Interconnected Systems
Interconnected Systems
• Interconnection improves adequacy of generating
capacity
• Reserve requirement at a given risk level lower
with interconnection
– diversity in probabilistic occurrence of load and
capacity outages in different systems
• Benefits depend on
– installed capacity in each system
– tie capacity and FOR of tie lines
– load levels and their residual uncertainties in each
system
– type of agreement between systems
Interconnected Systems contd.
• Loss of load expectation (LOLE) approach used for
reliability assessment of interconnected system
generation
• Approaches for calculating LOLE indices in
interconnected systems
– Probability array method
– Equivalent assisting unit method
• Probability array method capacity model developed for each
system and an array of simultaneous capacity outage
existence probabilities obtained from individual models
• Equivalent assisting unit method assisting system as
an equivalent assisting unit which can be moved
through tie lines and added into existing capacity
model of assisted system
Probability Array Method - Concept
• Loss of load (LoL) occurs when assistance through
interconnections cannot offset capacity deficiency due
to capacity outages and load demands
• LOLE index therefore depends on simultaneous
occurrences of capacity outages in both systems
• Generating facilities represented by a two-dimensional
probability array covering all possible combinations of
capacity outages in both systems
• Amalgamated array represents overall interconnected
system capacity model with ideal interconnections
• This representation then be modified by including load
levels in each system and tie line constraints
Probability Array Method - Concept
contd.
• Step 1 develop capacity model of each system
• Step 2 obtain probability array of various simultaneous outage
probabilities in two systems from individual system tables
• Step 3 determine LoL situations in each system from
simultaneous capacity outage conditions, emergency
assistance available over tie lines, and respective system daily
peak loads
Probability Array Method - Concept
contd.
• Period of study a single day → sum of simultaneous outage
probabilities associated with LoL situations in each system is
the system risk expressed as a loss of load expectation in days
per day
• Longer study period → repeating calculation for each of
subsequent days and summing LOLE values
Probability Array Method - Concept
contd.
Probability Array Method - Evaluation
Techniques
• Operating agreement between systems → each system will provide
assistance only up to point at which it begins to share neighboring system
difficulty
Probability Array Method - Evaluation
Techniques contd.
• System A fail to meet load demand when capacity on outage
greater than 25 MW
• Cumulative probability for a capacity outage of 30 MW becomes
LOLE index in System A (LOLEA)
• System B reserve → (60 – 40) = 20 MW
• System B encounter a LoL situation for any capacity outage greater
than 20 MW to give LOLEB
Probability Array Method - Evaluation
Techniques contd.
Probabilities less than 10-8 neglected
Probability Array Method - Evaluation
Techniques contd.
Probability Array Method - Evaluation
Techniques contd.
Various simultaneous capacity outage probabilities in two systems calculated from individual system tables
X
Probability Array Method - Evaluation
Techniques contd.
LOLEA and LOLEAB
Expected load losses
ELLA and ELLAB
• System risk in System A (LOLEAB) → Sum of simultaneous
outage probabilities associated with non-zero load losses
Equivalent Assisting Unit Approach
• System A → assisted system System B → assisting system
• Capacity assistance level for a particular outage state in System B
given by minimum of tie capacity and available system reserve at
that outage state
• All capacity assistance levels greater than or equal to tie capacity
replaced by a single assistance level which is equal to tie capacity
• Capacity assistance table converted into capacity model of an
equivalent multi-state unit which is added to existing capacity
model of System A
• Risk level evaluated as if assisted system is a single area system
Equivalent Assisting Unit Approach contd.
• System B reserve → 20 MW
– maximum assistance it can provide without sharing potential
difficulties in System A
• Capacity assistance levels of System B obtained from capacity
outage probability table
Converted to a capacity outage probability
table for an equivalent assisting unit model
of System B
Equivalent Assisting Unit Approach contd.
• 10 MW tie line constrains capacity assistance from
System B
– equivalent assisting unit is also tie-line constrained
• Equivalent multi-state unit added to existing capacity
model of System A
– new installed capacity : 75 + 10 = 85 MW
Equivalent Assisting Unit Approach contd.
• Daily peak load in System New System A capacity outage probability table
A 50 MW → LoL situation
occurs when capacity
outage in System A greater
than reserve 85 - 50 = 35
MW
• Cumulative probability for
a capacity outage of 40
MW is therefore the risk
with interconnection:
