USMC

MCWP 3-12

Marine Corps Tank Employment

US Marine Corps

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 DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY
Headquarters United States Marine Corps
Washington, D.C. 20380-1775
21 March 2014
FOREWORD
Marine Corps Warfighting Publication (MCWP) 3-12, Marine Corps Tank Employment,
provides Marine Corps doctrine and supporting tactics, techniques, and procedures for the
employment of Marine tanks in support of the Marine air-ground task force (MAGTF).
Historically, Marine tanks have often played critical roles in the success of Marine Corps
combat operations. From World War II, the Marine commander’s ability to employ
Marine tanks effectively has provided him with a devastating direct fire capability.
Today, Marine M1A1 Abrams tanks are the most lethal direct fire and survivable weapon
system within the arsenal of the ground combat element.
This publication is intended for Marine Corps combat, combat support, and combat service
support unit commanders and their staffs operating with or supporting Marine tank units. It
describes how the Marine Corps employs tanks across the range of military operations and
focuses on preparing, planning, and conducting MAGTF operations with tanks.
This publication supersedes MCWP 3-12, Marine Corps Tank Employment, which is
dated 17 February 2005.
BY DIRECTION OF THE COMMANDANT OF THE MARINE CORPS

K. J. GLUECK, JR.
Lieutenant General, U.S. Marine Corps
Deputy Commandant for Combat Development and Integration

Publication Control Number: 143 000145 00

DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
 _______________________________________________________________________________
Marine Corps Tank Employment iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 1. Organizational Structure

Tank Battalion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
Command and Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
Employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2
Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3
Tank Company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3
Employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3
Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3
Command and Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4

Chapter 2. Operations
Offensive Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
Types of Offensive Operations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
Forms of Maneuver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3
Defensive Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
Types of Defensive Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
Planning Considerations for Tanks in the Defense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5
Defensive Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5
Other Tactical Operations in the Defense. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6
Stability Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6
Force Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7
Public Affairs and the Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7
Counterinsurgency Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7
Noncombatant Evacuation Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7
Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8
Evacuation Route Clearance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8
Other Tactical Operations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8
Security Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8
Reconnaissance by Fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8
River Crossing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8
Passage of Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9
Tactical Road March . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9
Assembly Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9
Convoy Security Operations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9
Cordon and Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9
Control Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9
Reaction Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9
 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________
iv MCWP 3-12

Chapter 3. Employment with Infantry

Task Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1
Mechanized Task Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2
Company Team . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2
Coordination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2
Mutual Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3
Employment Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3
Tanks and Mechanized Infantry Attack Together. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3
Tanks and Amphibious Assault Vehicle Support by Fire. . . . . . . . . . . 3-4
Maneuver Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5
Dismounting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5
Dismount Short of the Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5
Dismount on the Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5
Dismount After Passing Through the Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6
Consolidation and Reorganization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6
Transporting Infantry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6

Chapter 4. Tactical Logistics

Trains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1
Company Trains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1
Combat Trains. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1
Field Trains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1
Organic Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1
Identify Critical Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1
Safeguard Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2
External Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2
Prioritize Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2
Respond Rapidly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2
Resupply Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2
Resupply Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2
Resupply Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3
Maintenance Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4

Chapter 5. Amphibious Operations

Planning Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1
Embarkation Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1
Landing Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1
Intelligence Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1
Embarkation/Debarkation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2
Environmental Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2
Fording Kit Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2
Embarkation/Debarkation Planning Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2
Responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3
 ________________________________________________________________________________
Marine Corps Tank Employment v

Chapter 6. Military Operations on Urbanized Terrain

Tank Units and the Infantry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1
Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2
Employment Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3
Control Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5
Offensive Military Operations on Urbanized Terrain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5
Attacking in Urban Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6
Attack Phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6
Defensive Military Operations on Urbanized Terrain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-7
Defensive Planning Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-8
Defensive Techniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-8
Fighting Positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-8

Chapter 7. Scout and Antitank Platoons

Scout Platoon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1
Mission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1
Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1
Employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1
Reconnaissance Missions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-2
Additional Tasks for Scout Platoon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-2
Capabilities and Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3
Antitank Platoon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3
Mission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3
Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3
Employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3
Capabilities and Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4

Appendices
A Armor Vehicle Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1
B Logistic Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-1
C Operations in Extreme Environments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-1
D Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Operations . . . . . . . D-1
E Breaching Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-1
F Ammunition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-1

Glossary

References
 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________
vi MCWP 3-12

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 CHAPTER 1
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
The operational success of the Marine air-ground Currently, the Marine Corps has two active duty
task force (MAGTF) requires the coordinated tank battalions and one reserve tank battalion:
employment of all MAGTF resources, such as
reconnaissance, infantry, aviation, tanks, artillery,  1st Tank Battalion, 1st Marine Division.
engineers, amphibious assault vehicles (AAVs),  2d Tank Battalion, 2d Marine Division.
and other combat support and combat service sup-  4th Tank Battalion, 4th Marine Division.
port (CSS) units. Across the range of military
operations, all elements of the MAGTF, including Organization
tank units, are employed to achieve the effects of
A tank battalion consists of four tank companies,
combined arms against enemy forces.
a headquarters and service company, one antitank
Tank units, as maneuver elements, provide the platoon, and one scout platoon (see fig. 1-1 on
MAGTF commander the ability to attack, disrupt, page 1-2). The tank companies, each consisting of
and destroy enemy forces through armor protec- 14 M1A1 tanks, are the basic tactical unit with
tion, shock effect, rapid maneuver, and precise which the battalion accomplishes its mission. The
long-range direct fires in coordination with other antitank platoon, which consists of 24 Saber mis-
elements of the MAGTF. The tank is designed sile systems and 4 heavy machine gun trucks, pro-
primarily as an offensive weapon, regardless of vides additional precision and long-range direct
the type of operation (defensive or offensive) con- fires to the battalion. The scout platoon, which
ducted. The M1A1 tank offers the MAGTF many consists of six heavy machine gun trucks and two
complementary capabilities, such as excellent Saber missile systems, performs reconnaissance,
cross-country mobility, sophisticated communica- provides limited security, and assists in control-
tions, enhanced day and night target acquisition, ling the movement of the battalion.
lethal firepower to defeat enemy mechanized plat-
forms, precision lethal effects while operating Command and Control
within restrictive rules of engagement (ROE), and
highly effective armor protection. The command post is organized into three
groups—the main command post, the forward
command post, and the administration and logis-
Tank Battalion tics operation coordination center:
 The main command post is the primary means
The tank battalion provides the ground combat of controlling maneuver companies/teams and
element (GCE) commander with the employ- is responsible for maintaining digital commu-
ment flexibility and capabilities that can contrib- nication with higher headquarters.
ute to a decisive victory on a dynamic battlefield.  The forward command post is a purpose-built
When integrated with the MAGTF, its armor-pro- command and control organization that main-
tected firepower, shock, and maneuver make tank tains connectivity and control with lead ele-
battalions effective combat units. ments. Usually, the commander is collocated
 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________
1-2 MCWP 3-12

HQ

Figure 1-1. Marine Tank Battalion Organization.

with this element to direct and monitor the bat- and CSS units based on mission, enemy, terrain
tle. The forward command post usually consists and weather, troops and support available-time
of the amphibious assault vehicle command available (METT-T) and METT-T and space and
model 7, a chase amphibious assault vehicle logistics available.
personnel model 7, and the battalion com-
mander’s tank section. Leaders should have a clear understanding of the
 The administration and logistics operation capabilities and limitations of their equipment in
coordination center coordinates the sustainment order to employ them effectively. Appendix A
of the battalion while maintaining connectivity provides a list of the specifications, characteris-
with the designated CSS unit and the combat tics, and significant features of the M1A1 main
operations center. Additionally, the administra- battle tank and its supporting equipment. Offering
tion and logistics operation coordination center all weather, day/night capabilities to the MAGTF,
provides a tertiary operations center to provide the tank battalion also provides precision long-
command and control when the forward and range protected firepower, maneuver, shock
main command posts are incapacitated or effect, robust organic sustainability capabilities:
merged to plan follow-on operations.  Precision long-range protected firepower.
The tank battalion provides the ability to mass
The commander retains flexibility when com- the effects of 58 M1A1 tanks and 26 Saber
manding the battalion/task force forward in the missile systems against most threats on the
jump configuration. The jump is a subset of the battlefield with the capability to simultane-
forward command post and consists of the head- ously control all combined supporting arms
quarters tank section. available to the MAGTF.
 Maneuver. The tank battalion is capable of
Employment rapidly employing combat forces across the
MAGTF’s area of operation, quickly massing
The tank battalion is best employed as a task for employment at a decisive time and place
force that is able to cross-attach units down to the according to the commander’s estimate of the
platoon level and employ units down to the sec- situation.
tion level. The GCE commander can create  Shock effect. The tank battalion creates both a
mechanized forces by task-organizing tank, physical and psychological effect through
mechanized infantry, and other combat support precision fires, speed, mobility, and physical
 ______________________________________________________________________________
Marine Corps Tank Employment 1-3

presence. While shock effect primarily attempts significantly by fuel consumption. Fuel consump-
to influence enemy action/inaction, it can also tion is operationally-dependent, so continuous
have a favorable effect on the morale of friendly operations will significantly increase it.
forces and security of indigenous populations.
Deliberate planning for Class III (petroleum, oils,
 Robust organic sustainability. The tank battal-
and lubricants) resupply is done throughout oper-
ion, with its organic third echelon maintenance
ations to prevent operational tempo disruption.
capability and significant lift and recovery
The tank battalion possesses the vehicular capac-
capacity, can logistically support subordinate
ity to provide 25,200 gallons of fuel, a one-day
elements dispersed throughout the MAGTF’s
supply of Class III. Within this day’s supply of
area of operation, task-organizing its organic
Class III, the tank battalion still possesses the
CSS assets. The tank battalion can also support
ability to provide support to attached and adjacent
attachments and adjacent units and routinely
units in the area of operation. Appendix C dis-
reaches back to assist with logistic distribution
cusses tank capabilities and limitations in
throughout the battlespace. See appendix B for
extreme environments.
battalion lift capacity and logistic capabilities
and requirements.
Tank Company
Planning
Maintenance and mobility are two employment The tank company provides the tank battalion
considerations that are unique in scope to tank with a maneuver element that has the flexibility
battalions. The MAGTF commander must have a to task-organize to suit the mission. Its organic
thorough understanding of these constraints in logistic support allows it to retain some maneuver
order to plan the effective employment of the freedom from the battalion.
tank battalion’s combat power.
Employment
Maintenance The tank company is best employed as a maneu-
The sustainment of a battalion’s significant com- ver element with the ability to detach units down
bat capacity requires a dedicated maintenance to the platoon level. The commander can create
effort. Tank battalions conduct preventive and mechanized forces by task-organizing tank,
corrective maintenance during halts, rest periods, mechanized infantry, and other combat support
and scheduled periods of resupply to minimize based on METT-T and space and logistics avail-
the impact on combat operations. Systematic able. Employment of the tank company must take
relief of subordinate tank units permits thorough advantage of the speed, mobility, and firepower
maintenance in order to sustain and maintain of the organization.
operational tempo. Appropriate planning by com-
manders at all levels will ensure operational read- Organization
iness and continuous employment.
A tank company consists of 3 tank platoons and a
headquarters section (see fig. 1-2 on page 1-4). The
Mobility tank platoons, each consisting of 4 M1A1 tanks,
Because it is a tracked vehicle with a turbine are the basic tactical unit with which the company
engine, the M1A1 tank achieves tempo and pre- accomplishes its mission. Tank companies possess
cise armor-protected firepower better than any an organic logistic capacity in the company trains.
other platform in the GCE. The M1A1 tank pos- Organic assets include 2 M88A2 retrievers, 1 me-
sesses the best cross-country mobility in the dium tactical vehicle replacement (MTVR) with
MAGTF; however, that mobility is affected most 105 trailer, 1 MRC-145, 6 high mobility
 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________
1-4 MCWP 3-12

multipurpose wheeled vehicles (HMMWVs), and command and control of subordinate units across
2 armored HMMWVs. The tank company, when greater distances and terrain than is allowable by
cross-attached to an infantry battalion, possesses a man-portable systems. The installation of forward
robust company train that is able to provide Class I observer/forward air controller (FAC) kits allows
(rations), III, and V (ammunition) items. the tank company fire support team (FST) to con-
trol MAGTF fires from any M1A1 platform,
Command and Control allowing the use of UHF [ultra high frequency]
The tank company commander has an amplified and additional VHF radios to support the for-
very high frequency (VHF) capability that allows ward observer and FAC assigned to the company.

HQ

Figure 1-2. Marine Tank Company Organization.

 CHAPTER 2
OPERATIONS
A tank company usually provides the advance
Offensive Operations guard element for a tank or mechanized battal-
ion (the main body). As the company moves
When the MAGTF is involved in offensive opera- along the axis of advance, it usually will have a
tions, the main effort is weighted with superior 3- to 5-kilometer frontage if unhindered by ter-
combat power, which allows the MAGTF to rain or obstacles. The following are tank advance
retain the initiative, set the tempo of operations, guard responsibilities:
and achieve decisive results on the battlefield.
Tank units, with their inherent speed, mobility,  Destroying enemy reconnaissance units. Tanks
armor-protected firepower, and shock effect, con- are well suited to destroy enemy mechanized
tribute greatly to the GCE’s combat power while and dismounted reconnaissance due to their
ability to acquire and destroy targets at long
operating in the offense. Tank units also provide
ranges and to mass fires quickly (day or night).
the GCE with flexibility that allows the com-
mander to rapidly shift his main effort. The inher-  Finding, fixing, defeating, destroying, or con-
taining enemy security forces. A tank unit has a
ent flexibility of a tank unit allows the commander
superior ability to make initial contact with a
to maintain the momentum of attack by quickly
small element, rapidly concentrate forces, and
focusing the combat power of the force at various
mass the effects of fires in order to retain free-
locations on the battlefield.
dom of maneuver for the main body.
Types of Offensive Operations  Calling for indirect fires/close air support to
impede or harass the enemy. The advance
There are four general types of offensive opera- guard for a tank battalion usually has a forward
tions: movement to contact, attack, exploitation, observer and FAC located with it at the com-
and pursuit. A more detailed discussion of each pany command level to help execute indirect
type of offensive operation can be found in fire/close air support missions. The far target
Marine Corps Doctrinal Publication (MCDP) 1-0, location (FTL) on the tank enables the genera-
tion of a 10-digit grid, range, and direction up
Marine Corps Operations.
to 8 kilometers, making FST procedures far
more responsive and efficient.
Movement to Contact
 Reporting, bypassing, or breaching obstacles
A properly executed movement to contact allows using breaching tools organic to a tank unit.
the tank battalion commander to make initial con- The employment of the track-width mine plow
tact with minimum forces and to expedite the and tank blade gives the tank company an in-
employment and concentration of the force. A stride breaching capability.
tank battalion’s organic scout platoon provides
reconnaissance assets to gain and maintain con- Tank formations can be used for flank or rear
tact with enemy forces, allowing tank units time guard; however, within the combined arms team,
to deploy. A tank force conducting a movement a tank unit is best employed as a main body or
to contact normally organizes in an approach advance guard. A flank or rear guard mission will
march formation with advance, flank, and rear not fully utilize the decisive combat power of
guard elements protecting the main body. tank units. Due to their mobility, firepower, and
 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________
2-2 MCWP 3-12

shock effect, tank units are ideally suited to con- when he is not. The appearance of tanks attacking
duct an attack against main enemy forces and can cause the enemy commander to commit his
comprise the main body during the movement to reserve forces to counter the feint, leaving him no
contact. Elements from the main body may be reserves when the main body attacks him from a
deployed to eliminate small pockets of resistance different direction/place.
bypassed by the advance guard. Tanks possess
the ability to rapidly maneuver to destroy an The employment of a tank unit in a feint must be
enemy threat and reconstitute formations ori- heavily weighed against the combat power that is
ented on follow-on actions. After destruction or rendered unavailable to the main effort. The
defeat of the enemy, the armor and mobility employment of a tank unit in a demonstration must
inherent to tank units make them well suited for be weighed against the potential loss of combat
follow-on missions, such as exploitation, estab- power that could be applied to the main effort.
lishment of a hasty defense, or rapid formation of The protection afforded by the tank battalion will
a reserve force to prepare for counterattack. add significant combat power to the force. When
included, a tank unit can rapidly exploit any vul-
Attack nerability identified in enemy formations. Since a
An attack emphasizes maximum application of reconnaissance in force is conducted when
combat power coupled with bold maneuver, shock knowledge of the enemy is vague, combined
effect in the assault, and prompt exploitation of arms forces often employ tanks to ensure disen-
success. Tank units possess the ability to rapidly gagement of the force if superior enemy forces
concentrate a decisive force and quickly disen- are encountered.
gage, making them suitable for conducting spoil-
ing attacks. When using tank units during an Tanks can be employed on mechanized raids to
attack, commanders should consider the following: destroy enemy installations and facilities, disrupt
enemy command and control or support activi-
 Conducting a line of sight analysis to identify ties, divert enemy attention, and secure informa-
advantageous positions for tanks and other tion. The tank’s ability to engage targets at
weapon systems to support by fire. extended ranges with precision surprises enemy
 Planning for the resupply of fuel and ammuni- forces. Additionally, the mobility and speed pro-
tion expenditures. vided by the tank allows for rapid displacement
 Using infantry to support tanks whenever pos- once actions are complete.
sible to provide local security.
 Using the tank’s main gun to destroy enemy Exploitation
armor, light armor, and field fortifications. Tank units, down to the platoon level, are ideally
 Extending the maneuver space due to the suited for exploitation operations because of their
mobility of the tank. inherent speed, mobility, and shock action. Due
to their speed, mobility, and communications sys-
Tank units counterattack using two methods: fire tems, tank units can reorganize, reorient, and con-
or fire and maneuver. The intent of the counterat- tinue the attack on a reduced timeline.
tack by fire is to use weapon standoff from a posi-
tion of advantage to destroy the enemy by fire; Pursuit
whereas, the intent of the counterattack by fire and
maneuver is to close with and destroy the enemy. Pursuit requires broad decentralized control and
rapid movement; therefore, the speed and shock
Tanks are effective in confusing the enemy into effect of a tank unit greatly improves the impact
thinking he is being attacked by the main effort and effect of a pursuit. Direct pressure against the
 ______________________________________________________________________________
Marine Corps Tank Employment 2-3

retreating forces can be combined with an envel- Flanking Attack

oping or encircling maneuver to place troops A flanking attack is an offensive maneuver that
across the enemy’s lines of retreat. Tanks are usu- normally directs the main effort to the right or left
ally assigned as the enveloping or encircling flank of an enemy formation. This form of maneu-
force as they are less vulnerable to enemy coun- ver is generally conducted on a shallow axis. A
terattack, an important consideration in any type
tank unit can capitalize on ground mobility and
of pursuit. Tanks are suitable for providing a
speed to rapidly maneuver to the enemy flank.
direct pressure force due to their shock effect and
accurate, long-range direct fires. In armor tactics, an envelopment or flanking
attack normally requires a base fire element and a
Forms of Maneuver bounding element. As the maneuver element, the
tank provides mobility, survivability, and a stabi-
Maneuver is the employment of forces on the bat-
lized weapons platform in the attack, which
tlefield through movement in combination with
allows the placement of accurate fires from a sup-
fire (or fire potential) to achieve a position of
port by fire position.
advantage with respect to the enemy in order to
accomplish the mission. The basic forms of
maneuver are frontal attack, envelopment, flank- Penetration
ing attack, penetration, and infiltration. A penetration maneuver’s main effort over-
whelmingly concentrates superior combat power
Frontal Attack deep into a narrow front. Because tanks can
A frontal attack is an offensive maneuver in maneuver quickly and mass overwhelming fires,
which the main action is directed against the front they are well suited to perform this type of offen-
of the enemy force. It is the least desirable form sive maneuver. Historically, tank units have been
of maneuver for a tank unit because it attacks the called upon to conduct penetration operations and
enemy’s strength and does not take full advantage have done so with great success. A penetration
of a tank’s ability to maneuver. The advantages maximizes all of the tank’s offensive capabilities
of a tank unit conducting a frontal attack include and the ability of a tank battalion to conduct
the following: numerous simultaneous operations.

