IRG/WP 09
THE INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH GROUP ON WOOD PRESERVATION
Section 2 Test Methodology and Assessment
STUDY OF THE NATURAL DURABILITY OF
Eucalyptus grandis WOOD FROM ARGENTINA
D. Lorenzo 1, 2, M.T. Troya 2, J.C Piter 3, M. Sánchez 4, C. Baso 5
1
Galician Timber Technological Innovation and Services Centre. CIS-MADEIRA. Parque Tecnológico
de Galicia. 32901 Ourense. Spain.
2
Wood Protection Laboratory. Forestry Research Centre. CIFOR-INIA. Carretera Coruña km 7,5. 28040
Madrid. Spain.
3
Concepción del Uruguay Regional Faculty. National Technological University. C/Ingeniero Pereira 676.
3260 Concepción del Uruguay, Entre Ríos. Argentina.
4
National Institut for Agricultural Technology. INTA. Experiment Station Concordia. C.C.34. PC E3200
AQK Concordia, Entre Ríos. Argentina.
5
Natural Resources Engineering and Natural Environment Department. Vigo University. Campus A
Xunqueira. 36005 Pontevedra. Spain.
Paper prepared for the 40th Annual Meeting
Beijing, China
24-28 May 2009
Disclaimer
The opinions expressed in this document are those of the author(s) and
are not necessarily the opinions or policy of the IRG Organization”.
IRG SECRETARIAT
Box 5609
SE-114 86 Stockholm
Sweden
[Link]
STUDY OF THE NATURAL DURABILITY OF
Eucalyptus grandis WOOD FROM ARGENTINA
D. Lorenzo 1, 2, M.T. Troya 2, J.C Piter 3, M. Sánchez 4, C. Baso 5
1
Galician Timber Technological Innovation and Services Centre. CIS-MADEIRA. Parque Tecnológico de Galicia.
32901 Ourense. Spain.
2
Wood Protection Laboratory. Forestry Research Centre. CIFOR-INIA. Carretera Coruña km 7,5. 28040 Madrid.
Spain.
3
Concepción del Uruguay Regional Faculty. National Technological University. C/Ingeniero Pereira 676. 3260
Concepción del Uruguay, Entre Ríos. Argentina.
4
National Institut for Agricultural Technology. INTA. Experiment Station Concordia. C.C.34. PC E3200 AQK
Concordia, Entre Ríos. Argentina.
5
Natural Resources Engineering and Natural Environment Department. Vigo University. Campus A Xunqueira.
36005 Pontevedra. Spain.
ABSTRACT
In Argentina eucalypts are in second place of importance in planted area, after pines. Due to its
high growth rates (from 35 to 55 m3/ha/yr), Eucalyptus grandis is the most important among the
eucalypts planted in Argentina. Moreover, E. grandis is one of the species with the greatest
potential in the country, because of its diversity of uses for high end and added value solid
products. Due to the present interest of using eucalyptus wood for solid products, is of particular
importance to know the wood characteristics of E. grandis from local plantations. Natural
durability is a very important characteristic to determine wood applications. Nowadays, only
some references are made about its durability, where it is usually classified as “low durability”
wood but without greater precisions on the tests made. The objective of this project is to
determine the durability of this species against wood destroying fungi and wood destroying
insects and to classify E. grandis in the European Standard EN 350-2.
To achieve this objective, laboratory and field tests against fungi and insect attacks are being
carried out. The results of the laboratory tests with white, brown and soft rot indicate that the
heartwood is slightly-moderately durable (durability class 4-3), juvenile wood is slightly
durable-moderately durable (durability class 4-3) and sapwood is not-slightly durable (durability
class 5-4). The results obtained in the laboratory tests with Lyctus brunneus and Anobium
punctatum indicate that heartwood is durable (durability class D), juvenile wood is durable
(durability class D) and sapwood is susceptible (durability class S).
These results, together with the data obtained from the tests carried out up to now, indicate the
slightly-moderately resistant of the heartwood of this species against wood destroying fungi, the
resistant of heartwood and juvenile wood against dry wood destroying beetles and the low
resistant of heartwood, juvenile wood and sapwood against termites.
