like triangular and trapezoidal for membership functions enhances the flexibility and accuracy of the fuzzification process. Different shapes allow for better representation of the uncertainties and complexities in linguistic terms, supporting various contexts and systems. Triangular shapes often offer simplicity and ease of calculation, while trapezoidal shapes provide precision and flexibility in spanning broader value ranges .

Normal fuzzy sets have at least one element in the universe whose membership value is 1, known as the prototypical element. In contrast, subnormal fuzzy sets do not have any element with a membership value equal to 1. Convex fuzzy sets have a membership function where values are strictly monotonically increasing, decreasing, or increasing then decreasing. Nonconvex fuzzy sets do not follow this strict monotonic pattern, lacking a clear increase or decrease in their membership values .

Rank ordering contributes to membership value assignment by enabling evaluations based on preferences or priorities determined by individuals, committees, or polls. Through pairwise comparisons, rank ordering helps establish a relative preference structure, enabling the ranking of alternatives and aiding in precise membership value assignments, particularly in scenarios needing subjective judgment or varying opinions .

Defuzzification techniques like the centroid method calculate the center of the area under the aggregate fuzzy set. The bisector method finds a value dividing the area into two equal halves. The largest of maximum method selects the highest peak within the fuzzy set. Each technique translates the fuzzy output into a single crisp value by different strategies, emphasizing centrality, balance, or peak importance, respectively .

Fuzzy reasoning enhances decision-making capabilities by allowing systems to utilize imprecise information efficiently and generate conclusions via approximate reasoning. It connects fuzzy if-then rules with known facts to produce outputs that reflect complex real-world scenarios. This empowers systems to accommodate ambiguity, leading to decisions that are often more flexible and closer to human reasoning, especially when handling incomplete or uncertain data .

The fuzzy inference process involves formulating a mapping from given inputs to outputs using fuzzy logic, based on if-then rules and fuzzy reasoning procedures. This process is crucial for decision-making in fuzzy systems, as it allows for the derivation of conclusions from imprecise inputs by mapping them through linguistic rules. This enables a more nuanced approach to decision-making, allowing systems to handle ambiguity and partial truths effectively .

Membership values in a fuzzy set can be assigned using methods such as intuition, inference, rank ordering, angular fuzzy sets, neural networks, genetic algorithms, and inductive reasoning. Intuition relies on human intelligence and contextual understanding. Inference uses deductive reasoning, often with geometric shapes like triangles. Rank ordering involves preferences made by groups or individuals. Angular fuzzy sets, neural networks, genetic algorithms, and inductive reasoning each apply mathematical and computational principles to establish value assignments .

Fuzzification transforms crisp values into fuzzy quantities by mapping input variables into suitable linguistic variables using membership functions like Gaussian, triangular, or trapezoidal. This enables the expression of system inputs and outputs in linguistic terms, facilitating the application of fuzzy logic rules to complex systems. As a result, fuzzification is integral for enabling system modeling in terms that are easier to apply and interpret .

Using intuition for developing membership functions can be both challenging and beneficial. The main challenge lies in the subjectivity and variance in human judgment, potentially leading to inconsistent or biased membership functions. However, intuition lets experts leverage their domain knowledge and understanding of specific contexts to tailor membership functions accurately. The benefit is often seen in refining fuzzy models to reflect real-world nuances that might elude more algorithmic approaches .

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