 Greater combat power than only infantry forces. Infiltration

 Inherent speed reduces exposure time to
Infiltrations normally take advantage of limited
enemy fire.
visibility, rough terrain, or unoccupied/unob-
 Vehicle armor reduces the effects of enemy
served areas. These conditions often allow unde-
direct/indirect fires.
tected movement of small elements when the
movement of the entire force would present
Envelopment greater risks. Infiltration routes must be reconnoi-
Envelopment is the most desirable form of tered to minimize the chance that the enemy can
maneuver for a tank unit because it has the re- observe or hear tank units moving; therefore, it is
quired ground mobility to rapidly bypass enemy difficult for tank units to perform infiltrations due
principal defensive positions and secure deep to noise, dust signatures, and the large number of
objectives, ultimately destroying the enemy’s vehicles usually found in mechanized units. With
cohesion. A tank unit conducting an envelopment proper preparation and planning, tank units can
possesses greater speed, which is necessary to sur- prove successful in adding combat power to an
prise the enemy from an unexpected direction. infiltration force.
 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________
2-4 MCWP 3-12

Deliberate Defense
Defensive Operations
Tank employment considerations for deliberate
and hasty defensive operations are as follows:
In area or mobile defense operations, tank units
are employed to take maximum advantage of  Tank units need to establish primary, alternate,
their inherent speed, mobility, armor-protected and supplemental battle positions.
firepower, and shock effect. Tank units are ide-  Engineer assets should be prioritized in order
ally suited to conducting spoiling attacks and to maximize survivability of the tank. Figure
counterattacks, thereby providing offensive 2-1 depicts the three types of defensive tank
action during a defensive battle (see app. D for positions—hull-defilade, turret-defilade, and
information on chemical, biological, radiologi- hide position—from most exposed to least
cal, and nuclear [CBRN] attacks). They also pro- exposed. The hide positions will take more
vide long-range, direct fire capability into time to dig than hull-defilade positions. The
engagement areas and have the capability to FST position should allow for maximum
engage both ground and limited air targets. observation of the unit’s sector of fire. The
Finally, the combination of tank units’ advanced FTL on the tank enables the generation of a
optics and communications are ideally suited to 10-digit grid, range, and direction up to 8 kilo-
control MAGTF fire support assets for all defen- meters, making FST procedures far more
sive operations. responsive and efficient.
 On board optics allow a tank to observe the
Types of Defensive Operations enemy and cover obstacles at extended ranges
and during limited visibility.
Tank units are employed in deliberate and hasty
defensive operations. Tank units are also used in
the reserve.

Turret-defilade
Hull-defilade Position
Position Hide Position

Berms attract attention. Dig down, not up.

Do not put spoil to the front, sides, or rear of the firing

position. Reduce spoil so that it blends into existing terrain.

Tie down all antennas and keep reflective surfaces covered.

Make sure the firing position has a covered exit route and a
covered route to the next firing position.

Construct overhead cover and add camouflage to create a

hide position if time and materials are available.

Figure 2-1. Correct Hull-defilade, Turret-defilade, and Hide Defensive Tank Positions.
 ______________________________________________________________________________
Marine Corps Tank Employment 2-5

Hasty Defense firepower while continuing to employ MAGTF

When employing a tank in a hasty defense, plan- fires. Such effects deliver an overwhelming phy-
ners must consider that a tank— sical and psychological impact on an advancing
enemy force.
 Has a limited ability to construct hasty surviv-
ability positions with the use of the tank blade. Robust Organic Sustainability
 Can conduct rapid resupply with organic CSS. Tank units’ internal organic support structure is
 Can provide armor-protected security while ideally suited to ensure continued armor support
other units prepare hasty positions. in defensive operations. Their robust organic
capability lends itself to self-sufficiency through
Planning Considerations armor-protected recovery assets, more secure
for Tanks in the Defense lines of communication, task organization of bat-
talion CSS, and the ability to transport and
A thorough understanding of the capabilities of deliver large quantities of fuel and ammunition.
the M1A1 and a METT-T and space and logis-
tics available analysis will aid in the employment Defensive Methods
of tanks in the defense. Some considerations for
such employment include tanks’ massed armor- Tank units can defend in sector, in a perimeter
protected firepower, maneuver, shock effect, and defense, in a linear defense, or from a strong-
robust organic sustainability. point. Regardless of the defensive mission, tanks
must carefully choose their positions to properly
Massed Armor-Protected Firepower engage the enemy using engagement areas to
defeat him.
Tank units are best employed where maximum
effective range and observation can be achieved.
Employment in open terrain and dispersed within Sector Defense
a larger unit’s battlespace while maintaining Considerations for assigning a tank unit to a sec-
internal mutual support maximizes the character- tor defense include the following:
istics of the tank.
 In open terrain, tanks are capable of defending
a larger sector due to enhanced communica-
Maneuver
tion, optics, and standoff capabilities.
Restricting a tank unit’s ability to move on the  Infantry units can be attached to enhance secu-
battlefield severely hinders the MAGTF com- rity, especially in restricted terrain.
mander’s ability to project combat power at  Lines of communication are less secure.
decisive points; therefore, planners must con-  The tank unit’s ability to control MAGTF fires
sider the ability of tank units to move between for the supported commander is degraded.
various battle positions or rapidly transition to
offensive operations.
Perimeter and Linear Defense

Shock Effect Considerations for assigning a tank unit to a

perimeter or linear defense are its—
Tank units begin to produce shock effect through
the effective command and control of MAGTF  Ability to mutually support and observe at
fires prior to direct fire action. As the defensive extended ranges.
fight progresses, shock effect is enhanced as the  Ability to concentrate direct and indirect fires
tank unit unleashes massed armor-protected into the engagement area.
 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________
2-6 MCWP 3-12

Strongpoint Defense unit is well suited to support a withdrawal. The

Considerations for assigning a tank unit to a inherent mobility of a tank unit, coupled with
strongpoint are— armor-protected precision fires and an armor-pro-
tected FST, provides the supported commander
 Integration of infantry. the ability to trade space for time.
 Extensive engineer assets required.
 Significant CSS requirement. Reserve in Support of Defensive Operations
A tank unit’s maneuverability, speed, and fire-
Other Tactical Operations in the Defense power enable it to be employed as a defensive
reserve. It can rapidly maneuver to reinforce a
Tank units are capable of conducting other defensive line and conduct spoiling attacks and
tactical operations, including relief in place, counterattacks. Considerations for the employ-
screen, withdraw, or reserve in support of ment of tank units as the reserve are—
defensive operations. The planning consider-
ations for each operation are discussed in the  Reduced forward projected combat power.
following sub-paragraphs.  Requirement for multiple routes to reinforce
forward units.
Relief in Place  Time-distance relationship between the re-
The following are tank unit planning consider- serve’s hide position and decisive points.
ations for conducting a relief in place:  Preplanned resupply point.

 Additional engineer assets will be required to

construct fighting positions. Stability Operations
 Tank liaison officer will be provided, if avail-
able. Stability operations focus on deterring war,
 Attached units may be required to augment resolving conflict, promoting peace, and support-
security support. ing civil authorities in response to crises. Tanks
 Time and space requirements must be identi- are employed in both offensive and defensive
fied prior to the passage of lines for rearm and missions during stability operations. Task-orga-
refuel. nized as part of a MAGTF, Marine tank units
may be called upon to support a wide range of
Screen operations in various political and geographical
A screen force maintains surveillance for its main environments. Because of the large number of
body forces. Although not preferred, tank units resources necessary to deploy, operate, and sus-
can conduct screen missions. The tank battalion tain them, tank units are usually used to execute
has the organic capability to conduct screens with stability operations activities that take maximum
the antitank platoon. The preferred method to advantage of their inherent capabilities.
employ the tank company/platoon in a screen is
Disciplined, well-trained, combat-ready command-
to attach external infantry support.
ers and crewmen can adapt to the specialized
demands of stability operations when supported
Withdraw with a detailed ROE, a strong relationship with the
A withdrawal is an operation in which a unit in supported unit commander, and an understanding
contact disengages from an enemy force in order of the role of host nation security forces. Flexibil-
to prepare for a follow-on mission. With extended ity and situational awareness are paramount
observation and engagement capabilities, a tank requirements, especially for unit commanders.
 ______________________________________________________________________________
Marine Corps Tank Employment 2-7

Tank units involved in stability operations tank allow it to be employed in a number of stabil-
emphasize their psychological effects more than ity operations missions that provide the com-
the offensive capabilities of the tank. Tanks can mander with options that may minimize risk to
be viewed as a positive symbol of power and personnel, equipment, and supplies.
political resolve, but they can also be viewed neg-
atively if not carefully employed. Force protection training should include opera-
tional security, physical security, and personal
Note: In the following discussion of stabili- security measures to protect tanks and their
ty operations, the term environment refers crews. Tanks can be viewed by the enemy as
to the cultural, political, and military con- powerful symbolic targets if they are able to
text in which these operations take place as destroy/injure them. Commanders must protect
well as to the terrain and weather of the armored vehicles and secure locations for eating,
area of operation. resting, and conducting maintenance, while pro-
Considerations for using tanks in stability opera- viding adequate force protection measures.
tions include the following:
Public Affairs and the Media
 Steady state environment produced by stabil-
ity operations requires continuous mainte- In many stability operations environments, the
nance and resupply of tank units in order to local populace may view the presence of tank
maximize their unique capabilities. units as a highly visible and potentially intimidat-
 The nature of the mission may limit or restrict ing military presence; therefore, the employment
the use of the full range of the tank’s full of tanks implies a commitment and demonstration
offensive capabilities. of American resolve in the respective crisis and
 Identification of hostile parties will be more often draws media attention. Consequently, the
difficult, making security of tanks more diffi- tank crew’s actions may be highly visible, scruti-
cult. For example, the enemy may conceal anti- nized, and questioned by the media (see Marine
tank weapons in large crowds. Corps Warfighting Publication [MCWP] 3-33.3,
Marine Corps Public Affairs, for specific informa-
 Tanks and other military assets will be used
tion to deal with the media).
routinely to support noncombat functions,
such as the protection of civilian food and
fuel convoys.
Counterinsurgency Operations
 The ability of tank units to detect mines/impro-
vised explosive devices is limited, but can be
enhanced with external support. Tank units involved in counterinsurgency opera-
 Tanks can provide mobility/countermobility tions have roles similar to those involved in other
support through the use of the track width stability operations. The application of stability
mine plow or tank blade within the urban operations considerations is the responsibility of
environment. the supported commander to enhance his overall
 Tank presence can often diffuse and deter counterinsurgency effort.
enemy engagements and actions.
Noncombatant Evacuation Operations
Force Protection
Force protection is a primary responsibility for The tank unit in stability operations can be used in
every commander involved in stability operations. a noncombatant evacuation operation scenario as
The armor-protected firepower and mobility of the an element of a security force or reaction force.
 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________
2-8 MCWP 3-12

Security To help tank units conduct security operations,

aviation assets work in concert with ground secu-
The tank unit can establish a battle position or rity forces to facilitate rapid mission execution.
conduct a relief in place of a battle position as Aviation assets can alert tanks of the approach-
part of a MAGTF perimeter or strongpoint de- ing enemy and they may also help wear down the
fense (see chap. 2). Dismounted infantry may or enemy forces before engagement with ground
may not be integrated with the tank unit. Coordi- security forces.
nation with dismounted patrols and observation
posts outside the perimeter is critical for situa- Tank units conducting security operations must
tional awareness (see chap. 3). In restricted ter- also consider that the enemy may have assets that
rain, commanders must understand that, with are employed to detect them. Before the security
each application of a tank in a static position, the mission, planners should determine the enemy’s
danger and vulnerabilities of that tank are maxi- ability to employ its air, intelligence, surveil-
mized. A team of four Marines is optimum to lance, and reconnaissance assets; likely enemy
provide security for a tank in a defensive or over- locations/routes; enemy surveillance devices;
watch position. The tank commander should be indirect fire capabilities; and both mounted and
responsible for the team and their emplacement. dismounted antitank platform capabilities.
In open terrain, such a team may not be required. There are three types of security operations:
cover, guard, and screen. Screen was discussed
Evacuation Route Clearance
previously in this chapter. Tank units can be a
Based on METT-T factors, the tank unit may pro- supporting element to a larger force serving a
vide overwatch for the route clearance team. If covering force, but this mission is beyond the
mines and/or improvised explosive devices are scope of a tank battalion’s capabilities. A tank
detected, the tank unit may conduct hasty breach unit is, however, well suited to meet the require-
operations or bypass within its capability. When- ments of a guard force due to its capabilities as
ever possible, the unit should be equipped with a discussed in chapter 1.
track width mine plow or tank blade (see app. E).
Reconnaissance by Fire
Reconnaissance by fire can be accomplished with
Other Tactical Operations the tank weapons or by indirect fires. For exam-
ple, if the unit is operating in restricted terrain, it
Tank units can be tasked with conducting tactical may prove necessary to reconnoiter a wood line or
operations that are not specific to offensive or choke point by fire with machine gun fire (.50 cali-
defensive missions, including security operations, ber or coaxial) to help identify potentially hidden
river crossings, and forming an assembly area. vehicles and/or disrupt an enemy ambush patrol.

Security Operations River Crossing

When tanks are employed as a security force, The purpose of a river crossing, whether in the
they are usually augmented with other forces that offensive or in a retrograde operation, is to proj-
help provide intelligence and quick analysis to ect combat power across a water obstacle in
develop the situation as quickly as possible once order to accomplish a mission. River crossings
contact is made. Tank units usually focus on ave- require specific procedures for success because
nues of approach large enough for enemy mecha- the water obstacle prevents normal ground
nized units to use. Enemy mechanized units pose maneuver. A thorough ground supportability
the largest threat to a mechanized main force. assessment should be completed. Though the
 ______________________________________________________________________________
Marine Corps Tank Employment 2-9

armored vehicle-launched bridge (AVLB) will Convoy Security Operations

no longer be part of the tank battalion’s table of
equipment, the battalion can provide long range Because of the tank’s mobility, firepower, and
direct precision fire support to the GCE during armor protection, tank units can provide convoy
river crossing operations. security and close-in protection from direct fire to
convoys while they are on the move. Depending
Note: The AVLB resides within the combat on a variety of factors, such as the size of the con-
engineer battalion. voy, escort assets available, and METT-T, convoy
escort missions are normally conducted by Marine
Passage of Lines tank units at the platoon level, either indepen-
Tank unit planning considerations for conducting dently or as part of a larger unit’s convoy security
a passage of lines are that they require— mission. (See Marine Corps Reference Publica-
tion 4-11.3F, Convoy Operations Handbook, for
 The identification of multiple routes that will detailed tactics, techniques, and procedures.)
support tanks and other heavy equipment.
 The identification of enemy antitank threats. Cordon and Search
 Time and space for rearm and refuel prior to
the passage of lines. Tank units can be employed with infantry to con-
duct a cordon and search mission. During the cor-
don and search, the tank unit normally occupies
Tactical Road March
overwatch/hasty defensive positions to isolate a
Tank unit planning considerations for conducting search area. Close coordination and communica-
a tactical road march are that— tion with the dismounted elements conducting the
search is critical. Dismounted forces are also
 Tank units will conduct scheduled short halts employed in observation posts and patrols to
to conduct preventive maintenance checks and maintain surveillance of dead space and gaps in
services. the cordoned area.
 Tank units need additional refuel points
throughout the route. Control Points
 Forward reconnaissance is required to identify
bridging load-bearing class, fording sites, obsta- A tank unit can overwatch an infantry or military
cles, classification of roads, condition of terrain police traffic control point/hasty vehicle control
on flanks of routes, and railroad crossings. point. The overwatch element must ensure it
coordinates with the supported units for local
Assembly Area security of the tanks.

Tank unit planning considerations for conducting Reaction Force

assembly area operations are—
Tank units can be employed as an element of the
 Identifying semi-level terrain due to mainte- MAGTF reaction force—sometimes referred to
nance for tracked and wheeled assets, conduct- as the quick reaction force—in support of stabil-
ing resupply, and adequate fields of fire. ity operations. As discussed in chapter 3, integra-
 Finding adequate space to allow dispersion, tion of tanks and infantry optimizes a tank unit’s
which is approximately a 3-kilometer diameter assignment to this mission.
for a tank battalion with all organic assets.
2-10 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 3-12

This Page Intentionally Left Blank

 CHAPTER 3
EMPLOYMENT WITH INFANTRY
When infantry and tanks move together, the units by reducing the speed, mobility, and
infantry moves either dismounted or mounted. firepower advantages of the tank. In such terrain,
This chapter examines how a tank unit is it is necessary for tanks to work closely with
employed to support the advance of infantry. dismounted infantry.
Marine tank units rarely fight alone. Typically,
they are part of a MAGTF and are task-orga-
Task Organization
nized with other MAGTF elements to achieve a
combined arms effect. Combined arms integrate
the effects of infantry, tank, artillery, and aviation The Marine Corps does not maintain permanent,
to achieve the greatest possible effect against the mechanized infantry units; instead, it maintains
enemy. The strengths of various arms comple- well-trained, general-purpose infantry units that
ment and offset each other, while the weaknesses are capable of task-organizing to execute vari-
and vulnerabilities of each arm are protected and ous ground combat missions. In Marine mecha-
offset by the capabilities of the others. nized operations, mechanized infantry refers to a
task-organized force of Marine infantry mounted
Mechanized operations are tactical operations in AAVs.
designed to maximize the ground mobility, pro-
Note: Outside the Marine Corps, mecha-
tection, shock action, and firepower of combat
nized operations used in conjunction with
vehicles in order to concentrate combat power
infantry (friendly or enemy) operations tra-
rapidly against the enemy. Combat power is gen- ditionally refer to the personnel riding in an
erated by the massed employment of tanks and by armored personnel carrier or infantry fight-
enhancing the mobility of infantry through the ing vehicle that is organic to infantry units.
use of AAVs and other ground mobility means.
A Marine mechanized force is a task-organized,
Unrestricted terrain, such as flat countryside, des- ground combat force of combined arms. It is built
ert, or plains, is conducive to the conduct of around an infantry or tank unit and reinforced
mechanized operations that are characterized by with substantial assault amphibian assets. A
the employment of massed armor formations. In Marine mechanized force is normally supported
such terrain, infantry supports the forward move- by air, artillery, light armor, antitank, engineer,
ment of the tank units by providing local security, reconnaissance, motor transport, combat support,
retaining key terrain, clearing dug-in enemy posi- and CSS units.
tions, and enhancing direct fires with organic
small arms and antitank fires. Commanders at every level of command deter-
mine the best organization for combat, typically
Restrictive terrain, such as urban areas, forests, by cross-attaching units. Cross-attachment is the
or jungles, increases the vulnerability of tank temporary exchange of subordinate units with
 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________
3-2 MCWP 3-12

other units. For example, a tank battalion organized into tank-heavy, mechanized-heavy,
detaches a tank company that is subsequently and balanced teams.
attached to an infantry battalion mechanized in
AAVs. The infantry battalion mechanized in The tank company is normally the smallest task-
AAVs detaches a company to the tank battalion organized mechanized element. The tank platoon
to create two battalion-sized task forces. Mecha- is normally the smallest unit that is attached/
nized forces are task-organized into mechanized detached. When tanks are task-organized at the
task forces at the regimental and battalion levels company team level, logistic support is normally
and company teams at the company level. obtained from the infantry battalion S-4. If the
platoon’s parent company is in the vicinity, it
Note: The supporting unit will receive its may be able to coordinate some assistance
logistic/operational support from the unit it through the parent unit. Habitual assignment is
is supporting, which will require coor- the routine task organization of one unit to
dination with the parent battalions prior to
another. Although it may not always be practical,
cross-attaching.
it is highly desirable for the following reasons:
Mechanized Task Force  Attached units become familiar with the stand-
ing operating procedures (SOPs) of the units to
Mechanized task forces are organized as follows:
which they are attached.
 A tank-heavy force has more subordinate tanks  Teamwork is built between units, which is key
than infantry units. The headquarters of a tank- to achieving unity of effort.
heavy task force is usually that of a tank  Unit commanders joining an attached unit
battalion. become familiar with unit capabilities.
 A mechanized-heavy force has more subordi-
nate infantry units mounted in tracked vehicles
than subordinate tank units. The headquarters Coordination
of a mechanized-heavy task force is usually
that of an infantry battalion or regiment.
 A balanced task force is organized with an Mechanized operations demand effective coordi-
equal number of subordinate tank and infantry nation between the tank unit and the infantry unit
units. The headquarters for a balanced task it is supporting. Plans should maximize use of a
force can be either that of a tank battalion or tank’s lethal firepower, enhanced target acquisi-
infantry battalion/regiment. tion (including thermal sights), and effective
armor protection capabilities. Planners should
Company Team also consider the logistic requirements of the tank
unit. In addition to understanding a tank’s capa-
A company team is organized by the cross-attach- bilities and limitations, the tank unit leader must
ment of one or more tank platoons and/or also understand the disparate capabilities of the
mounted or dismounted infantry platoons. Based mechanized force. For example, infantry mounted
on METT-T, an infantry or tank battalion com- in AAVs have less firepower and armor protec-
mander who is receiving tank or mechanized tion and normally move slower over certain types
infantry companies may increase the effective- of terrain than tanks do. Another specific exam-
ness of his units by forming company teams. ple is that sabot ammunition cannot be fired over
Teams are formed by cross-attaching tank pla- the heads or flanks of unprotected infantry
toons and mechanized infantry platoons and are because of the danger created by the discarding
 ______________________________________________________________________________
Marine Corps Tank Employment 3-3

sabot petals and the concussion of the main gun Though METT-T and space and logistics avail-
(see app. A for M1A1 vehicle capabilities). able will ultimately drive the employment
method, both methods provide the commander
with the ability to take advantage of different
Mutual Support platform capabilities during the attack.

Tanks and Mechanized

To best exploit the mechanized force’s offensive Infantry Attack Together
capabilities, tanks and mechanized infantry must
work together in pursuit of a common goal. Each This method of attack allows tanks and mecha-
element of the mechanized force provides a nized infantry to advance together within mutu-
degree of mutual support to the other element. ally supporting distances of each other, with
Tanks support mechanized infantry by— tanks normally leading the formation. Ideally, the
infantry remains mounted in AAVs to close with
 Providing mobile armor-protected firepower. the enemy. The advantages of tanks and infantry
 Destroying hostile weapons by fire and maneu- attacking together are that they—
ver.
 Clearing paths for dismounted infantry through  Exploit the complete mobility, speed, armor-
obstacles. protected firepower, and shock action of the
 Destroying fortified positions with direct fire. mechanized force.
 Supporting dismounted infantry by direct fire.  Reduce enemy reaction time.
 Assisting in the consolidation of the objective.  Disorganize the enemy’s defense, since its
 Breaching structures by dynamic or mechanical positions have been breached before the
breaching. infantry dismounts.
 Conserve the energy of the mechanized infan-
try since they are carried by AAVs to dismount
Mechanized infantry assists tanks and AAVs by—
points short of, on, or behind the objective.
 Clearing the objective.  Reduce the amount of time that the infantry is
 Breaching or removing antiarmor obstacles. exposed to enemy fires.
 Designating targets for tanks and AAVs.
 Protecting tanks and AAVs from enemy infan- The disadvantages of tanks and infantry attack-
try and antiarmor weapons. ing together are that—
 Clearing bridges and fording areas.  AAVs with light armor protection are vulnera-
 Clearing restrictive terrain. ble to antiarmor weapons and may be
 Conducting dismounted security patrols. destroyed if employed like a tank. Such armor
can protect against hand grenades, shell frag-
ments, and some small-arms fire; however,
Employment Methods even when enhanced appliqué armor kits are
installed, the AAV is vulnerable to the fires of
There are two general methods to employ tanks tank and antitank guns, antitank guided mis-
and mechanized infantry in an attack: siles, and rockets.
 The entire mechanized force can become vul-
 Tanks and mechanized infantry, either mounted nerable to enemy fires if obstacles are not
in AAVs or dismounted, attack together. breached quickly or bypassed.
 The tanks and AAVs support by fire only.  There is an increased risk of friendly fire.
 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________
3-4 MCWP 3-12

Tanks and Amphibious element(s) must be maintained throughout the

Assault Vehicle Support by Fire attack.
 Radio communications, prearranged visual sig-
Using tanks and AAVs in a support by fire role nals (such as pyrotechnic), and/or messengers
maximizes the long-range direct fire capabilities are used by the infantry to designate targets
of these platforms to fix, suppress, or destroy the and coordinate supporting fires.
enemy on the objective in support of the dis-  AAVs, tanks, and other available direct fire
mounted maneuver element. The following are support assets normally displace forward to
examples of situations in which the infantry new support by fire positions as they become
should plan to dismount from the AAVs and use available.
the tanks and AAVs support by fire method:  Due to the high ammunition capacity inherent
 When obstacles prevent mounted movement in these platforms, a sustained, heavy volume
and cannot be quickly breached or bypassed. of fires helps the dismounted infantry maintain
the momentum of the attack. Suppressive fire
 When enemy antiarmor capability poses signif-
helps compensate for the infantry’s lack of
icant threat to both tanks and AAVs.
armor protection and decreased mobility.
 When terrain canalizes mounted movement
Long-range accurate fires are employed against
into likely enemy ambush sites and minefields,
enemy vehicles, protected antitank guns and
such as close terrain (urban or woodland) and
antitank guided missiles, and other priority
restrictive terrain (defiles).
hard targets.
 Ideally, the support by fire element supports
Key considerations are— from covered and concealed positions. Units
 Prior planning should be completed to ensure comprising the support by fire element should
communications can be maintained between regularly reposition themselves to avoid pre-
the support by fire element(s) and dismounted senting the enemy with easily acquired station-
infantry during the attack. For example, com- ary targets. The stabilized weapons platform
manders should consider prepositioned retrans- offered by the tank allows it to continually pro-
mission sites and preplanned radio relay vide supporting fires when repositioning the
procedures that can overcome a potential loss support by fire position.
of communications during the attack.  Dismounted infantry advances on a route that
 The scheme of maneuver and fire support plan provides cover and concealment and prevents
(direct fire, indirect fire, and aviation-delivered or minimizes masking of the fires of the sup-
fires) are developed concurrently and under- port by fire element. If available, engineers
stood by all elements of the mechanized force. accompany the dismounted infantry to breach
Fires are primarily used to engage targets on obstacles and destroy fortified positions.
the objective. Fires are also planned to isolate
the objective by engaging targets on adjacent A disadvantage of the tanks and AAVs support by
positions or likely enemy avenues of approach. fire only method is that the infantry loses the
Illumination and obscuration fires are planned, mobility, shock effect, and close support of the
regardless of the mechanized force’s intent to tanks and AAVs. The infantry is unsupported on
employ these fires in the attack. the objective when tanks and AAVs shift or cease
 Positive control of supporting fires between fires. Also, tanks and AAVs are not initially avail-
the dismounted infantry and support by fire able on the objective to cover the consolidation.
 ______________________________________________________________________________
Marine Corps Tank Employment 3-5

 Rapid dismount and good vehicle dispersion

Maneuver Considerations reduces the mechanized force’s vulnerability to
enemy fires.
The critical decision of whether the infantry  Dismount points may be short of the objective,
attacks mounted or dismounted is based on the on the objective, or after passing through the
following considerations: objective.
 Tanks lead and infantry is mounted when— Note: The decision to dismount must be
 Enemy antiarmor fires can be effectively by-
made prior to committing the force to the fi-
passed or suppressed by fire. nal assault.
 Terrain is relatively open or manmade and
Dismount Short of the Objective
natural obstacles can be easily overcome.
 Terrain and weather afford good trafficabili- Tactical conditions may require seeking a dis-
ty and visibility. mount point short of the objective. Infantry dis-
 Infantry leads dismounted when— mounted short of the objective is usually not
 Terrain and vegetation are restrictive. For within range of small arms and handheld antiarmor
example, when terrain and vegetation cana- weapons. Ideally, the dismount point should be
lizes movement into likely enemy ambush located on easily recognizable terrain that pro-
sites and minefields, such as urban areas and vides cover from enemy direct fires. Consider-
woodland terrain. ations regarding tanks when the infantry dismounts
 Visibility is limited. short of the objective include the following—
 Antiarmor fire cannot be bypassed or sup-
 Control can be established in the dismount
pressed by fire.
point.
 Significant obstacles or fortified positions

are encountered that may prevent mounted  Organic and supporting fires can suppress the
movement and cannot be bypassed. enemy while the infantry is dismounting.
 Longer suppression is required.

Dismounting Dismount on the Objective

Dismount on the objective is a technique used
Ideally, the infantry is dismounted after forward when the mechanized force has achieved surprise
defensive positions have been breached and fire or when the enemy’s antiarmor defense is weak.
superiority has been achieved. The following are Considerations regarding tanks when the infantry
some dismount point considerations: dismounts on the objective include the following:
 When the infantry dismounts, personnel must  Supporting fires can continue while the mecha-
update the tank units on the new location. nized force approaches its objective, since
 The dismount point should provide good cover mounted infantry has greater protection against
and concealment, yet be as near to the objec- shell fragments and other small projectiles.
tive as possible to reduce the amount of time  AAVs are vulnerable to short-range antiarmor
that the dismounted infantry is exposed to fires weapons.
while closing with the enemy.  Tanks are able to close on the objective with
advancing infantry.
 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________
3-6 MCWP 3-12

Dismount After Passing Through the Objective AAVs are normally positioned on terrain that
provides cover and concealment and permits the
Dismounting after passing through the objective vehicles to overwatch the infantry in the event
is employed when a mounted attack is more of enemy counterattack. If possible, tanks and
effective. The capabilities of the enemy antiar- AAVs are placed in hull-down positions.
mor defense dictate whether this method is feasi-  All elements of the mechanized force establish
ble. Considerations regarding tanks when the local security and mutual support between units.
infantry dismounts through the objective include
 The dismounted infantry eliminates any
the following:
remaining pockets of enemy resistance and
 Shock effect on the enemy caused by a mecha- secures prisoners of war. Dismounted infantry
nized force moving through its position is normally designates targets for the overwatch-
likely to be considerable. ing vehicles and uses organic and supporting
 The objective is more rapidly isolated from fires to destroy any enemy resistance.
supporting reinforcement.  After consolidation, the infantry either
 The abilities of the tanks and AAVs to provide remounts the AAVs to continue the attack or
supporting fires are limited. sets up a hasty or deliberate defense.

Consolidation and Reorganization Transporting Infantry

The mechanized force consolidates and reorga- On very rare occasions, the platoon commander
nizes as soon as it takes the objective, so the force may be required to transport infantrymen on tanks,
can either repel a counterattack or continue the which occurs only when contact is not expected. If
attack. The mechanized force consolidates the the platoon is moving as part of a larger force and
objective in the following ways: is tasked to provide security, the lead section or
element should not carry infantry. Infantry small
 Tanks and AAVs are positioned in hasty
unit leader should consult the tank commander on
defense and assigned sectors of fire while anti-
troop positioning on tank (see fig. 3-1).
armor weapons are being positioned. Tanks and

M203 Grenadier

Platoon Leader Rifleman

Rifleman
Rifleman
Rifleman
SAW

Team Leader M203 Grenadier

Figure 3-1. Notional Positions for Infantry Riding on a Tank.

 CHAPTER 4
TACTICAL LOGISTICS
During operations and training, tank units typi- Combat Trains
cally consume tremendous amounts of resources;
therefore, it is imperative that thorough logistic Combat trains are organic elements that provide
planning be conducted in order to sustain them. critical CSS in forward areas and are tailored for
The tank battalion is capable of self-administra- the tactical situation. They normally contain petro-
tion, organic supply support, food service sup- leum, oils, and lubricants; ammunition and other
port, and medical services that provide routine ordnance items; maintenance contact teams with
and emergency medical care. The battalion has recovery and limited repair capability; and medi-
significant, organic logistic capabilities for short- cal support, to include the battalion aid station.
term self-sufficiency, but it requires extensive
CSS—especially fuel and ammunition—for sus- Field Trains
tained operations with a MAGTF.
Field trains consist of the remaining organic and
attached CSS elements that are located farther to
the rear and provide the logistic link between
Trains
the battalion combat trains and higher MAGTF
CSS units.
A train is a means of internally task-organizing
and employing the organic CSS assets of the tac-
tical unit. To increase responsiveness of CSS Organic Capabilities
assets, the tank battalion will often task-organize
and echelon its CSS assets into company trains,
combat trains, and field trains. Task organization The nature of mechanized warfare demands that
tank units maintain some self-sufficiency. In
of the trains provides immediate responsive sup-
order to maximize the tank unit’s organic logistic
port, flexibility in usage, and an increase in the
capabilities, the unit must identify critical re-
survivability of assets. The S-4 ensures control
quirements, enhance its organic logistics through
and mission assignment throughout the battalion
other sources when possible, and ensure its logis-
trains. The company tank leader serves as the
tics are safeguarded.
tank company’s primary logistic coordinator. He
also maintains control and directs the operation of Identify Critical Requirements
company trains.
Due to the high tempo and uncertainty associated
Company Trains with armored warfare, the Class IX (repair parts)
block items should be reviewed by the tank unit
Company trains are task organized from the field commander or his representative to identify any
trains to ensure Class I, III, and V items are pro- combat deadlining components that may be over-
vided to the tank company. In addition to com- looked. Many logistic requirements cannot be pre-
pany trains, the company has an organic dicted with satisfactory accuracy and, although
maintenance section with tank retrievers that re- high-use repair items can be identified and stock-
mains in the support of the company at all times. piled prior to a deliberate operation, the logistics
 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________
4-2 MCWP 3-12

combat element of the MAGTF should build and but not carried by the maneuver forces should be
maintain a Class IX repair parts block based on packaged for rapid resupply.
empirical data and the unique historical knowl-
edge retained by a tank battalion’s CSS elements.
Resupply Operations
Safeguard Resources
In order to ensure continued operation of a tank The robust organic logistic capabilities of a tank
unit, the trains have the following requirements: battalion allow the battalion to conduct all three
methods of resupply. The situation dictates when
 Echelon to provide logistic responsiveness. and how to resupply.
 Plan resupply routes and consider time and dis-
tance of travel in order to support responsive Resupply Methods
resupply.
 Plan resupply, unit maintenance collection, and The Marine tank unit uses three methods while
ambulance exchange points to ensure timeli- conducting supply operations—prepositioning,
ness and responsiveness. routine resupply, and emergency resupply. The
method used is determined after an analysis of
METT-T factors.
External Support
Prepositioning
Because tanks require such a large degree of Prepositioning of supplies may be required in
logistics, they will usually have to coordinate some defensive operations. Normally, only
with Marine Corps and other US and coalition Class V items are prepositioned, but Class I and
forces if operations are lengthy. To ensure that Class III supplies may be included. The loca-
tank logistic operations are carried out correctly tion and number of prepositioned assets must be
with these forces, requirements must be priori- carefully planned and then verified through
tized, resupply must be responsive, and key per- reconnaissance and rehearsals. Each tank com-
sonnel should be collocated. Prior coordination mander must be informed of prepositioning
between the supporting and supported units for locations. The following considerations influ-
all logistic requirements will best ensure contin- ence the selection of prepositioned sites and
ued armored support is provided to the MAGTF. execution of the resupply operation:
Prioritize Requirements  Availability of overhead cover for the prestock
location.
Resupply requests must be prioritized. The estab-  Cover and concealment of the location and
lishment of priorities and the allocation of routes used by vehicles.
resources in accordance with those priorities is a
 Security procedures required to safeguard the
function of command, not logistics. The priori-
resupply operation.
ties are determined by the commander.
 Procedures for protecting friendly personnel
Respond Rapidly and vehicles in the event prestocked ammuni-
tion is ignited.
Anticipated future resupply that is not identified
as preplanned support must be prepared for There are several techniques for accomplishing
immediate shipment. Resupply items identified prepositioned resupply in the defense. Normally,
 ______________________________________________________________________________
Marine Corps Tank Employment 4-3

Class V is positioned next to or within a vehi-  Individual vehicles or sections disengage and
cle’s fighting position, enabling the tank crew to move to a resupply point, obtain their supplies,
resupply during an engagement without displac- and then return to the fight. This process is a
ing. Another technique is to locate Class V sup- version of the service station technique.
plies en route to or within a subsequent battle
position. This method requires security proce- Resupply Techniques
dures to safeguard the prepositioned assets.
Resupply of Class III items (specifically fuel) is The tactical situation dictates which technique of
usually accomplished behind a unit’s current bat- resupply the tank unit will use: tailgate resupply,
tle position or en route to a subsequent battle service station resupply, or combination resupply.
position. In the defense, the tank unit may rotate
vehicles or sections through prestock positions Tailgate Resupply
based on the enemy situation and shortages
When using the tailgate technique, the tank leader
within the unit.
or his assistant bring fuel and ammunition to indi-
vidual tanks (see fig. 4-1 on page 4-4). This tech-
Routine Resupply
nique is used when routes leading to vehicle
Routine resupply operations include regular positions are available and the unit is not under
resupply of items in Classes I, III, V, and IX and direct enemy observation and fire. It is time-con-
of any other items requested by the tank unit. suming, but it is useful in maintaining stealth dur-
Routine resupply is planned at the battalion level ing defensive missions because tanks do not have
and occurs whenever possible. The company to move.
logistic package is a mixture of company and bat-
talion assets that transport supplies to the com-
Service Station Resupply
pany. Logistic packages are normally assembled
in the battalion field trains area under the supervi- The service station technique requires tanks to
sion of the S-4 and the tank company com- move to a centrally located point for rearming
mander or their designated representatives. and refueling, either by section or as an entire
platoon (see fig. 4-2 on page 4-5). Service station
Emergency Resupply resupply is inherently faster than tailgate resupply
Emergency resupply, normally involving because vehicles must move and concentrate;
Classes III and V items, is executed when the however, it can create security problems. During
tank unit has such an urgent need for resupply defensive missions, the platoon must be careful
that it cannot wait for the routine logistic pack- not to compromise the location of fighting posi-
age. Emergency resupply procedures start with tions. A company being resupplied using this
immediate redistribution of ammunition in indi- technique can maintain security by having only
vidual vehicles and are followed by cross-level- one platoon move at a time; a platoon can do the
ing of ammunition. Once requested through the same by moving one section at a time to the
commander, executive officer, or tank leader, resupply point.
the battalion brings emergency supplies for-
ward. The tank unit may have to conduct resup- Combination Resupply
ply while in contact with the enemy. To resupply
A platoon commander can use the two basic tech-
the unit in contact—
niques in combination. For example, during a
 Limited supplies are brought forward to the defensive mission, a platoon commander may use
closest concealed position, where the tailgate the tailgate technique for a mounted forward
technique of resupply is used. observation post and the service station method
 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________
4-4 MCWP 3-12

for the remainder of the platoon located in hide point. The robust organic maintenance and recov-
positions (see fig. 4-3 on page 4-6). ery capability of a tank battalion includes—
 Heavy equipment recovery and maintenance
(both tracked and wheeled).
Maintenance Operations
 Engineer equipment maintenance and limited
repair.
Tank units recover and repair damaged assets as  Ordnance and optics maintenance and repair.
far forward as possible. If equipment cannot be  Tactical communications maintenance and
repaired onsite within two hours (METT-T depen- repair.
dent), it is moved to a unit maintenance collection

2nd Platoon
1st Platoon Mechanized
Platoon

LOGPAC from LRP

led by Tank Leader
Back To LRP

Legend
LOGPAC logistics package
LRP logistics resupply point

Figure 4-1. Tailgate Resupply Technique.