Keywords: Eucalyptus grandis, natural durability, wood destroying fungi, wood destroying
insects, EN 350-1 and EN 350-2.
1
INTRODUCTION
Forest plantations are more and more important to meet global demand for forest products. In the
last IUFRO World Symposium on Forest Products Taiwan 2007, was communicated that 50% of
the world-wide supply for the forest industries, comes from plantations, and is increasing.
Therefore, it is urgent to have information on wood characteristics of planted species to adapt
them to diverse uses, in special for solid products, where they can replace the use of native
wood, favoring the protection of native forests.
Among the planted species, eucalyptus is growing in importance because of its fast growth. In
the case of solid products it has to its favor its character of hardwood, which makes it apt to
supplant some appreciated tropical species.
Among the species of this genus, Eucalyptus grandis is one of the species with fastest growth in
the world, and plantations of this species are widespread in Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil, South
Africa and some tropical countries (SANCHEZ ACOSTA, 2008).
In the particular case of Argentina eucalypts are in second place of importance in planted area,
after pines, occupying a surface of approximately 270,000 ha, representing 32% of the logs
extracted annually (SAGPyA 2004 - Braier 2004). Due to its high growth rates (from 35 to 55
m3/ha/yr), Eucalyptus grandis (usually confused with E. saligna) is the most important among
the eucalypts planted in Argentina. Moreover, E. grandis is one of the species with the greatest
potential in the country, because of its diversity of uses for high end and added value solid
products, which in certain cases can replace wood of native forests. (GOBIERNO DE ENTRE
RIOS, 2002; SANCHEZ ACOSTA, 2004).
Nowadays products for garden furniture are being developed for export in Brazil and Vietnam,
but their durability is unknown.
Due to the present interest of using eucalyptus wood for solid products, is of particular
importance to know the wood characteristics of E. grandis from local plantations and the
potential variations due to the genetic provenance, to age, site, and silvicultural treatments
(MARCO, M. 2004).
Varied information on the wood characteristics of E. grandis is available worldwide, mainly
from Australia, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina (BAMBER, 1963;
BOLZA, 1972; BRAZIL, MA, 1979, BRITO, 1983; DANTONI, 1986; DE LA LAMA, G, 1976;
FERREIRA, M, 1983, HILLIS, W, 1978, INTA, 1995; KINGSTON, R, 1961; LABATE, P,
1975; LATU, 2003, MALAN, 1995, NAHUZ 2004, PONCE, R, 1994; RAMOS DE FREITAS,
A, 1993, SANCHEZ ACOSTA, 1995; SHIELD, E, 1995; STHOR, P, 1994; TAYLOR, F, 1974,
TINTO, JC, 1991; VILLIERS, A, 1968. In general, this information is mainly oriented to density
studies in relation to the cellulose-energetic properties and part to physical-mechanical
properties, but studies referred to the durability of its wood products are almost nonexistent.
Natural durability is a very important characteristic to determine wood applications and, to what
extent it needs additional preservation treatments. Outdoor uses or in contact with water or
agents causing deterioration increase the need to know wood durability and the potential
adaptation with different treatments.
Nowadays, in Argentina there is available diverse information about technological properties of
wood from local populations of E. grandis (DANTONI, j 1986; J. TINTO, 1978; SANCHEZ
ACOSTA, M, 1991 - 1999), but only some “qualitative” references are made about its durability
(TINTO, J, 1991) where it is usually classified as “low durability” wood but without greater
precisions on the tests made.
2
This species is mentioned in the Atlas of the Eucalyptus (DE LA LAMA GUTIERREZ 1976)
with durability of 3 - 5 years in contact with the ground, and being outdoors for 8 to 10 years,
although no standard tests are mentioned that endorse it.
There are certain records referring to durability in Australia, but these correspond to wood from
native forests. However, it is necessary to highlight that wood durability of from native forests is
not representative of that of young trees from fast growing plantations.