 ______________________________________________________________________________
Marine Corps Tank Employment 4-5

Maintenance
Inspection Holding Area
Mortuary Area
Affairs Medic M88
EPW
Holding
Area Tank Leader

Supply
Truck Maintenance
Area

Fuel Fuel

Ammunition Truck

Ammunition Truck

Legend
EPW enemy prisoner of war

Figure 4-2. Service Station Resupply Technique.

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________
4-6 MCWP 3-12

Mounted OP

Tree line

Tailgate to Forward Mounted OP

Platoon Hide
Position

Service
Station

LOGPAC led by
Tank Leader Back To LRP

Legend
LOGPAC logistics package
LRP logistics resupply point
OP observation post

Figure 4-3. Example Combination of Resupply Technique.

 CHAPTER 5
AMPHIBIOUS OPERATIONS
There are four types of amphibious operations, created. During embarkation planning, it is
each designed to have a specific impact on the determined whether tanks will be preboated prior
adversary: amphibious assault, raid, demonstra- to completing the embarkation plan. Final
tion, and withdrawal. Planning for the employ- embarkation plans are developed after studying
ment of tanks during the four types of amphibious the assigned ships’ characteristics pamphlets and
operations differs little from planning for tank directly communicating with the ships’ officers. If
operations ashore. The operation plan provides required, time and space onboard each ship must
basic information for a buildup of tanks ashore be allotted in order to prepare for the mounting of
and their initial employment as well as the logistic fording and other mission-specific equipment.
support necessary in combat operations ashore.
Amphibious planning for tanks is conducted Landing Plan
concurrently and in coordination with the planning
When subordinate units of the tank battalion are
of other units of the landing force.
attached to infantry units, their plan for landing is
reflected in the landing document of the units
they are supporting.
Planning Considerations
Note: Tank units do not conduct stern gate
Tank unit representation needs to be integrated marry transfer.
with the planning process for all warfighting func-
tions. The MAGTF planners should consider the Intelligence Requirements
following points pertaining to tank employment: The timely and continuous receipt of intelligence
 Mission and concept of operations of the land- is critical to the employment of tanks. Intelli-
ing force. gence for the employment of tanks during an
amphibious operation should focus on what and
 Enemy situation, particularly the enemy anti-
where enemy antitank systems could be em-
tank defenses.
ployed and the enemy’s most likely course of
 Terrain, weather, and beach conditions. action to stop tanks from coming ashore and
 Shipping and landing craft availability. moving inland.
 Tank strength available to the landing force.
 Rapid establishment of CSS capability ashore. Terrain
 Recovery of fording kit exhaust stacks (coordi- Tank intelligence requires terrain information on
nated through the beachmaster). beaches and terrain inland from the beaches. Re-
quired information about the beaches includes—
Embarkation Plan
 Location, length, width, gradient, and compo-
Upon receipt of the shipping allocation, the tank sition of the beach and land adjacent to the
battalion begins planning. A listing of personnel beach.
and equipment to be assigned to each ship is  Trafficability of the land.
 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________
5-2 MCWP 3-12

 Existing and reinforcing tank obstacles on and Environmental Characteristics

adjacent to the beach.
 Suitable exits. Environmental characteristics that affect embar-
 Sea approaches, including underwater gradient kation/debarkation are—
and offshore obstacles.  Fording depth: 78 inches (2 meters).
 Surf, tide, and current conditions.  Additional wave action: 12 inches (30.48 centi-
meters).
Weather  Fording depth capability: maintained on slopes
Weather affects surf/sea conditions, which are up to 40 percent.
critical to the use of landing craft and landing  Crosscurrent: 20 mph (32 kph).
ships attempting to place tanks on the shore.  Sea state: condition 2.
Winds and visibility influence control and coordi-  Water: fresh or salt.
nation of tank units during landing. Rough seas
have an adverse effect on the offloading of tanks. Fording Kit Characteristics
Precipitation affects not only visibility, but also
trafficability. Extremes in temperature give added Equipment characteristics that affect embarka-
importance to the logistic requirement. tion/debarkation are—

Enemy Situation  Fording duration: 10 minutes in the water.

 Automotive power performance degradation of
The following information is important to tank
M1A1: not more than 30 percent (acceleration
unit planning: and speed).
 Beach antitank defenses.  Dimensions: length increases no more than 24
 Enemy’s overall countermechanized capabil- inches (60.96 centimeters).
ity, including location of enemy armored units  Weight: weight increase of 350 pounds (159
and reaction time against the landing force. kilograms).
 Enemy air capability.  Installation or removal: 2 hours with three-man
 Enemy electronic warfare capability. crew.
 Enemy CBRN capabilities.  M1A1 operating speed: 4 to 6 mph (6 to 10 kph)
at 78 inches (2 meters) of water depth.

Embarkation/Debarkation Embarkation/Debarkation
Planning Considerations
Amphibious operations involving Marine Corps Embarkation/debarkation planning considerations
tank personnel and assets are limited by move- for LCUs, LCACs, and tanks with mine plows
ment from ship to shore via landing craft, util- and blades include the following:
ity (LCU) or landing craft, air cushion (LCAC).
Tanks conducting amphibious operations will  LCU loads—
be equipped with a fording kit. Additionally, an  When loading two M1A1 tanks, use rear and

LCAC can transport only one tank and an LCU midship spots and reposition LCU after first
can transport two tanks due to landing craft tank is offloaded.
weight restrictions (see Marine Corps Refer-  Tanks with track-width mine plow or blade

ence Publication 3-31B, Amphibious Ships and must be loaded in the forward spot due to the
Landing Craft Data Book). width of the vehicles.
 ______________________________________________________________________________
Marine Corps Tank Employment 5-3

 The embarked crewmen gripe down vehi- must ensure that there is a coordinated effort
cles. It is the LCU craftmaster’s decision between the tank crews and Navy personnel.
when to gripe down. These responsibilities are as follows:
 When practical, keep LCU loads tank-pure.

 LCAC loads— Embarked tank crews must—

 Gripe down.
 One M1A1 can be loaded on an LCAC.
 Remain on the tank (LCU)/crew compart-
 Vehicles are always griped down.

 The tank crew rides in the craft’s crew com-

ment (LCAC).
partment.  Ensure that the gun tube does not interfere with

 Tank with mine plows and blades on LCUs— movement of the landing craft into or out of
 The M1A1 with an attached plow or blade the ship.
must be positioned in the forward spot on  Clear foreign objects and damage from the tank

an LCU. before loading during LCAC operations.

 The tank must be loaded and offloaded with a

negative ramp (ramp angle below horizontal) The craftmaster must—

on the LCU to prevent damage to the LCU.  Provide gripes.
 Dunnage must be placed parallel along the
 Provide depth soundings along the end of the
path of the track, under the craft ramp, and ramp (3 feet is considered a good ramp) and at
perpendicular to the path of the tank with the the hinge and aft of the wingwall.
plow/blade (creating a speed bump). Such
 Ground the craft prior to offloading.
placement raises the height of the mine
plow/blade, preventing damage to the ship
when offloading vehicles from landing craft The beachmaster must—
 Provide modified surf index and hydrographic
into the well deck.
survey to craftmaster.
 Salvage grounded equipment.
Responsibilities
It is the responsibility of the tank commander to Coordination of life jackets and dunnage dis-
determine whether the tank’s embarkation/debar- posal is provided on the ship.
kation procedures are safe. The tank commander
 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________
5-4 MCWP 3-12

This Page Intentionally Left Blank

 CHAPTER 6
MILITARY OPERATIONS ON URBANIZED TERRAIN
The powerful, high-velocity cannon mounted on infantry companies dedicated dismounted squads
the M1A1 tank provides Marines with a key to provide security to each tank section since the
requirement—a highly survivable direct-fire tanks were “buttoned up” and had no other means
asset—for victory in urban areas. Although the to cover their dead space.
infantry assumes the lead role during combat in
urban areas, tanks and infantry work as a close
team. Tanks move down streets as the infantry Tank Units and the Infantry
provides protection against the antitank threat.
Tanks, in turn, support the infantry with fires.
Tanks have been the primary fire and maneuver
The primary role of the tank during combat in
force on the armor-heavy battlefield and they
urban areas is to provide heavy direct fire against
buildings and strongpoints that are identified as have played a major role in the full range of mili-
targets by the infantry. The quick, accurate, and tary operations. In military operations on urban-
devastating effects of the 120-mm tank cannon, ized terrain (MOUT), the tank is a valuable
coaxial 7.62-mm machine gun, and .50 caliber support platform for the infantry as a combat mul-
machine gun are major assets to Marines fighting tiplier and can provide a tremendous advantage to
in urban areas. combined arms forces engaged in urban combat.

The tank provides an all-weather, direct-fire plat- Some key considerations for tanks and infantry
form. Crewmen can use the tank’s thermal sys- working together in urban areas are—
tems to engage targets in the limited visibility
conditions that often accompany urban fighting  Situational awareness must exist between the
environments. Precision engagement systems tanker and the infantry. Crosstalk between tank-
enable forces to locate the objective or target with ers and the infantry fosters a good working
enhanced optics and engage with desired effect. team. Communication between elements can
Even from extended ranges, a tank unit’s preci- occur through radio communication; use of the
sion engagement capability provides some force tank infantry phone externally mounted on the
protection for the GCE and can limit collateral right rear fender of the tank; and visual signals,
damage to noncombatants, such as civilians in such as hand-and-arm signals and pyrotechnics.
buildings adjoining those being engaged, and  The use of the M203 grenade launcher and
local infrastructure. tracer rounds from organic weapons to the
infantry are highly effective at gaining posi-
An assault on Fallujah in November 2004 is an
tive identification of enemy barriers and fortifi-
example of military operations in an urban envi-
cations by designating targets for the tank.
ronment. During this assault, all but one of the
infantry battalions involved had tanks attached.  Both the infantry and tankers must exercise
These tank units were attached in the few weeks tactical patience. Tanks are in a support role
prior to the operation and the TTP continued to and depend on the infantry for support and pro-
be refined throughout the operation. A tank sec- tection against close ambush.
tion would typically be placed in direct support of  Terrain can create mobility restrictions for a
a company and would lead the way down streets, tank: terrain that is easily trafficable by the
with infantry clearing adjacent buildings. The infantry may be impassable by a tank.
 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________
6-2 MCWP 3-12

 The use of tanks does not negate the need for Marine infantry facilitates tank employment in
smoke, obscurants, and indirect fire when urban terrain by—
moving up to an obstacle and support-by-fire
positions.  Locating targets for engagement by the tank.
 It is essential that tankers attached to the infan-  Suppressing and destroying antiarmor weapons
with mortars, automatic weapons, and grenades.
try unit be involved in every step of operation
order development, especially rehearsals.  Assaulting positions and clearing buildings.
 To be effective, the tank and infantry units are  Providing local security for tanks.
organized as a combined arms team.
Planning
When the mechanized Marine force is employed
in an urban area that is very restricted, tank units
are most effective when task-organized into sec- Compared with combat in open terrain, urban
tions. Marine tank units support Marine infantry operations are compressed in space and time.
in urban areas by— This compression limits observation distances;
engagement ranges; weapons effectiveness;
 Providing overwhelming firepower and shock mobility; and time to maneuver, generate more
effect by using the main gun/machine guns. fires, anticipate enemy actions, plan and conduct
 Isolating objectives with direct fire to prevent operations, and, if necessary, respond to enemy
enemy withdrawal, reinforcement, or counter- actions. These limitations tend to force extremely
attack. close combat with troops fighting from building
 Suppressing, obscuring, or destroying enemy to building and from room to room. Command
positions with smoke, high explosive, and and control is difficult because small-unit leaders
automatic weapon fire as infantry closes with cannot see their troops and radio communication
and destroys the enemy. is subject to interference caused by the presence
 Assisting opposed entry of infantry into build- of structures. Historically, urban combat has
ings when debris, obstacles, or enemy fire required a high degree of initiative by small-unit
blocks doorways by firing breaching holes leaders who were directing the employment of
into buildings. task-organized special assault teams, of which
tanks were a part.
 Breaking through street barricades or reducing
barricades by fires. When tanks are to be task-organized for MOUT,
 Using fires to reduce enemy strongpoints in it is vital that tank unit representatives be in-
buildings. volved with the planning process as early as pos-
 Holding cleared portions of the objective by sible. Marines down to the infantry squad and
covering avenues of approach. tank section levels must be familiar with unit
 Attacking any other targets designated by the SOPs for effective tank-infantry employment in
infantry by fire. MOUT operations. Additionally, the tank unit
 Establishing roadblocks. leader must keep the infantry commander
 Providing concealment through smoke gre- informed regarding his unit’s supply, crew, weap-
nade launchers and cover from small arms fire ons status, and any special equipment available,
in linear danger areas. such as mine plows and rollers.
 Suppressing or destroying identified sniper When planning a mission, commanders must con-
positions. sider the capabilities, limitations, and likely
 ______________________________________________________________________________
Marine Corps Tank Employment 6-3

courses of action available to the enemy. The conducted at the section level, so tanks should
commander and staff must consider the strength, never be employed individually.
composition, disposition, and activities of the  Typically, a tank section and an infantry squad
enemy forces. Enemy tactics may range from support each other. The infantry furnishes local
ambushes, snipers, and urban terrorism to large- security and designates targets for the tank.
scale conventional operations; therefore, METT-T  VHF radios are used for intervehicular com-
must be considered by tanks and infantry necessi- munications and should be the primary means
tating different tactics, techniques, and proce-
of communication between the infantry and the
dures based upon the situation. The addition of
vehicle commander. If VHF radios are unavail-
armor creates the following planning consider-
ations for the infantry commander: able, the tank infantry phone or hand-and-arm
signals can be used.
 Conducting full dress rehearsals, using tanks  The infantry commander should communicate
whenever possible. with the supporting tank unit to coordinate the
 Standardizing reporting formats for both tanks effects of fires, to include arming distances of
and the infantry. tank main gun ammunition (see app. F).
 Establishing SOPs for tanks working with  Tank main gun ammunition can be used for,
infantry, emphasizing the safety of friendly but is not limited to, the following:
infantry maneuvering with tanks, signal plans  Obstacle reduction (chemical energy rounds).
between tanks and infantry, marking of cleared  Reduction of fortified areas (chemical ener-
buildings/areas, ROE, and mutual security gy rounds).
between tanks and the infantry.  Obstacle reduction and destruction of
 Determining tank maintenance and logistic massed infantry (canister rounds).
support requirements to the supported unit.  Dynamic breaching for an assault element
 Considering battle damage assessment and (chemical energy and canister rounds).
recovery, resupply, and casualty evacuation of  Countersniper fires.
tank crew personnel.
 Reduction of masonry walls (chemical ener-

gy rounds are most effective). The sabot

round can penetrate deeply into a structure,
Employment Considerations
but it does not create as large a hole or dis-
place as much spall behind the target. In con-
Marine infantry/tank commanders should con- trast, tank chemical energy rounds are large
sider the following when employing the M1A1 in enough to displace enough spall to inflict ca-
urban terrain: sualties inside a building.
 Engagement of troops in cover without over-
 Tank main gun fire is an effective method for
eliminating threats in a building or creating a head protection (multipurpose high explo-
psychological effect that can destroy the sive tank round in air burst mode).
enemy’s will to continue.  Tank sabot ammunition has limited utility
 Streets and alleys constitute ready-made against most nonvehicular targets and the dis-
engagement areas that can greatly restrict and carding sabot petals can endanger friendly
canalize vehicular traffic. infantry or civilians nearby. The hazard area
 Tanks should be employed by section. All fun- extends 70 meters to each side of the gun target
damental fire and movement techniques are line out to 1 kilometer.
 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________
6-4 MCWP 3-12

 Tanks should avoid stopping or moving slowly  Tanks are sometimes at a disadvantage
near nonsecure buildings due to the threat of because their main guns cannot depress or ele-
possible enemy close range antitank fires. vate sufficiently to fire into basements and
 Tanks should mount the heat deflector to allow upper floors at close range. The M1A1 can
Marine infantry to safely approach the rear of depress to -10 degrees or elevate to a height of
the M1A1 tank without being burned by the 20 degrees.
tank’s exhaust.  The M1A1 has a coaxial M240 machine gun to
 Units should check all bridges and overpasses engage enemy troops and enemy positions
for mines and determine the bridge’s military behind light cover. The coaxial machine gun
load classification (MLC). has the same elevation and depression restric-
tions as the main gun.
 When the tank’s main gun fires, it creates a
 The commander’s weapons station (.50 caliber
large fireball and smoke cloud. In the confines
machine gun) can be independently operated to
of a built-up area, dirt and masonry dust are
acquire and engage additional targets during
also picked up and added to the cloud, so the
both day and night operations.
target is further obscured by the smoke and
 When buttoned up (hatches closed), tank crews
dust of the explosion. Depending on the condi-
have limited visibility. Infantry security for the
tions, this obscuration could last as long as 2 or tank must help the tank crew “see” by relaying
3 minutes. Marines can use this period to repo- to the tank crew possible targets relative to the
sition or advance unseen by the enemy. tank’s position and orientation.
 A tank cannon creates an overpressure that will
kill indiscriminately and a noise hazard to The M1A1 tank has limited elevation in an
exposed Marines. All dismounted Marines urban environment. Its lower depression limit
working near tanks should wear Kevlar hel- creates 35 feet of dead space around a tank (see
mets and protective vests, as well as ballistic fig. 6-1). There is also a zone overhead in which
eye protection while maintaining a standoff of the tank cannot fire (see fig. 6-2). This dead
50 meters from the main gun. If possible, they space offers ideal locations for short-range anti-
should also wear earplugs and avoid the tank’s armor weapons and allows hidden enemy gun-
frontal 60-degree arc during firing. The over- ners to fire at the tank when the tank cannot fire
pressure can also cause glass in surrounding back. It also exposes the tank’s most vulnerable
buildings to shatter. Falling glass can cause areas: the flanks, rear, and top. Infantry must
injury to Marines if they are not warned to stay move alongside and to the rear of tanks to pro-
clear of windows. vide close protection. The M1A1 tank also has a

Figure 6-1. Tank Cannon Dead Space at Street Level.

 ______________________________________________________________________________
Marine Corps Tank Employment 6-5

blind spot caused by the 0 degree depression ricochet off of a tank’s armor have caused ca-
available over part of the back deck. To engage sualties while infantry were working with tanks
any target in this area, the tank must pivot to in built-up areas.
convert the rear target to a flank target.
Note: Due to the limited visibility in the ur-
ban environment, infantry units, when mov- Control Measures
ing forward, must maintain communication
with supporting tank units to prevent injury Combat in urban areas requires control measures
from friendly fire. with which all troops must be familiar. One of the
Tanks are equipped with thermal sights, which keys to ensuring ease of coordination of fires,
can be used to detect enemy personnel and weap- linkup points, and patrol routes is the use of an
ons hidden in shadows and behind openings. effective map system. Intelligence sections
Dust, fires, and thick smoke can degrade this should provide an accurate map, down to exact
sight capability. buildings if possible. Buildings and roads can be
sectioned off and labeled alphanumerically.
Tanks have turret-mounted grenade launchers that Without an effective and universally used map,
project screening smoke grenades. The grenades tank operations in MOUT are diminished due to
use a bursting charge and burning red phospho- the difficulty in coordinating tank and infantry
rous particles to create the screen. Burning parti- maneuvers. Tank weapon systems can penetrate
cles can easily start uncontrolled fires and are structures and, without a common understanding
hazardous to dismounted Marines near the tank. of friendly maneuver, the potential for injury due
The tank commander and the infantry small-unit to friendly fire increases.
leader must coordinate when and under what con-
ditions these launchers can be used.
The tank’s size and armor can provide dis-
Offensive Military
mounted Marines with cover from direct-fire Operations on Urbanized Terrain
weapons and fragments. With coordination, tanks
can provide moving cover for Marines as they Because of the nature of the terrain, offensive
advance across small open areas; however, urban area operations are typically conducted by
fragmentation generated by antitank rounds that dismounted infantry. Tanks should be employed

Figure 6-2. Tank Cannon Dead Space Above Street Level.

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________
6-6 MCWP 3-12

as much as possible in close support of dis- accurate and its exposure is limited. The tank
mounted infantry in order to secure locations and commander may have to halt in a covered posi-
provide direct fire support. Formations depend on tion, dismount, and reconnoiter his forward route
the composition of the combined arms force. The into a firing position.
best security formation for command and control
is a column. The column must be flexible and Attack Phases
provide 360-degree security. The combined arms
column travels within this security, with dis- The coordinated movement of tanks and infantry
mounted infantry clearing buildings and provid- in concert is key during the attack phase. Prior
ing security along the route. Upon contact with planning and reconnaissance of routes and objec-
the enemy, the tanks and infantry should coordi- tives will assist in execution; however, flexibility
nate to ensure the proper weapon system is and established SOPs between the tanks and sup-
selected to engage him. Buildings and terrain will ported infantry will reduce friction if the plan
most likely not permit an on-line formation. changes. Infantry commanders/leaders and tank
commanders should build one another’s situa-
Attacking in Urban Areas tional awareness throughout the attack.

A detailed study of the city and the enemy’s dis- Reconnoiter the Objective
positions in and around it forms the basis for
planning the attack and seizure of an urban area. Avenues of approach for infantry and the tanks,
Planning may include tanks for both maneuver observation posts, supply routes, and the
and fire support. The attacking force is normally emplacement positions of direct and indirect fire
separated into two forces—the enveloping force weapon systems for both tanks and infantry are
(tank-heavy) and the direct assault force (infan- all examples of information that can be obtained
try-heavy). The following points are considered during reconnaissance. The locations of enemy
when attacking in an urban area with tanks: antitank weapons can likely be determined as
danger areas for tanks. Composition and struc-
 Tanks tend to attract the attention of the ture of buildings and roadbeds, cover and con-
enemy, causing him to react. cealment opportunities, and other information not
 Tanks allow an attacking force to concentrate apparent in a map study may have a significant
overwhelming combat power to force a quick impact on the plan. For example, determining that
and violent disruption of the defenses, envelop the buildings that are to be attacked are made of
the urban area, and move rapidly to the brick means tanks will have an easier time mak-
enemy’s rear. ing building breach holes for infantry than if the
 Tanks will reduce strongpoints, secure them building walls contained reinforced rebar.
for follow-on forces, and maintain the momen-
tum of the attack. Isolate the Objective
 Tanks can cut lines of communications and To isolate an urban objective, tanks can be used
defeat the enemy through isolation. two ways: to isolate an enemy objective by
becoming a support element or to employ as part
Tanks need infantry to provide security in built- of the attack. Tanks used as a support element
up areas and to designate targets. If targets are can be held in reserve or given a mission to keep
protected by structures, tanks should be escorted enemy reinforcements from moving into the iso-
forward to the most covered location that pro- lated attack objective, such as a main avenue of
vides a clear shot. On-the-spot instructions by approach into a town. When tanks are used in the
infantry commanders ensure that the tank’s fire is attack force, they may be employed to directly
 ______________________________________________________________________________
Marine Corps Tank Employment 6-7

support the attacking infantry to help reduce forti- communication between the infantry leaders and
fied buildings/areas. They can also engage enemy the tank commanders. The infantry maneuvers to
forces trying to hinder the attack. suppress or destroy the enemy and tanks move
forward as soon as possible to support them.
If tanks are of limited use within a town due to Suppressive tank fires can be used to cover the
the inability to maneuver, they can be employed attacking force’s exposed flanks.
just outside the urban area to restrict further
enemy forces from entering. The tactics and
Seize the Objective
techniques for this phase of the operation are
similar to those used in an attack against an Once a foothold is seized and consolidated, sup-
enemy strongpoint. porting forces move to the built-up area to sup-
port the seizing of the objective area. During this
Secure a Foothold phase, tanks can be used for continued direct fire
support of the infantry, local isolation of the
Once the objective is isolated, a foothold should
objective, or follow-on objective isolation. They
be secured as soon as possible in order to maintain
can also be used for securing beyond the objec-
tempo. Dismounted forces can be employed to
tive or held in reserve.
attack from any direction. If infantry is working
with tanks, then areas above, at, and below the It is rarely possible to employ more than two
street level (such as cellars, buildings, sewers, or tanks at the head of the column, except when
subways) must be cleared as tanks move through advancing on a wide street. Tanks continuously
the area in order to ensure that enemy antitank concentrate main gun and automatic weapons fire
teams are not able to move around the attacker on windows and the rooftops of buildings. The
and engage the tanks. Both tanks and infantry infantry protects the tank from close-in enemy
should ensure that areas are cleared for possible fire. When required to protect tanks from fire
mines/improvised explosive devices. After seiz- from nearby buildings, an infantry squad moves
ing a foothold, the attacking force continues the along each side of the street, keeping abreast of
attack through the objective area. Normally, the the lead vehicles. Unit leaders will usually assign
attacking force penetrates the enemy defenses on Marines in each squad to locate and engage tar-
a narrow front. Tanks can be used to secure ave- gets on the upper floors and rooftops of the build-
nues of approach along this front and provide fur- ings. The infantry may also assist in the removal
ther isolation of the objective to the attacking of obstacles or barriers that would halt the
force. The assault is supported by all available advance. Lead tank crews must continually be
supporting arms and usually maximizes use of aware of the infantry’s location in order to avoid
smoke to screen the attacking forces movement. being injured by friendly fire or moving forward
The commander may employ variations of the of their infantry security and being engaged by
column formation to better maneuver into urban enemy antitank teams.
areas. The leading tank elements normally use a
formation that speeds the delivery of maximum
fire on the point of penetration. When the infantry Defensive Military
attacks a strongly defended area, it provides Operations on Urbanized Terrain
close-in protection for the tanks while the tank
reduces the fortification. Unit leaders may assign In urban combat, the defender possesses key
fire teams or squads to work with each tank. If advantages over the attacker. The defender can
radios are not available, visual signals and tank shape the battlespace to his advantage by maxi-
infantry phones may help maintain direct mizing the natural restrictions and obstacles
 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________
6-8 MCWP 3-12

found in the urban environment. Knowledge of The commander may also employ sections with
the terrain and time available for preparing defen- infantry platoons or squads, allowing the tanks to
sive positions are advantages that may enable the take advantage of the close security provided by
defender to successfully resist a numerically the infantry. In addition, tanks can provide
superior force. Defensive operations in a built-up mobility/countermobility support within the
area require thorough planning and precise exe- urban environment. For example, if countermo-
cution based on METT-T. bility is needed, tanks can facilitate the destruc-
tion of urban structures to limit enemy avenues
of approach. In the case of mobility, tanks
Defensive Planning Considerations equipped with the blade can clear rubble and fill
in obstructions.
Due to the high consumption of fuel and ammu- Fighting Positions
nition, the commander must plan to resupply and
conduct maintenance for the supporting tanks Fighting positions for tanks are an essential com-
during transition to defensive operations in the ponent of a complete and effective defensive plan
urban environment. At minimum, tanks must be in built-up areas. Vehicle positions must be
rotated at the section level to resupply and con- selected and developed to afford the best possible
duct maintenance. cover, concealment, observation, and fields of fire;
at the same time, they must not restrict the vehi-
Defensive Techniques cle’s ability to move when necessary (see fig. 6-3).
In the defense, Marine tanks provide the MOUT If fields of fire are restricted to the street area, def-
commander with a mobile force that can respond ilade positions should be used to provide cover
quickly to enemy threats. They should be located and to enable tanks to fire directly down the
on likely enemy avenues of approach in posi- streets. From these positions, the armored vehicles
tions that allow them to take advantage of their are protected while retaining their ability to rap-
long-range fires. Effective positioning allows the idly move to alternate positions. The tank crew’s
commander to employ the armored vehicles in a vision will be restricted while in defilade. If an
number of locations, such as the following: infantryman acquires a target, he should signal the
armored vehicle to move to the firing position and
 On the edge of the city in mutually supporting direct the crew to the target (see fig. 6-4). After
positions. firing, the tank moves to an alternate position to
 On key terrain on the flanks of towns and vil- avoid compromising its location. Infantry are usu-
lages. ally employed abreast of the tanks so that they can
 In positions from which they can cover barri- fire toward the expected direction of attack.
cades and obstacles by fire. Excessive separation between the tanks and infan-
 As the reserve. try does not facilitate mutual support.
 ______________________________________________________________________________
Marine Corps Tank Employment 6-9

Figure 6-3. Hull Down Position.

Figure 6-4. Hide Position.

6-10 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 3-12

This Page Intentionally Left Blank

 CHAPTER 7
SCOUT AND ANTITANK PLATOONS
Scout and antitank platoons in Marine tank battal- Employment
ions provide them with organic reconnaissance,
security, and countermechanized capabilities. There are six fundamentals required for the
These capabilities are an integral part of Marine successful employment of the tank battalion
Corps tank battalion operations and are impor- scout platoon:
tant helpers in shaping the battlefield.
 Use maximum reconnaissance force forward.
Scouts should not be kept in reserve. Scouts do
Scout Platoon not need to be on-line and oriented forward;
rather, all available scouts must be employed
executing reconnaissance tasks.
The scout platoon is one of the battalion com-
 Orient on the reconnaissance objective. The
mander’s primary sources of organic combat
platoon’s scheme of maneuver is focused
intelligence, both before and during the battle. It
toward a specific objective or set of objectives
is designed to gain and maintain visual contact
with the enemy without becoming directly based on the operation order and the battalion
engaged to build a picture of the battlefield. commander’s intent.
 Report all information rapidly and accurately.
Mission Commanders base their decisions and plans on
the battlefield information that scouts provide
The tank battalion’s scout platoon performs recon- during reconnaissance. Since information loses
naissance, provides limited security, and assists in value over time, scouts must report all infor-
controlling the battalion’s movements. The pla- mation exactly as it is seen and as fast as possi-
toon is not organized or equipped to conduct inde- ble. They must never assume, distort, or
pendent offensive, defensive, or retrograde exaggerate information. Inaccurate information
operations. It operates as part of the tank battalion is dangerous.
and should be assigned missions that capitalize on
its reconnaissance capabilities. The scout platoon
is one of the battalion commander’s primary
sources of organic combat intelligence before and
during the battle. Although the platoon has an
antitank capability, it cannot perform its scouting
roles when employed as an antitank force.

Organization
The scout platoon is organized into two scout
sections and one headquarters section. The scout
platoon leadership consists of the platoon com-
mander, platoon sergeant, and two scout section Figure 7-1. Scout Platoon
leaders. See figure 7-1 for equipment breakdown. Organization and Equipment Breakdown.
 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________
7-2 MCWP 3-12

 Retain freedom to maneuver. Scouts must be reconnaissance. During defensive operations—

able to maneuver on the battlefield. If they are while conducting security operations—the scout
fixed on a position by the enemy, scouts must platoon can be tasked to conduct a screen.
free themselves; otherwise, they can no longer
accomplish their mission. Scouts must continu- The route reconnaissance effort occurs along a
ally maintain an awareness of tactical develop- specific line of communications, such as a road,
ments. They must employ the proper tactical railway, or waterway. It provides new or updated
movement and react appropriately to unex- information on route conditions and activities
pected situations. If contact is made, the pla- along a specific route (see chap. 2 for tank-spe-
toon commander develops the situation at the cific considerations).
lowest possible level while retaining the initia- A zone reconnaissance is a directed effort to
tive, the ability to continue the mission, and the obtain detailed information within a zone defined
ability to maneuver his other elements. by boundaries. Zone reconnaissance provides
 Gain and maintain enemy contact. Scouts seek data concerning all routes, obstacles (to include
visual contact with the enemy on favorable chemical or radiological contamination), terrain,
terms. They employ sound tactical movement, and enemy forces within the zone of action.
target acquisition methods, and appropriate
actions in order to see the enemy first, thereby An area reconnaissance provides detailed in-
retaining the initiative and control of the situa- formation concerning the terrain or enemy
tion. Once scouts find the enemy, they use all activity within a prescribed area, such as a town,
available means to maintain contact until ridgeline, woods, or other feature critical to
directed to do otherwise. operations. Areas are smaller than zones and a
 Develop the situation rapidly. Whether scouts zone reconnaissance may include several areas.
encounter an obstacle or the enemy, they must At its most basic level, an area reconnaissance
quickly assess the situation. If scouts encounter could be made of a single point, such as a bridge
the enemy, they— or an installation.
 Determine the enemy’s size, composition,
A screen force maintains surveillance for its main
and disposition. Reporting should follow the
body forces. The screening element provides
standard SALUTE [size, activity, location,
early warning to the main maneuver force about
unit, time, and equipment] report format in
the enemy’s size, composition, and disposition.
order to provide the commander with a clear-
The intelligence provided by the screen force
er view of the enemy situation.
allows the commander of the maneuver force to
 Find the enemy’s flanks.
make accurate decisions regarding deployment
 Find any barriers or obstacles surrounding
and positioning of the main body in the best way
the enemy position and determine if any oth-
to defeat the enemy’s main body. A screen force
er enemy forces can support the position.
is not to become decisively engaged with the
enemy; rather, to impede, destroy, or harass
If the scouts encounter an obstacle, they find and enemy reconnaissance within its capability (see
mark a bypass or, if appropriate, execute or assist chap. 2 for tank-specific considerations).
in a breach. Such actions must be accomplished
with minimum guidance from higher headquarters. Additional Tasks for Scout Platoon
Reconnaissance Missions In addition to its primary missions, the scout pla-
toon can—
The three reconnaissance missions that can be
assigned to the scout platoon are route re-  Conduct liaison between units.
connaissance, zone reconnaissance, and area  Perform quartering party duties.
 ______________________________________________________________________________
Marine Corps Tank Employment 7-3

 Provide traffic control. Mission

 Participate in area security.
The primary mission of the antitank platoon is to
Capabilities and Limitations provide countermechanized support that uses the
Saber missile system to engage and destroy
The scout platoon can— enemy armored vehicles, particularly tanks.
When not performing its primary mission, the
 Conduct limited pioneer and demolition work. antitank platoon may assume a secondary mission
 Conduct chemical detection and radiological of engaging other point targets or providing lim-
survey and monitoring operations. ited security to the commander in the form of a
 Operate as a FST within the security area with screen or observation posts.
forward observer/FAC augmentation.
 Staff up to six observation posts for short Organization
durations or up to three observation posts for
long durations. The antitank platoon is organized into three sec-
 Reconnoiter two routes simultaneously (for tions and a headquarters section. The antitank
trafficability only). platoon leadership consists of the platoon com-
 Reconnoiter a zone 3 to 5 kilometers wide, mander, platoon sergeant, and three section
depending on METT-T conditions. leaders. See figure 7-2, on page 7-4, for equip-
 Carry a basic load of demolitions and has lim- ment breakdown.
ited obstacle creation ability.
 Breach hasty point obstacles. Employment
The antitank platoon may be employed as an
The scout platoon is limited in that it— organic unit for a specific mission, such as setting
 Depends on its parent unit for combat support a screen or a blocking position, but it can also be
and CSS augmentation. broken down into sections that are then attached
 Is limited in its ability to destroy or repel in direct or general support to individual tank or
enemy reconnaissance units during screening infantry companies. The tube-launched, optically-
operations. tracked, wire-guided missle’s long standoff range
allows it to cover likely avenues of approach for
 Has a limited dismounted capability; it must be
armored vehicles, which allows tanks to conduct
properly task-organized to conduct dismounted
operations. offensive missions.
 Is restricted to the range of communications Missions that are typically assigned to the anti-
and the range of supporting indirect fire when tank platoon are—
operating away from the main body.
 Attack by fire. A tactical mission in which a
commander uses direct fires, supported by indi-
Antitank Platoon rect fires, to engage an enemy without closing
with to destroy, suppress, fix, or deceive him.
The antitank platoon is the tank battalion’s  Support by fire. A tactical mission task in
motorized countermechanized capability. It is a which a maneuver force moves to a position
flexible element that can be employed to support where it can engage the enemy by direct fire in
various missions, from screening to antiarmor support of another maneuvering force.
ambushes. The versatility of the HMMWV and  Screen. A screen force maintains surveillance
array of firepower within the platoon make it a for its main body forces. The screening element
viable threat to enemy mechanized forces. provides early warning to the main maneuver
 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________
7-4 MCWP 3-12

HQ Sect AT Sect (X3)

1 MK19 or M2 HQ 8 SDEHU
1 MK19 or M2

Legend
AT antitank
HQ headquarters
Sect section
Figure 7-2. Antitank Platoon Organization.