Nowadays, good quality solid products that can open new markets are being developed with E.
grandis and they even can replace products from native woods. Proof of this are the references of
wood developments for mouldings and beams in Australia (SHIELD, 1995), furniture, laminated
beams in South Africa, pieces and furniture parts in Brazil (COSTA, 1996), furniture parts,
handles and mouldings in Italy, tested by the European Union Cooperation in Argentina
(BORONI, M 1997) and veneers (HENN, 1994, ALBANO, 1994).
These uses are recommended for Grandis in Uruguay by the European Union-Uruguay
Cooperation Program (SHIELD E, RODERICK, F, 1995).
In regard to the European Market one of the fundamental requirements is that wood that is
commercialized is properly classified under the EN Standards, with data obtained in certified
laboratories. Usually, if there is no data for a species it is classified by default in the lowest
category until its properties are demonstrated.
Therefore, it was decided to make the durability studies in Spain and Argentina, to have data
collected in certified laboratories allowing these woods to fit within the European Union code,
and become the foundation for other commercialization alternatives.
To characterize the durability of the Eucalyptus grandis wood under the European Standards,
with the purpose of adapting its uses correctly, being able to determine when it has to be
artificially preserved. Moreover, by obtaining the data in certified laboratories will allow its
correct inclusion in the European Union codification.
The project titled “Study of the natural durability of Eucalyptus grandis” is being carried out
among various Spanish and Argentinian organisations (CIS-Madeira, ENCE, Xunta de Galicia,
Universidad de Vigo, INIA, INTA and Concepción del Uruguay Regional Faculty-National
Technological University) in collaboration with prestigious centres in Germany (BAM and
MPA) and UK (BRE). The main objective of this project is to study the natural durability of
Eucalyptus globulus wood from Argentinian plantations against wood destroying organisms. The
reason for this study has been to submit proposal for addition the data of natural durability of
Eucalyptus grandis in the table in EN 350-2, in respect of species not currently listed in
European Standard EN-350-2 “Durability of wood and wood based products. Natural durability
of solid wood. Part 2: Guide to the natural durability and treatability of selected wood species of
importance in Europe”.
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS
For testing the durability of a wood species against the different wood destroying organisms is
necessary to follow the European Standard EN 350-1 “Durability of wood and wood based
products. Natural durability of solid wood. Part 1: Guide to the principles of testing and
classification of the natural durability of wood”, that establishes the steps and methods based on
the European Standards corresponding to each wood destroying organism.
The sampling of Eucalyptus grandis has been carried out in four geographical zones,
representative of forest plantations of this species in Argentina, and which agree with the
3
accumulated experience of other studies carried out in this country has been the followings:
North origin (Virasoro), Central origin (Yuqueri-Concordia), South origin zone 1 (Ubajay) and
South origin zone 2 (Victoria).
The wood used to perform the tests was obtained from trees more than 30 years old, with a
minimum diameter of 50 cm, using only the second log of the main trunk without any features
such as knots or other singularities that could have influence in the durability. Following the
European Standard EN 350-1 specifications, three distinct parts of the wood were tested:
sapwood (SAP), heartwood (H) that is outer part of heartwood as close as practicable to the
sapwood and juvenile wood (JUV) that is the inner part of the heartwood as close as practicable
to the pith but excluding the region within 3 cm of the pitch. Once the wood had been selected
from the trees, it has proceeded to the preparation of the test specimens necessary to perform the
durability tests, following the European Standard corresponding to each wood destroying
organism to be studied (fungi and insects) both for laboratory and field tests.
a) To study the natural durability of Eucalyptus grandis against wood destroying fungi in the
laboratory it has been applied European Standard EN 113 “Determination of toxic values of
wood preservatives against wood destroying basidiomycetes cultured on an agar medium”, using
Trametes versicolor as white rot representative species, and Gloeophyllum trabeum for brown
rot. Against soft rot it has been applied the European Prestandard ENV 807 “Wood
preservatives- Determination of the effectiveness against soft rotting micro-fungi and other soil
inhabiting micro-organisms”, using natural soil inhabiting micro-organisms. Reference species
from Fagus Sylvatica sapwood were used.