force about the enemy’s size, composition, and Capabilities and Limitations
disposition. The intelligence provided by the
screen force allows the commander of the The antitank platoon can—
maneuver force to make accurate decisions
regarding deployment and positioning of the  Conduct chemical detection and radiological
main body in the best way to defeat the survey and monitoring operations.
enemy’s main body. A screen force is not to  Operate as FST within the security area with
become decisively engaged with the enemy; its forward observer/FAC augmentation.
task is to impede, destroy, or harass enemy  Man several observation posts simultaneously.
reconnaissance within its capability.  Conduct route reconnaissance.
 Rear area security. Security operations con-  Create obstacles on a limited basis.
ducted to protect the support functions of the  Perform the reserve mission.
battalion in the rear area.
 Secure lines of communications.
 Local security. Low-level security operations
conducted near a unit to prevent surprise by the
enemy. Local security elements are estab- The antitank platoon is limited by its—
lished in the proximity of a unit to prevent sur-  Dependence upon its parent unit for combat
prise by the enemy. support and CSS augmentation.
 Convoy security. A specialized kind of security  Dismount capability as it must be properly task-
operations conducted to protect convoys.
organized to conduct dismounted operations.
 Follow and assume. A tactical mission task in
 Employment in squads with a minimum of two
which a second committed force follows a
launchers, so that the crews can provide
force conducting an offensive operation and is
prepared to continue the mission if the lead mutual support.
force is fixed, attrited, or unable to continue.  Vulnerability to both direct and indirect fire;
 Antiarmor ambush. A surprise attack by fire therefore, cover and concealment are extreme-
from concealed positions on a moving or tem- ly important.
porarily halted enemy.  Reduced range when firing over water obstacles.
 APPENDIX A
ARMOR VEHICLE CHARACTERISTICS
 Track width mine plow enables hasty
M1A1 Tank breaching (see app. E).
 Multipurpose tank blade enables hasty obsta-
The M1A1 combat (main battle) tank uses high cle reduction (see app. E).
speed, maneuverability, and a variety of weap-
ons to attack and destroy enemy tanks, equip- The M1A1 has the following limitations:
ment, and forces (see fig. A-1 on pages A-2 and
A-3). The M1A1 combat tank consists of the  Size and weight (see tank characteristics in this
hull and turret assemblies. The turret can rotate a appendix).
full 360 degrees.  Dead space (see figs. 6-1 on page 6-4 and 6-2
on page 6-5).
The M1A1 has the following capabilities:  Fuel consumption (see app. B).
 Armor-protected precision fire:
 Stabilized 120-mm smooth bore cannon The M1A1 has the following characteristics:
(M256). Planning considerations include a  4-man crew: commander, gunner, loader, and
2,500-meter offensive trigger line and a driver.
3,000-meter defensive trigger line.  Armament:
 Fire enhancement package, which gives en-
 Main gun: M256, 120-mm.
hanced lethality to FST procedures and en-  Ammunition: 120-mm combustible cartridge.
ables target acquisition in limited visibility  CBRN overpressure system (see app. D).
conditions. It consists of—  Machine guns:
FTL system: 10-digit grid out to 8 kilome-
 Coaxial machine gun: M240C, 7.62-mm:
ters and 10-digit grid to tank’s location. Maximum effective range: 900 meters
North finding module, which sends an azi-
(tracer burnout).
muth to the target. Maximum range: 3,725 meters.
Eyesafe laser range finder, which has a
 Loader’s machine gun: M240C, 7.62-mm:
range to the target out to 8 kilometers. Maximum effective range: 900 meters
 Weapons and ammunition (see tank charac-
(tracer burnout).
teristics in this appendix). Maximum range: 3,725 meters.
 Stabilized Commander’s weapon station:  Commander’s machine gun: M2 heavy-bar-
Day/night capable. rel, .50 caliber:
Fired under armor protection. Maximum effective range: 1,800 meters

Capable of engaging targets indepen- (tracer burnout).

dently, while stationary or on the move. Maximum range: 6,700 meters.

 Mobility/countermobility:  M4, 5.56-mm rifle (1 per crewman).

 Traverse various types of terrain at high  M250, grenade launcher.

speed.  Ammunition quantity:

 Traverse 60-degree front slope/40-degree  120-mm (main gun), 40 rounds.

side slope.  M240C, 7.62-mm coaxial machine gun,

10,000 rounds.
 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________
A-2 MCWP 3-12

312 Inches
Side View

387 Inches
Top View

Figure A-1. M1A1 Tank.

 M240C, 7.62-mm loader’s machine gun,  Performance and specifications:

1,400 rounds.  Forward speed, maximum (on paved level

 .50 caliber commander’s machine gun, 1,000 surface): 42 mph.

rounds.  Reverse speed, maximum (on paved level

 G826 and GG24 series (smoke grenades for surface): 25 mph.

grenade launcher), 24 grenades.  Range (dry level secondary roads without

 M4, 5.56-mm, 720 rounds. refueling): 273 to 298 miles (approximately

 Turbine engine. 8 hours).
 Transmission:  Forward climb of a vertical obstacle: 49

 Model X1100-3B. inches.

 Range: 4 speeds forward, 2 reverse, with  Maximum width of forward crossable ditch:

pivot and neutral selections. 108 inches.

 ______________________________________________________________________________
Marine Corps Tank Employment A-3

113.60 Inches
Maximum

144 Inches
Front View

93.5
Inches
68
Inches

137 Inches
Back View

Figure A-1. M1A1 Tank (Continued).

 Fording depth: unit leadership should be consulted for
Without kit: 48 inches. specific weight considerations.
With kit: 93.5 inches (turret roof).
 Dimensions:
 Weight:
 Tank length (not including main gun, with
 Combat loaded: 67.6 tons.
the main gun rearward over the back deck):
 Military load classification: 68 tons.
356 inches.
 Tank length (main gun forward facing center
Note: The addition of mission-specific gear, line of tank): 387 inches.
such as a mine plows and tank urban  Width: 144 inches.
survivability kit will increase the MLC. Tank  Height (ground to turret roof): 96 inches.
 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________
A-4 MCWP 3-12

 Height (maximum overall): 114 inches. For more information on the M1A1 tank, refer to
 Ground clearance (center portion of the hull): TM 08953A-10, Tank M1A1 (120-mm Gun).
19 inches.
 Ground clearance (other portion of hull

structure): 16.5 inches. M88A2 Recovery Vehicle

 Ground pressure: 15.00 psi.

 Fuels and oils: The M88A2 heavy recovery vehicle is an

 Fuel tanks (total in tank): 504.4 gallons.
armored, full-tracked, low silhouette vehicle (see
 Transmission, initial fill: 40 to 45 gallons.
fig. A-2). It is used for hoisting, winching, and
 Transmission, refill approximate: 30 to 35
towing operations for all vehicles up to 70 tons
gallons. (63.49 metric tons). It is equipped to assist in
 Engine lubrication oil tank (refill, approxi-
repairing disabled vehicles under field conditions.
mate): 17 quarts. Refer to Field Manual 4-30.3, Maintenance
 Recommended fuel types (switching between
Operations and Procedures, for recovery meth-
fuel types increases fuel filter consumption): ods using the vehicle’s equipment.
DF-1.

DF-2. The M88A2 has the following capabilities:

JP-8.

DF-A.
 Maintenance.
JP-4.
 Lift capacity to support field maintenance.
JP-5.  Necessary equipment on board to support sec-
F-24 ond echelon maintenance and repairs.

1 2
3 5
4 7
6

12 11 10

1. M48 caliber .50, machine gun 7. Tow bar

2. Commander’s Weapon Station (CWS) 8. Crow bar (2)
3. Personnel door, left side 9. Left side stowage compartment door
4. Boom 10. Bumper sprint (4)
5. Tarpaulin and 100ft rope 11. Roadwheel (12)
6. Snatch block, 35-ton 12. Shock absorber (6)

Figure A-2. M88A2 Recovery Vehicle.

 ______________________________________________________________________________
Marine Corps Tank Employment A-5

 Hull and cab armor-protected from 30-mm  Side slope grade, maximum: 30 percent.
direct fire.  Maximum vertical wall: 42 inches.
 Gas-particulate filter unit (CBRN capability).  Maximum trench crossing width: 102 inches.

 M239 smoke grenade system.  Minimum turning radius: pivots in one vehi-

 Exhaust smoke generating system. cle length.

 Deep water fording kit.  Draw bar pull: 107,000 pounds.

 MK-48 .50 caliber machine gun.  Boom lift height:

At 8-foot reach: 22.5 feet.

 Three M4, 5.56-mm rifles.
At 4-foot reach: 25.0 feet.

 Hoist winch capacity, (4-part line): 70,000

The M88A2 has the following limitations:
pounds.
 Limited offensive armament.  Boom capacity:

 Max speed considerably slower than M1A1. Spade up: 4-part line, with lockout blocks

 Size and weight. installed: 50,000 pounds.

Spade down: 70,000 pounds.

The M88A2 has the following characteristics: Main winch capacity, single line, continu-

ous pull: 140,000 pounds.

 A three-person crew consisting of the com-  Auxiliary winch capacity, single line: 6,000
mander, operator, and mechanic/rigger. pounds.
 Armament:  Fording depth:
 MK-48 .50 caliber machine gun.
Without fording kit: 56 inches.
 Three M4, 5.56-mm rifles.
With fording kit: 90 inches.
 Light antiarmor weapon rockets.
 Weight, combat loaded: 70 MLC.
 Ammunitions quantity:
 Dimensions:
 M2 heavy-barrel, .50 caliber machine gun,
 Length: 28.33 feet.
900 rounds.
 Width: 12 feet.
 M4, 5.56-mm rifle, 540 rounds.
 Height: 9.75 feet.
 Engine:
 Ground pressure: 13.7 psi.
 12-cylinder diesel engine.

 4-cycle, air-cooled model AVDS-1790-8CR.

 Fuels and oils:
 Fuel tanks: 413 gallons.
 Transmission: twin disc, XT-1410-5A.
 Main engine crankcase (refill): 18.5 gallons.
 Performance and specifications:
 Transmission (refill): 17 gallons.
 Speed, maximum (without towed load): 25
 Main winch: 9.5 gallons.
mph.
 Hoist winch: 9 pints.
 Cruising range, maximum: 300 miles.
 Auxiliary winch: 6 pints.
 Grade ascending ability, maximum: 60 per-
 Hydraulic system: 80 gallons.
cent.
 Electromagnetic clutch: 5.2 quarts.
 Grade descending ability, maximum: 60

percent.
 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________
A-6 MCWP 3-12

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 APPENDIX B
LOGISTIC CONSIDERATIONS
The logistic estimates within this appendix are amounts needed in each M1A1 tank. This table
designed to give a general scope of the logistic should be used as a guide for logistic planning.
requirements and capabilities of a tank battalion.
Any planning requirements should be referred to
the tank unit for development of staff estimates. Ammunition Resupply
Tank battalions can also produce detailed logistic
smart packs upon request. Tanks carry a large amount of ammunition and
can carry several different types of main gun
rounds, depending on the mission. See appen-
Fuel dix F for a discussion of the types of rounds and
their specifications.
Tanks require a large amount of fuel. Heavy
expanded mobile tactical trucks are required to Table B-2, on page B-2, can help logisticians
refuel a tank company quickly and efficiently. plan to properly rearm tank units. Not only must
The M1A1 tank engine can run on a variety of the main gun rounds be resupplied, but also the
fuels, such as DF-1, DF-2, DF-A, JP-4, and JP-5, onboard machine guns, the small arms of the tank
but JP-8 is the preferred fuel. Fuel requirements crews, and the tank smoke grenade launcher
are as follows: rounds must be replenished. The frequency of
resupply depends on the type of mission being
 One M1A1 tank: 504.4 gallons. conducted and the types of targets engaged by the
 Tank platoon (4 tanks): 2,017.6 gallons. tank units.
 Tank company (14 tanks): 7,061.6 gallons.

Planning Factors
Additional Petroleum, Oils, and Lubricants
Tables B-3 to B-8, on pages B-2 and B-3, show
In addition to fuel, the M1A1 requires other lubri- general logistic planning factors with regard to
cants to keep the tanks functioning properly. Table personnel and equipment within the tank battal-
B-1, on page B-2, shows the type of lubricants and ion and a tank company.
 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________
B-2 MCWP 3-12

Table B-1. Petroleum, Oils, and Table B-4. Tank

Lubricants Capacity for a Single M1A1 Tank. Company Personnel Strength.
Type Amount Marine Marine Navy Navy
POL Placement of POL per Tank Officer Enlisted Officer Enlisted
Engine Turbo shaft 25 quarts 5 81 0 0
Transmission 15/40 weight 45 gallons Tank company personnel table of organization = 86
Final drives 15/40 weight 5.5 quarts
Suspension/shocks Turbo shaft 30.6 quarts
Table B-5. Tank Battalion Major End Items.
Suspension/hubs 15/40 weight 20 quarts
Number Item
Hydraulic system FRH 20 gallons
58 M1A1
Recoil mechanism FRH 10.3 gallons
6 M88A2
Legend
POL petroleum, oils, and lubricants 37 MTVR
FRH fire resistant hydraulic fluid 2 MTVR wrecker
8 LVS tandem
1 LVS with M870
Table B-2. Arming 2 LVS wrecker
Capacity for M1A1 Tank Units. 15 Armor HMMWV
Ammunition Quantity 26 TOW HMMWV
Tank Platoon Tank Company 37 HMMWV utility
Ammunition Type One Tank (4 tanks) (14 tanks)
3 MRC-148
Main gun, 120-mm 40 160 560
11 MRC-145
M2, .50 caliber 1,000 4,000 14,000
1 Tram
Coaxial, 7.62-mm 10,000 40,000 140,000
1 EBFL
Loaders, 7.62-mm 1,400 5,600 19,600
Legend
M4, 5.56-mm 720 2,880 10,080 TOW tube launched, optically tracked, wire guided
LVS logistic vehicle support
Phosphorous smoke 24 96 336 EBFL extended boom fork lift
Thermite grenade 2 8 28
Pistol, 9-mm 400 1,600 5,600
Table B-6. Tank
Company Major End Items.
Number Item
Table B-3. Tank
Battalion Personnel Strength. 14 M1A1

Marine Marine Navy Navy 2 M88A2

Officer Enlisted Officer Enlisted 2 Armor HMMWV
47 725 3 29 1 MRC-145
Tank battalion personnel table of organization = 804 6 HMMWV utility
 ______________________________________________________________________________
Marine Corps Tank Employment B-3

Table B-7. Common

Attachments to a Tank Company.
Number Item
2 MTVR with M105
1 LVS tandem
Legend
LVS logistic vehicle support

Table B-8. Tank

Battalion Logistic Lift Capacity.
Class I
Quantity Nomenclature Total capacity
12 Water pod (900 10,800 gallons
gallons)
9 Water bull (400 gallons) 3,600 gallons

Class III
Quantity Nomenclature Total capacity
28 Fuel pod (900 gallons) 25,200 gallons

Class V
Combat Trains Field Trains Company Trains
2 MTVRs with 7 MTVR with M105 1 MTVR with M105
M105
1 LVS tandem 1 LVS tandem

Vehicle Lift Capacity

LVS tandem 540 main gun rounds
(18 pallets)
MTVR 180 main gun rounds
(6 pallets)
Legend
LVS logistic vehicle support
 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________
B-4 MCWP 3-12

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 APPENDIX C
OPERATIONS IN EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS
Tank employment in changing operational condi- operations to the company, platoon, and individ-
tions and environments presents special prob- ual tank crew level.
lems, challenges, and situations. Planners must
consider the tank’s capabilities and limitations, Despite their limitations, tank employment can
the principles of tank employment, and the envi- still be effective in jungle operations. Although
ronmental conditions. Each operation may tanks must move slower in the jungle due to diffi-
require modifying tactics and augmenting equip- cult trafficability, they are one of the few vehicles
ment to support the environmental conditions. capable of traversing through thick foliage and
(For detailed discussions on operating tanks in undergrowth—on which wheeled vehicles could
varying environmental conditions, refer to the never operate. In addition, tanks can provide
M1A1’s technical manuals.) effective reconnaissance by fire and suppressive
fires for supported infantry. The tank’s ability to
produce a large volume of fire from its machine
Jungle Operations guns and main gun antipersonnel rounds can be
devastating to the enemy as long as the tank is
Jungle operations are addressed in depth in protected by an infantry security element.
MCWP 3-35.5, Jungle Operations. Jungle com- Tank considerations during a jungle operation
bat involves operations with such impediments as include the following:
swamps, undulating terrain, extreme heat, heavy
rains, and areas largely overgrown with thick  The dense foliage and weather alter the effec-
tropical foliage. Marine tank crews must accli- tive range of a weapon system. Engagements
mate to live and fight in the jungle because tank for tanks are usually at close range and require
maintenance and operations are exhausting in that quick target recognition by the tank crews.
environment. The basics of successful jungle  Units must allow for slower movement and
operations are decentralized control, flexibility, restricted fire support. The jungle’s limited vis-
security, and intelligence. ibility may make the observation and adjust-
ment of indirect fires difficult.
Cover and concealment are excellent in jungle  Heat, thick vegetation and rugged terrain will
terrain and increase the possibility of achieving tire Marines rapidly; supported infantry can
surprise. As a result, both the attacker and the ride on the back of the tanks if enemy contact is
defender usually commit large portions of avail- not expected.
able forces to security missions; however, the
restrictive nature of a jungle environment im-
pedes typical tank operations. Desert Operations
Restrictions on observation and fields of fire may
reduce the capabilities of tanks to acquire targets Highly mobile forces play a dominant role in
and deliver accurate direct fires. Additionally, the operations in desert regions. Tanks provide the
difficulties associated with jungle operations freedom to maneuver in the vastness of these
increase in proportion to the size of the force regions that favor a fluid type of warfare that is
involved. These limitations drive the conduct of characterized by dispersed formations on
 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________
C-2 MCWP 3-12

extended frontages with considerable depth. Prop- require special equipment, training, acclimation
erly employed and maintained, the tank can be the of personnel to altitude conditions, self-disci-
most decisive supporting arm available to the pline, and modifications of standard tactics and
MAGTF commander during desert operations. procedures. (Fleet Marine Force Manual 7-29,
Mountain Operations [currently under revision as
Desert topography may consist of loose sand and MCWP 3-35.1, Mountain Warfare Operations],
sand dunes that greatly impede the movement of provides additional information.)
vehicles or it may have a hard surface that facili-
tates large mechanized formations. Units must The focal point of mountain operations is to
modify and adapt their equipment and tactics to a obtain/maintain control of heights. Key terrain
dusty and rugged landscape. (See MCWP 3-35.6, features normally include those heights that dom-
Desert Operations, for detailed information.) inate lines of communications, such as mountain
passes, roads, bridges, and railroads. Fighting
Desert offensive operations tend to favor wide from higher ground offers distinct tactical advan-
envelopments and fast and wide flanking move- tages. Tanks are best used in this environment to
ments by armored formations because of the free- control key terrain, defensive positions, and
dom to maneuver. Because of the limited strongpoints. Restricted mechanized routes in the
concealment offered by the bare terrain, units mountains do not lend themselves to maneuver
must surprise the enemy by using deception, warfare of mechanized units. Tightly canalized
appropriate security measures, and rapid move- routes should be anticipated by mechanized units
ment; moreover, commanders must exploit peri- and recognized as danger areas that require good
ods of limited visibility. infantry security until the units are clear of the
Defensive operations in desert regions emphasize area. Inherent in mountain operations are the dif-
mobility and flexibility. Commanders should ficulties that the terrain offers to movement, so
make provisions for long-range direct fire weap- operations in mountainous regions take longer
ons, construction of extensive obstacle systems to than normal to plan and execute. Key mountain
canalize or slow the enemy, a high degree of operational characteristics include the following:
mobility, and secure communications. The organi-
 Communications and sustainment are difficult
zation of the defense should emphasize measures
to execute in rugged terrain. In general, opera-
against both air and armored attack. Long-range tions in mountainous terrain slow and restrict
direct fire capability makes the tank an ideal maneuver and make communications and
weapon in desert terrain. The long-range fields of resupply of tanks difficult.
fire common to desert areas tend to allow all
 Defenses may have to locate on the military
weapon systems to engage at their maximum crest to fire into an engagement area. Moun-
range; however, these same extended engagement tainous terrain can be either a dangerous obsta-
ranges hinder positive target identification. cle to operations or a valuable aid, according to
how well it is understood and to what extent
the tank commander takes advantage of its par-
Mountain Operations ticular characteristics.
 Night and periods of limited visibility are the
Rugged, compartmented terrain with steep slopes best movement times due to the extended range
and few natural or manmade lines of communica- of observation from enemy positions. Move-
tions generally characterize militarily significant ment times are slower due to terrain and alti-
mountains. The compartmented terrain causes a tude effects. Any differences in elevation over
corresponding compartmentalization of military the march route also have an impact on unit
operations. Successful mountain operations movement times.
 ______________________________________________________________________________
Marine Corps Tank Employment C-3

 The terrain reduces the effectiveness of fire- Tactical employment is modified to offset the
power. The M1A1 tank has only a limited abil- characteristics of the area and its weather. When
ity to depress its main gun. The ability to planning tactical operations for execution during
elevate its main gun should also be considered rigorous winter weather, commanders must care-
when employing the tanks. fully consider the probable effects of weather upon
 Centralized planning and decentralized small operations, the health of Marines, supply, evacua-
unit execution characterize operations because tion, and the maintenance of lines of communica-
the terrain limits the commander’s capability to tion. Ice, deep snow, and extreme cold weather
directly control operations. Command and con- modify the normal use of terrain features. Planning
trol of tanks is therefore decentralized with considerations during operations in snow or
small units often operating independently. extreme cold weather include the following:
Tanks are highly effective when task-organized
down to the section level and when provided  Operations take longer than normal to plan
infantry support. and execute.
 The role of the tank in a mountainous environ-  Tanks are mostly metal, which can become dif-
ment is much the same as in the MOUT envi- ficult to work around in extreme cold. Gloves
ronment. Tanks provide armor-protected have to be worn at all times by the crews, slow-
firepower to reduce obstacles and field fortifi- ing the ability to operate/maintain the tank.
cations in support of the infantry commander’s  Cold weather impacts a weapon’s reliability;
scheme of maneuver. therefore, the M1A1’s machine guns require
the same cold weather considerations as dis-
mounted machine guns.
Operations in Deep Snow and Extreme Cold  Tanks can generally negotiate deep snow better
than wheeled vehicles if there has been enough
Deep snow and extreme cold weather present time to properly prepare the tank track for cold
employment problems in operations involving weather operations. Packed snow and ice can
tanks, which increase engineer support require- cause tracked vehicles to slide and possibly
ments and may require the extensive use of lines lose control, particularly on hills or roads with
of communication. Planning and training can steep inclines. Infantry on roads should stay
reduce the effect of the climatic conditions, but clear of heavy tracked vehicles in these condi-
commanders and their staffs must understand the tions while they are moving.
impact that these severe conditions impose on
 Concealment and camouflage are more diffi-
tank operations. Many of the missions assigned to
cult due to white snow. Depending upon the
tanks are the same as those assigned in normal
mission and environment, tanks may need to
operations and the tactics and techniques
employed in offensive and defensive operations be painted white for better camouflaging.
are also similar. (See MCWP 3-35.1 for detailed  Requirements for CSS increase.
information on cold weather operations.)
 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________
C-4 MCWP 3-12

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 APPENDIX D
CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL,
RADIOLOGICAL, AND NUCLEAR OPERATIONS

Planning Chemical/Biological Attack

Planning is critical to the success of any opera- Tanks have a CBRN overpressurization system
tion; therefore, all staff sections must make CBRN that allows the tank to operate in a highly con-
considerations an integral part of their operational taminated environment with less impact on crew
planning process. A major factor that must be con- capabilities. The tank incorporates limited envi-
sidered is the CBRN effect on individuals and ronmental control and maintains a clean crew
operations once the unit enters an elevated mis- environment on a contaminated battlefield. This
sion-oriented protective posture: the operational ability allows the supported commander to con-
tempo will slow, Marines will require more rest tinue operations with tank forces while conduct-
and hydration to recover from physical exertion, ing decontamination of more susceptible forces.
and the possibility of heat casualties will increase.
Proper planning must address threat analysis, vul-
nerability analysis, mission-oriented protective Decontamination
posture analysis, and the decontamination site.
Tank decontamination requires special consider-
Nuclear and Radiological Attack ation of the amount of water and cleaning agents
needed to cover the surface area of the tank and
the availability of a water source to accomplish
Once a tank unit has reacted to a nuclear or radio-
the mission. If the tank has been operating, the
logical attack, it is capable of performing numer-
engine compartment and the track may not have
ous missions for the supported commander due to
to be decontaminated due to heat generated dur-
the tanks’ low transmission factor. Tanks are one
of the preferred platforms for radiological opera- ing operations.
tions due to their inherent protection. Their mis- The detailed procedures and techniques for
sions include— decontamination operations are discussed in
 Ground reconnaissance of contaminated area. MCWP 3-37.3, Multiservice Tactics, Tech-
 Retrograde guard/screen force for the protected niques, and Procedures for Chemical, Biologi-
element. cal, Radiological, and Nuclear Decontamination.
 Continued offensive operations.
 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________
D-2 MCWP 3-12

This Page Intentionally Left Blank

 APPENDIX E
BREACHING OPERATIONS
Obstacle breaching is conducted during offensive  Multipurpose tank blade, which has the follow-
operations to project combat power to the far side ing capabilities:
of an obstacle. The commander must understand  Clearance of surface laid obstacles.

the various types of obstacles and the capabilities  Breach of structures.

and limitations of available mobility assets.  Limited redundant capability to the medium

crawler tractor.
 Breaching tanks become far side security.
Fundamentals  Capable of operating in close proximity to the
mine clearing line charge (MICLIC).
During breaching operations, tank units can exe-
cute the roles of the support force, breach force, A tank platoon may conduct a mechanical breach
or the assault force. They can provide forces for or serve as the breach force for a larger unit. For
multiple roles within a breaching operation. example, if the platoon is allocated one plow, the
platoon sergeant’s wingman normally serves as
Support Force the breach tank. The platoon sergeant follows
immediately behind to proof the lane and pro-
Capabilities inherent to a tank unit that executes vide overwatch. The platoon commander’s sec-
the role of the support force are— tion follows the platoon sergeant.
 Long-range, armor-protected, precision fire. If the platoon has two or more plows, it can create
 Long-range thermal acquisition out to 10 kilo- multiple lanes, usually 75 to 100 meters apart. The
meters. wingman tanks are normally equipped with the
 Control of MAGTF fires under armor protec- plows and the section leaders’ tanks follow to proof
tion through the characteristics of the tank (see the lanes and provide overwatch (see fig. E-1 on
app. A). page E-2).
 High speed mobility to establish support by fire To create a wider lane, two plow tanks can stagger
positions. their movement along a single lane (see fig. E-2
on page E-2). This technique is also used in order
Breach Force to clear a lane through which HMMWVs and
other wheeled vehicles can pass without a center
Capabilities inherent to a tank unit that executes lane of mine-ridden spoil. Using figure E-2 as a
the role of the breach force are— literal example, a wide lane with no center lane
would be created on the right side of the double
 Armor-protected breach site security.
proofed lane.
 Track width mine plow, which has the follow-
ing capabilities: Note: The lanes created on the left side
 Redundant capability to the assault breacher would not be double proofed and spoil from
vehicle (ABV). the second tank through would be put into
 Mechanical breach. the first tank’s right lane.
 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________
E-2 MCWP 3-12

Minefield

75-100 m

Figure E-1. Plow Tanks Create Multiple

Lanes While Section Leaders’ Tanks Provide Overwatch.

Minefield

Figure E-2. Plow Tanks Use

Staggered Movement to Create a Wider Lane.
 ______________________________________________________________________________
Marine Corps Tank Employment E-3

After a lane is created and proofed, it is normally  High speed mobility to establish support by
turned over to attached engineers for marking. fire positions.
The platoon commander reports the location of
the lane and the method of marking to higher
headquarters in order to expedite the movement Organic Mobility Assets
of the assault force. If no engineers are available,
an attempt should be made to at least mark the The tank battalion has specialized organic mobil-
entrance and exit of the breach using North ity assets that enable it to maintain momentum
Atlantic Treaty Organization marking proce- despite enemy countermobility efforts. These
dures. Unit SOPs will dictate marking methods assets are designed for, but are not limited to,
and materials, which commonly include engineer streamlining the hasty plowing of enemy mine
stakes with tape, guides, and chemical lights. fields, reduction/building of berms, and bridging
Throughout the operation, the platoon com- tank ditches.
mander provides continuous updates of the
breach force’s progress to higher headquarters Mine Plow
and other elements involved in the breach. He The track width mine plow is used to breach and
also coordinates with the support force for sup- proof minefields and affords good survivability
pressive fires. (see fig. E-3). When fully operational, a tank
equipped with a mine plow can quickly clear two,
Assault Force
58-inch wide lanes, one in front of each track.
The assault force will often move behind the Note: The plow’s dogbone assembly will
breach force and closely follow the breach vehi- detonate the tilt rods of mines in the area
cles through the new lane (see chap. 2). Capabili- between the two plowed lanes; however,
ties inherent to a tank unit executing the role of only plows equipped with the improved dog-
the assault force are— bone assembly will defeat magnetically acti-
 Long-range, armor-protected, precision fire. vated mines.
 Control of MAGTF fires under armor protec- The plow must be dropped at least 100 meters
tion through the characteristics of the tank (see before the tank reaches the minefield and it is not
app. A). lifted until the tank is at least 100 meters past the

Figure E-3. Track Width Mine Plow for M1A1.

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________
E-4 MCWP 3-12

far edge of the minefield. In order to be effective, has the capability to build hull down fighting posi-
the plow must have 18 inches of spoil, which lim- tions for tanks, but tank units will require addi-
its the tank’s speed to 10 mph or less in the lane. tional engineer support to build a multitiered
The mine plow should be used only in a straight fighting position for a deliberate defense.
line; it does not work well on hard, rocky, or
uneven ground where it cannot maintain adequate
spoil. Mine detonation can cause violent upward Nonorganic Mobility Assets
movement of the blade; therefore, the crew tra-
verses the tank’s main gun to the side during plow- There are assets within the MAGTF that, when
ing to prevent damage to the gun tube. The crew employed with a tank unit, can enhance capabili-
must also ensure the plow’s lifting straps don’t ties and combat effectiveness during mobility
become entangled in wire obstacles. operations. These assets are nonorganic to the
tank battalion and should be identified during the
Multipurpose Tank Blade
planning phase of an operation. Proper rehearsals
The multipurpose tank blade is designed to con- should be conducted with these assets to ensure
duct obstacle reduction and structure breaching that all elements are aware of their employment
within urban environments (see fig. E-4). It also capabilities and limitations.

Weight 3.3 tons

Cutting width 145 inches
Cutting depth 12 inches
Install time 20 minutes
Removal time 20 minutes
Construction time (hull down) 12 minutes

Figure E-4. Multipurpose Tank Blade.

 ______________________________________________________________________________
Marine Corps Tank Employment E-5

Mine Roller battalions of the Marine division. There are three

types: AAV mine countermeasure (triple shot),
The mine roller is used to identify the forward ABV (double shot), and trailer mounted (single
edges of a minefield and to proof lanes. The shot). The MICLIC is used to breach wire and
roller sweeps a 44-inch path in front of each explosive obstacle belts, and the MICLIC clears a
track and is equipped with a dogbone assembly. lane 100 meters long and 14 meters wide.
It is also effective at breaching wire obstacles;
however, is not effective on broken or uneven Note: The MICLIC must be fired 62 meters
ground. The mine roller, like the mine plow, will from the near side edge of the obstacle belt
not defeat magnetically fuzed mines unless to get the full 100 meters.
equipped with the improved dogbone assembly. The charge may create two skip zones where the
The main gun must be traversed to the side or mines are not detonated on the right and left side
rear when contact with a mine is possible or of the centerline of the cleared lane. The skip
imminent; detonation can throw the roller (or zones, which are about 1.5 meters wide, require
pieces of it) violently upward, possibly damag- all MICLIC lanes to be proofed. The MICLIC is
ing the 120-mm main gun. The mine roller can effective against pressure-activated antitank
usually withstand two mine explosions before mines and against mechanically activated antiper-
needing repairs or replacement.
sonnel mines. Effectiveness is limited against
magnetically activated mines, including scatter-
Assault Breacher Vehicle
able mines and those with multi-impulse (double-
The ABV is a single platform that provides delib- impact) or time-delay fuzes. The MICLIC is not
erate and in-stride breaching capabilities to the effective on severely broken ground where the
assault force of the MAGTF. The ABV utilizes line charge cannot lay flat. When detonated, the
the M1 chassis, allowing the vehicle to maneuver MICLIC has a 1,600-meter danger area radius.
at the same speed as the tanks and provides simi-
lar armor protection. Each vehicle carries two lin- Armored Vehicle-Launched Bridge
ear demolition charge systems and/or MICLIC,
used for clearing lanes through explosive obsta- The AVLB is primarily employed to cross short
cles. It can proof the lane with a full width mine gaps (such as narrow streams), antitank ditches,
plow and mark the lane at the same time with the craters, canals, or partially blown bridges. Its span
lane marking system. In addition, the ABV has a is 18 meters (60 feet) using prepared abutments
combat dozer blade used for clearing nonexplo- and 17 meters with unprepared abutments. The
sive obstacles as well as earth-moving operations. capacity of the bridge is one MLC 70 vehicle
Two other attachments—the rapid ordnance (waived for M1 series tanks during combat opera-
removal system and the surface mine plow—are tions). The AVLB launcher, which requires 10
used to clear surface laid mines, unexploded ord- meters of overhead clearance for transportation and
nance, and other surface munitions. During operation, is most visible and vulnerable during
breaching operations, ABVs can be cross- launching of the bridge. An experienced crew can
attached to support mechanized forces. The ABV launch the bridge in 2 to 5 minutes. The AVLB
must rely upon the protection and long-range resides within the combat engineer battalion.
direct fire overwatch provided by the breach
force’s security element. Engineer Attachment

Mine Clearing Line Charge The engineer attachment is the most versatile of
all breaching assets. It can be used to conduct
The MICLIC is a MAGTF breaching asset that is explosive or manual breaches and proofs and to
organic to the AAV and combat engineer mark lanes through an obstacle; however, while it
 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________
E-6 MCWP 3-12

is conducting these breaching and proofing oper- manual breaching kits, which normally consist of
ations, the attachment is extremely vulnerable to grappling hooks, gloves, and wire cutters. At the
enemy direct and indirect fires. same time, however, employment of either type
of platoon organization in breaching operations
If other breaching assets are unavailable, an has distinct disadvantages: the pace of the breach
infantry or tank platoon can conduct explosive will be slow and the operation will leave the pla-
breaches with hand-emplaced charges and/or use toon vulnerable to enemy attack.
 APPENDIX F
AMMUNITION
The Abrams tank main armament is the M256,
120-mm smoothbore cannon. It is used to Service Ammunitions
destroy armored vehicles, lightly armored vehi-
cles, helicopters, and defensive positions and to Armor-defeating projectiles use either kinetic
suppress enemy positions and troops in the open. energy or chemical energy to penetrate and
The 120-mm rounds are also used to conduct destroy armored targets.
wall breaching and obstacle reduction. The
Abrams fires kinetic energy, chemical energy, Armor-defeating Ammunition:
special purpose, and training rounds. This appen- M829 A1/A2/A3 Armor-Piercing
dix discusses the characteristics of both service Fin-Stabilized Discarding Sabot-Tracer
(combat) and training main gun rounds. Conven-
tional main gun ammunition is classified accord- Sabot rounds are the primary armor-defeating
ing to type and use: round for the 120-mm main gun and are the most
accurate of all tank ammunition. Sabot rounds
 Armor-defeating ammunition. Kinetic energy
use kinetic energy—the weight and speed of the
ammunition, such as M829A3, is the primary penetrator—to defeat the target.
round used against tank and tank-like targets.
In a secondary role, it is used against helicop- The three types of 120-mm sabot rounds cur-
ters and lightly armored vehicles. rently available for the M1A1 tank are the
 Multipurpose ammunition. Chemical energy M829A3 armor-piercing, fin-stabilized, discard-
ammunition—such as M830A1 multipurpose ing sabot-tracer (APFSDS-T); the M829A2
antitank (MPAT), M830 high explosive anti- APFSDS-T; and the M829A1 APFSDS-T (see
tank (HEAT), or multipurpose high explo- fig. F-1 on page F-2).
sive—is the primary round used against lightly
armored targets and field fortifications. In a Multipurpose Ammunition
secondary role, it can be used against person-
nel and tank-like targets. When in air mode, The main gun ammunition—M830 HEAT-tracer,
M830A1 is the primary round used against M830A1 MPAT-tracer, and multipurpose high
helicopters. explosive—is designed for the wider array of tar-
 Antipersonnel. The M1028 canister round is pri- gets that might be encountered on the battlefield.
marily used against massed troop formations. In
a secondary role, it may be used against techni- M830 High Explosive Antitank-Multipurpose-Tracer
cal vehicles, such as light trucks, and to breach
The HEAT multipurpose-tracer round is used pri-
nonreinforced walls and concertina wire.
marily against lightly armored targets and field
 Training. Target practice ammunition is used fortifications (see fig. F-2 on page F-2). In its sec-
for gunnery training. These rounds provide ondary role, it is used against personnel and
characteristics similar to service ammunition, armored vehicles.
without the chemical energy, projectile, or ser-
vice penetrator. This round depends on chemical energy and not
 Smoke grenades. Smoke grenades provide the striking velocity; therefore, its ability to pene-
tank with expedient obscuration for both the trate armor is as effective at 4,000 meters as it is
vehicle and personnel. at 200 meters (see fig. F-3 on page F-3).
 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________
F-2 MCWP 3-12

M830A1 Multipurpose Antitank-Tracer proximity switch and fuze that allow it to be fired
The 120-mm M830A1 MPAT round (see fig. F-4) in either air or ground mode. Its primary targets
is a fin-stabilized round that contains a high are light-armored ground targets, which are
explosive warhead equipped with a selectable engaged with the fuze set to ground mode,
allowing the round to function when it strikes a
Aluminum Fin Composite Sabot Petals (3 each)
Case Base
Combustible Cartridge Case Depleted Uranium
Primer Penetrator
Propellant Obturator
Stainless Steel
Windshield

Projectile
E IN USA
M AD

NMO03K001-004

S3
S3
CRTG, 120MM:
APFSDS-T, M829A3
HIA04E400-003

Figure F-1. M829A1/M829A2/M829A3

Armor-Piercing, Fin-Stabilized, Discarding Sabot-Tracer (120-mm).