In white rot and brown rot and tests were used for each geographical zone and each part of the
wood studied six specimens with dimensions of 50 x 25 x 15 mm.
In soft rot test were used for each geographical zone and each part of the wood studied six
specimens with dimensions of 100 x 10 x 5 mm.
The natural durability of wood to Basidiomycetes and Ascomycetes fungi was evaluated,
according to EN 113 (Fig. 1) and ENV 807 (Fig 2) by the amount of mass loss suffered for all
the test specimens after exposure to the test fungi, 4 months in the case of Basidiomycetes and 8
months for the Ascomycetes.
Figure 1: EN 113 laboratory test. Eucalyptus grandis Specimens with wood destroying basidiomycetes
cultured on agar medium.
4
.
Figure 2: ENV 807 laboratory test. Eucalyptus grandis Specimens with wood destroying Ascomycetes
cultured on natural soil inhabiting micro-organisms.
b) For the study of the natural durability against wood destroying insects in the laboratory it was
applied the European Standard EN 20-1 “Wood preservatives - Determination of the protective
effectiveness against Lyctus Brunneus (Stephens) - Part 1: Application by surface treatment
(laboratory method)”, to study the attack of Lyctus brunneus and the European Standard EN 49-
1 “Wood preservatives - Determination of the protective effectiveness against Anobium
punctatum (De Geer) - Part 1: Application by surface treatment (laboratory method)”, to study
the resistant against Anobium punctatum. In both tests, reference species from Quercus robur
sapwood were used.
In Lyctus and Anobium tests were used for each geographical zone and each part of the wood
studied six specimens with dimensions of 50 x 25 x 15 mm.
The natural durability of wood destroying insects in the laboratory was evaluated, according to
EN 20-1 (Fig. 3) and EN 49-1 (Fig. 4), by the degree of attack suffered by the wood after
exposure to the insects, as well as the number of surviving insects at the end of the experiment.
The exposure periods were 5 months for Lyctus and 6.5 months for Anobium.
Figure 3: EN 20-1 laboratory test. Eucalyptus grandis Specimens with adults of Lyctus brunneus.
5
Figure 4: EN 49-1 laboratory test. Eucalyptus grandis Specimens in bottles during the test inside a culture
chamber.
c) For the study of the natural durability against wood destroying fungi and termites tested in
field, European Standard EN 252 “Field test method for determining the relative protective
effectiveness of a wood preservative in ground contact” was applied. l. A total of four fields
were installed in different European countries to test different soils and different climates. The
field tests are located in: Pontevedra (North-Spain), Madrid (Central-Spain), Huelva (South-
Spain) and Berlin (Germany), showed in Fig. 5. Reference stakes of Fagus Sylvatica sapwood
are used and replaced necessary when they fail.
In each field test were planted for each geographical zone and each part of the wood studied five
stakes with dimensions of 500 x 50 x 25 mm.
The natural durability classification of wood destroying fungi and termites in the laboratory is
based in the average life of test stakes espressed relative to the life of the reference stakes. This
test is in the fourth year of exposure so there are several stakes still in service in the ground and
is not finish. The stakes in each field are inspected once a year for evaluating their condition and
possible attacks by fungi and or termites, using a grading system specified in European Standard
EN 252.
Figure 5: EN 252 field test. Inspection of Eucalyptus grandis stakes in Berlín field test, Germany.
6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results obtained for Trametes versicolor (white rot fungus) using EN 113 test are showed in
Fig. 6, where it can be observed that sapwood is not durable (durability class 5), heartwood is
moderately durable (durability class 3) and juvenile wood is slightly durable (durability class 4).
The laboratory results for Gloeophyllum trabeum (brown rot fungus) using also EN 113 test can
be seen in Fig. 7, where it can be observed that sapwood is slightly durable (durability class 4),
heartwood is moderately durable (durability class 3) and juvenile wood is also moderately
durable (durability class 3).