Case Base
Combustible Cartridge Case Full Frontal
Primer Impact Switch
Propellant Assembly

Standoff
Spike
M AD
E IN USA PIBD Fuze High-Explosive
FBO05K535-005 Shaped Charge
BWV06A003M002

CRTG, 120MM:
HEAT-MP-T, M830
MHM06H505-001

Legend
PIBD point-initiated base-detRnated

Figure F-2. M830 High Explosive Antitank Multipurpose-Tracer (120-mm).

 ______________________________________________________________________________
Marine Corps Tank Employment F-3

target with either a direct or glancing blow. It may With the switch set to air mode, this round can be
also be used against bunkers, buildings, the flank used in a self-defense role against enemy helicop-
and rear of enemy tanks, and enemy personnel. ters. The round will function either when it

High-Pressure
Energy Jet Stream Target
PIBD Fuze Produced by Detonation

High-Explosive Copper
Shaped Charge Forcing Cone

Legend
PIBD point-initiated base-detRnated

Figure F-3. Chemical Energy Ammunition Effects.

Base-Detonated Fuze
Explosive
Case Base Tracer Combustible
Shaped
Case
Charge
Air/Ground Switch
(M830A1
HEAT-MP-T)

E IN USA E IN USA
Propellant Sabot Petals
M AD M AD

NMO06B001-004 NMO06B001-004

BTF05H001-008 BTF05H001-008

MPAT-1
MPAT-1
MPAT
MPAT Yellow Steel Nose
(M908 HE-OR-T)
CRTG, 120MM: CRTG, 120MM:
HEAT-MP-T, M830A1 HEAT-MP-T, M830A1
ORI06C134-006 ORI06C134-006

E IN USA
M AD

NMO06B001-004
BTF05H001-008

OR
OR

CRTG, 120MM:
HE-OR-T, M908
MHM06E170-001

M908

Figure F-4. M830A1 Multipurpose Antitank-Tracer

and M908 High Explosive Obstacle Reduction-Tracer (120-mm).
 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________
F-4 MCWP 3-12

strikes a target or approaches the vicinity of a tar- mode. While in airburst mode, the fuze incorpo-
get that is detected by the sensor; however, since rates a self-destruct function after approximately
the sensor is not active until 400 meters, it will 15 seconds.
not function in air mode at shorter ranges.
Antipersonnel Ammunition: M1028 Canister
Multipurpose High Explosive
The purpose of the M1028 round is to provide a
The 120-mm multipurpose high explosive car- short-range antipersonnel capability for the
tridge (fig. F-5) is a high explosive round that Abrams tank. The projectile houses 1,097 three-
consists of projectile, programmable fuze, and eighth-inch tungsten balls (see fig. F-6). This
propulsion section (cartridge case and propel- round is most effective at 200 to 500 meters
lant). The electromechanical base fuze performs against a standard 10-man infantry squad in a
in one of the following modes:
wedge formation.
 Point detonating without delay (default mode).
 Point detonating with delay.
 Airburst detonating (time delay). Target Practice Ammunition

The multipurpose high explosive functions out to Target practice ammunition is used during gun-
4,000 meters and is capable of breaching a 3-inch nery training in place of service ammunition. The
by 50-inch hole in an 8-inch reinforced concrete training rounds available for the M256 cannon
wall with no more than 3 rounds. It will also are the M865 target practice cone stabilized dis-
defeat an earth and timber bunker with no more carding sabot-tracer, M831A1-TP-T, and M1002
than 2 rounds when fired in delay mode. It is target practice multipurpose-tracer. Additionally,
designed to defeat massed infantry from 80 to the M1028 canister round has been approved for
4,000 meters—with 50 percent incapacitation use on training ranges.
versus a squad or a platoon—while in airburst

New Stub Case

Pressure Switch Programmable Fuze

Igniter with Data Link IHE Booster

IHE

Tail Unit Tungsten Balls

Cable Protection Tracer

Legend
IHE iPSURYHG high explosive

Figure F-5. 120-mm Multipurpose High Explosive.

 ______________________________________________________________________________
Marine Corps Tank Employment F-5

M865 Target Practice Cone M1002 Target Practice Multipurpose-Tracer

Stabilized Discarding Sabot-Tracer
The purpose of the M1002 target practice multi-
The purpose of the M865 target practice cone sta- purpose-tracer cartridge is to serve as a ground-
bilized discarding sabot-tracer is to simulate the mode only training round for the 120-mm HEAT
M829 family service sabot round for gunnery multipurpose-tracer, M830A1 tactical cartridge
training (see fig. F-7). (see fig. F-8 on page F-6).

3/8 Inch Tungsten Balls

(Approx. 1097 Total)

Case Base Electric Primer Case Adapter Sabot Petals

(4 each)

Combustible Case Propellant Aft Body Forward

Body
E IN USA
M AD

Projectile
NMO05K001-004

CAN
CAN
CRTG, 120MM:
Canister, M1028
ORI06B952-001A

Figure F-6. M1028 Canister.

Case Base Primer Slotted Fin Sabot Petals

(3 each)

Combustible Case Propellant Projectile

E IN USA
M AD

NMO06B001-004

T-S1
T-S1
CRTG, 120MM:
TPCSDS-T, M865
ORI06B710-002

Figure F-7. M865 Target Practice Cone Stabilized Discarding Sabot-Tracer.

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________
F-6 MCWP 3-12

Danger of Discarding Projectile Components Discarding Sabot Rounds

The danger area for rounds that have discarding
All rounds that have discarding sabots—service
sabots, such as service kinetic energy rounds,
kinetic energy rounds, M865, MPAT, and canis-
M865, and MPAT, extends to 1,000 meters from
ter rounds—will not be fired over friendly
the gun and 70 meters to either side of the gun-
troops unless those troops are protected by ade-
target line (see fig. F-9).
quate cover. Troops might be struck by the dis-
carded components.

Electric Primer
Simulated
Steel Base Case Slotted Tail Sabot Air/Ground
Cone Proximity
Switch

Combustible Case
Projectile
M AD
E IN USA M14 Propellant

T-M1
T-M1
CRTG, 120MM:
TPMP-T, M1002
ORI06K001-005

Figure F-8. M1002 Target Practice Multipurpose-Tracer.

Discarding Sabot Petals Danger

70 m Area for Dismounted Personnel
Left 1000 m
and Soft Skinned Vehicles

140 m
Total Gun Target Line

70 m Discarding Sabot Petals Danger 1000 m

Right Area for Dismounted Personnel
and Soft Skinned Vehicles

Figure F-9. Discarding Sabot Danger Area.

 ______________________________________________________________________________
Marine Corps Tank Employment F-7

M1028 Canister Round

—DANGER—
The danger area for the discarding components of The hatches should be closed when firing the
the canister round is similar to those of any smoke grenade launchers to prevent red phos-
kinetic energy sabot round. phorus, which can cause serious burns, from
being blown in on the crew. All personnel out-
side the vehicle must stay at least 150 meters
Smoke Grenades from the vehicle during firing.

Smoke grenades are primarily used to provide Each grenade has a specific functioning area once
concealment for combat vehicles and personnel it is discharged from the launcher. Figure F-11,
on the ground. They can also be used to provide on page F-8, illustrates the grenade functioning
signaling for events and other follow-on ele- area based on the respective vehicle launcher
ments. The M257 smoke grenade launcher con- array. Although each grenade is designed to
tains eight smoke grenades in each launcher set function at 30 meters from the launcher, each
that, when fired, can cover an arc of 104 degrees pyrotechnic requires an additional 8 meters to
in front of the turret. fully ignite and provide screening. Figure F-11,
on page F-8, represents the hazard dimensions for
The patterns shown in figure F-10 display the all platforms launching the L8 series, M76, or
most common configuration for the smoke gre- M82 smoke grenades from a vehicle. It shows the
nade launchers. worst case distances as crews may have multiple
grenade types prepared.

8 8
22 22

37 37
Grenades detonate 30 m from launcher
Hazard extends out to 38 m
52 Salvo 2 52
Salvo 1
(if equipped)
Top Left Top Right Bottom Left Bottom
Discharger Discharger Discharger Right
Discharger

1, 2, 3, 4 1, 2, 3, 4 1, 2, 3, 4 1, 2, 3, 4

4 1

3 2
2 3

1 4

Figure F-10. Salvo Pattern for the M257 Smoke Grenade Launcher System.
 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________
F-8 MCWP 3-12

Grenade
Functioning Zone

150 m

110

Launch
Area

38 m

110 m Rear Hazard

Area

Figure F-11. Smoke Grenade Composite Hazard Area.

 GLOSSARY

SECTION I. ACRONYMS
AAV . . . . . . . . . . . . . amphibious assault vehicle LCAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . landing craft, air cushion
ABV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . assault breacher vehicle LCU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . landing craft, utility
APFSDS-T . . . . . . armor-piercing, fin-stabilized,
discarding sabot-tracer MAGTF . . . . . . . . . Marine air-ground task force
AVLB . . . . . . . .armored vehicle-launched bridge MCWP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marine Corps
warfighting publication
CBRN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . chemical, biological, METT-T . . . . . . . . . . mission, enemy, terrain and
radiological, and nuclear weather, troops and support
CSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . combat service support available-time available
MICLIC . . . . . . . . . . . . mine clearing line charge
FAC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . forward air controller MLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . military load classification
mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . millimeter
FST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fire support team
MOUT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . military operations
FTL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . far target location
on urbanized terrain
MPAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .multipurpose antitank
GCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ground combat element mph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . miles per hour
HEAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . high explosive antitank psi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .pounds per square inch
HMMWV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . high mobility
multipurpose wheeled vehicle ROE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rules of engagement
in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .inch S-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .logistics officer
SOP . . . . . . . . . . . . . standing operating procedure
km . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilometer
kph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilometers per hour VHF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . very high frequency
 _____________________________________________________________________________________________
Glossary-2 MCWP 3-12

SECTION II. DEFINITIONS

avenue of approach—An air or ground route of tank, mechanized infantry, or light infantry
an attacking force of a given size leading to its platoons to a tank, mechanized infantry, or light
objective or to key terrain in its path. Also called infantry company either in exchange for or in
AA. (JP 1-02) addition to organic platoons. (MCRP 5-12A)

axis of advance—A line of advance assigned for concealment—The protection from observation
purposes of control; often a road or a group of or surveillance. (MCRP 5-12A)
roads, or a designated series of locations, extend-
ing in the direction of the enemy. (JP 1-02) cover—Shelter or protection, either natural or arti-
ficial. (MCRP 5-12A, part 4 of a 6 part definition)
ballistic trajectory—The trajectory traced after
the propulsive force is terminated and the body is covering force—1. A force operating apart from
acted upon only by gravity and aerodynamic the main force for the purpose of intercepting,
drag. (JP 1-02) engaging, delaying, disorganizing, and deceiving
the enemy before the enemy can attack the force
basic load (ammunition)—The quantity of covered. 2. Any body or detachment of troops
supplies required to be on hand within, and which which provides security for a larger force by
can be moved by, a unit or formation. It is observation, reconnaissance, attack, or defense, or
expressed according to the wartime organization by any combination of these methods. (JP 1-02)
of the unit or formation and maintained at the
prescribed levels. (JP 1-02) dead space—1. An area within the maximum
range of a weapon, radar, or observer, which
battle position—1. In ground operations, a cannot be covered by fire or observation from a
defensive location oriented on an enemy avenue particular position because of intervening obsta-
of approach from which a unit may defend. 2. In cles, the nature of the ground, or the characteris-
air operations, an airspace coordination area tics of the ballistic trajectory, or the limitations of
containing firing points for attack helicopters. the pointing capabilities of the weapon. 2. An
Also called BP. (MCRP 5-12C) area or zone which is within range of a radio
transmitter, but in which a signal is not received.
coaxial machine gun—A machine gun mounted 3. The volume of space above and around a gun
in the turret of a tank in a way that its line of fire or guided missile system into which it cannot fire
is parallel (coaxial) to that of the cannon set on because of mechanical or electronic limitations.
the same mounting. (JP 1-02)

command post—A unit’s or subunit’s headquar- defilade—Protection from hostile observation and
ters where the commander and the staff perform fire provided by an obstacle such as a hill, ridge,
their activities. In combat, a unit’s or subunit’s or bank. (JP 1-02, part 1 of a 3 part definition)
headquarters is often divided into echelons; the
echelon in which the unit or subunit commander direct fire—Fire delivered on a target using the
is located or from which such commander oper- target itself as a point of aim for either the
ates is called a command post. Also called CP. weapon or the director. (JP 1-02)
(MCRP 5-12A)
elevation—The vertical distance of a point or
company team—A combined arms organization level on or affixed to the surface of the Earth
formed by attaching one or more nonorganic measured from mean sea level. (JP 1-02)
 _____________________________________________________________________
Marine Corps Tank Employment Glossary-3

fire support—Fires that directly support land, portion. Also, an acronym for “light amplification
maritime, amphibious, and special operations by stimulated emission of radiation.” (JP 1-02)
forces to engage enemy forces, combat forma-
tions, and facilities in pursuit of tactical and oper- line of sight—The unobstructed path from a
ational objectives. (JP 1-02) Assistance to soldier, weapon, weapon sight, electronic-send-
elements of the Marine air-ground task force ing and -receiving antennas, or piece of recon-
engaged with the enemy rendered by other firing naissance equipment to another point. Also called
units, including (but not limited to) artillery, LOS. (MCRP 5-12A)
mortars, naval surface fire support, and offensive
air support. (MCRP 5-12C) military operations on urbanized terrain—All
military actions that are planned and conducted
fuze—A device which initiates an explosive on a topographical complex and its adjacent natu-
train. (MCRP 5-12A) ral terrain where manmade construction is the
dominant feature. It includes combat in cities,
hide—The positioning of a vehicle, individual, or which is that portion of military operations on
unit so that no part is exposed to observation or urbanized terrain involving house-to-house and
direct fire. (MCRP 5-12A) street-by-street fighting in towns and cities. Also
called MOUT. (MCRP 5-12C)
hull down—The positioning of an armored vehi-
cle so that the muzzle of the gun or launcher is obscuration—The effects of weather, battlefield
the lowest part of the vehicle exposed to the dust, and debris, or the use of smoke munitions to
front. Hull down positions afford maximum hamper observation and target-acquisition capa-
protection for vehicles that are engaging targets bility or to conceal activities or movement.
with direct fire. (MCRP 5-12A) (MCRP 5-12A)

identification—The process of determining the obstacle—Any obstruction designed or employed

friendly or hostile character of an unknown to disrupt, fix, turn, or block the movement of an
detected contact. Also called ID. (JP 1-02, part 1 opposing force, and to impose additional losses in
of a 3 part definition) personnel, time, and equipment on the opposing
force. Obstacles can exist naturally or can be man-
indirect fire—Fire delivered on a target that is made, or can be a combination of both. (JP 1-02)
not itself used as a point of aim for the weapons
or the director. (JP 1-02) point target—1. A target of such small dimen-
sion that it requires the accurate placement of
kinetic energy ammunition—The primary ordnance in order to neutralize or destroy it. 2. A
armor-defeating round for the 120-mm main gun target in which the ratio of radius of damage to
and the most accurate of all tank ammunition. target radius is equal to or greater than 5.
Kinetic energy is a combination of mass (MCRP 5-12A)
(weight) and velocity (speed) of the projectile;
no explosives are needed to penetrate the target. pyrotechnic—A mixture of chemicals which,
(MCWP 3-12.2) when ignited, is capable of reacting exothermi-
cally to produce light, heat, smoke, sound, or gas.
laser—Any device that can produce or amplify (MCRP 5-12A)
optical radiation primarily by the process of
controlled stimulated emission. A laser may emit reconnaissance—A mission undertaken to
electromagnetic radiation from the ultraviolet obtain, by visual observation or other detection
portion of the spectrum through the infrared methods, information about the activities and
 _____________________________________________________________________________________________
Glossary-4 MCWP 3-12

resources of an enemy or adversary, or to secure services, emergency infrastructure reconstruc-

data concerning the meteorological, hydro- tion, and humanitarian relief. (JP 1-02)
graphic, or geographic characteristics of a partic-
ular area. Also called RECON. (JP 1-02) suppressive fire—Fires on or about a weapons
system to degrade its performance below the
reconnaissance by fire—A method of reconnais- level needed to fulfill its mission objectives,
sance in which fire is placed on a suspected enemy during the conduct of the fire mission. (JP 1-02)
position to cause the enemy to disclose a presence
by movement or return of fire. (MCRP 5-12A) target acquisition—The detection, identifica-
tion, and location of a target in sufficient detail to
sabot—A lightweight carrier in which a subcali- permit the effective employment of weapons.
ber projectile is centered to permit firing the Also called TA. (JP 1-02)
projectile in the larger caliber weapon. The
carrier fills the bore of the weapon from which wingman—One of two tanks in a section,
the projectile is fired; it is normally discarded a normally the subordinate tank in the platoon
short distance from the muzzle. leader’s or platoon sergeant’s section. Under
battlefield conditions, the wingman concept facil-
stability operations—An overarching term itates control of the platoon when it operates in
encompassing various military missions, tasks, sections. The concept requires that one tank
and activities conducted outside the United States orient on another tank on either its left or right
in coordination with other instruments of national side. In the absence of specific instructions, wing-
power to maintain or reestablish a safe and secure men move, stop, and shoot when their leaders do.
environment, provide essential governmental
 REFERENCES

Army Field Manual (FM)

4-30.3 Maintenance Operations and Procedures

Marine Corps Publications

Marine Corps Doctrinal Publication (MCDP)
1-0 Marine Corps Operations

Marine Corps Warfighting Publications (MCWPs)

3-17.8 Combined Arms Mobility Operations
3-33.3 Marine Corps Public Affairs
3-35.1 Mountain Warfare Operations (under development)
3-35.5 Jungle Operations
3-35.6 Desert Operations
3-37.3 Multiservice Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Chemical, Biological, Radiological,
and Nuclear Decontamination

Marine Corps Reference Publications (MCRPs)

3-31B Amphibious Ships and Landing Craft Data Book
4-11.3H Multiservice Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Tactical Convoy
Operations Handbook

Marine Corps Interim Publication (MCIP)

3-35.01 Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (TTP) for Reduction of Urban Area Strongpoints

Marine Corps Technical Manual (TM)

08953A-10 Tank M1A1 (120-mm Gun)

American, British, Canadian, Australian (ABCA) Armies Standardization Program

573 Tactical Hand and Arm Signals for the Control of AFVs
1073 Common Critical Alert and Weapon States for Direct Fire Weapon Systems
1074 Fire Control Procedures for Direct Fire Weapon Systems
1078 Common Format for the Reporting of the Effects of Direct Fire Support
1225 Common Critical Planning Procedures for the Employment of Direct Fire Weapon Systems
1226 Common Critical Procedures for Checking Friendly Fire
 __________________________________________________________________________________________
References-2 MCWP 3-12

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