The laboratory results for soft rot fungi using ENV 807 test can be seen in Fig. 8, where it is
evident that the three parts of the wood tested (sapwood, heartwood and juvenile wood) are
slightly durable (durability class 4).
Figure 6: Natural durability results of Eucalyptus grandis obtained for sapwood (SAP), heartwood (H),
and juvenile wood (JUV) with Trametes versicolor .
Figure 7: Natural durability results of Eucalyptus grandis obtained for sapwood (SAP), heartwood (H),
and juvenile wood (JUV) with Gloeophyllum trabeum.
7
Figure 8: Natural durability results of Eucalyptus grandis obtained for sapwood (SAP), heartwood (H),
and juvenile wood (JUV) with Soft rot fungi.
The results obtained in laboratory test for Lyctus brunneus are showed in Fig.9, where it can be
seen that sapwood is susceptible (durability class S) and heartwood and juvenile wood are
durable (durability class D).
The results obtained in laboratory test for Anobium punctatum are showed in Fig.10, where it can
be seen that sapwood is susceptible (durability class S), heartwood is durable (durability class D)
and juvenile wood is also durable (durability class D).
Figure 9: Results of natural durability of Eucalyptus grandis obtained for sapwood (SAP), heartwood (H),
and juvenile wood (JUV) with Lyctus brunneus.
Figure 10: Results of natural durability of Eucalyptus grandis obtained for sapwood (SAP), heartwood
(H), and juvenile wood (JUV) with Anobium punctatum.
Finally, the current results obtained until this moment in the inspections of the field tests can be
seen in Fig. 11. In all the fields the most important fungi attacks have been observed in the stakes
of sapwood (average attack degree 2.5-4), but also important attacks were observed in the stakes
of heartwood (average attack degree 1.5-4) and in the case of juvenile wood stakes (average
attack degree 2-4). Furthermore, in two fields (Pontevedra field test and Madrid Field test) were
found important attacks of termites with confirm the low natural durability of E. Grandis against
termites.
These results are not finals because they represent the data obtained in the fourth year test and
this is a long field test.
8
(a) (b)
(c) (d
Figure11: Average values of attack degree produced in sapwood (SAP), heartwood (H), and juvenile
wood (JUV), by wood decay fungi (F) and termites (T) in field test carried out in, (a) Pontevedra (North-
Spain), (b) Madrid (Central-Spain), (c) Huelva (South-Spain) and (d) Berlin (Germany).
CONCLUSIONS
The results obtained in laboratory tests indicate that there are no major differences in durability
among the four origins of Eucalyptus grandis studied.
In the case of the wood destroying fungi, the results obtained with the white rot, brown rot and
soft rot are reasonable similars. In this sense, Eucalyptus grandis sapwood is not durable-slightly
durable (durability class 5-4), juvenile wood is slightly durable-moderately durable (durability
class 4-3) and the heartwood is slightly durable-moderately durable (durability class 4-3).
For the wood destroying beetles, the data obtained with Lyctus brunneus and Anobium
punctatum are very similars and indicate that the sapwood of Eucalyptus grandis is susceptible
(durability class S) but Eucalyptus grandis juvenile wood is durable (durability class D) and the
most important is that Eucalyptus grandis heartwood is durable (durability class D).
With the current results obtained until this moment in the inspections of the field tests can be
confirm the low resistant of [Link] against wood destryoing fungi, with important fungi
attacks observed in the stakes of sapwood (average attack degree 2.5-4) and also important
attacks observed in the stakes of heartwood (average attack degree 1.5-4) and juvenile wood
stakes (average attack degree 2-4). Furthermore, in two fields in Spain (Pontevedra field test and
Madrid Field test) were found important attacks of termites with confirm the low durability of E.
grandis against termites.
These results, together with the data obtained from the tests carried out up to now, indicate the
slightly-moderately resistant of the heartwood of this species against wood destroying fungi, the
resistant of heartwood and juvenile wood of this species against dry wood destroying beetles and
the low resistant of heartwood, juvenile wood and sapwood of this species against termites.
9
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12