1

Analysis of Flanged Sections:

𝑏𝑤 + 16ℎ𝑓
𝑏 + 𝑠𝑤
𝑏𝑒 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 { 𝑤 → 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐹𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑇 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑆𝐵𝐶304 − 18, [Link]
𝑙𝑛
𝑏𝑤 +
4
𝑏𝑤 + 6ℎ𝑓
𝑠𝑤
𝑏𝑤 +
𝑏𝑒 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 2 → 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐹𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐿 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑆𝐵𝐶304 − 18, [Link]
𝑙𝑛
{ 𝑏𝑤 + 12
𝑏𝑤
ℎ𝑓 ≥ 𝑏𝑒 ≤ 4𝑏𝑤 → 𝑇 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠, 𝑆𝐵𝐶304 − 18, [Link]
2
√𝑓𝑐′ 1.4
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥 ( 𝑏𝑤 𝑑, 𝑏 𝑑) → 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎, 𝑆𝐵𝐶304 − [Link]
4𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦 𝑤

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
𝑎= → 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣. 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘, 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔, 𝑎 ≤ ℎ𝑓
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑒

−𝛽 ± √𝛽 2 − 4𝛼𝛽𝑑
𝑐= → 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑥 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ, 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔, 𝑎 ≤ ℎ𝑓
2𝛼
𝛼 = 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝛽1 , 𝛽 = 𝐴𝑠 𝐸𝑠 𝜀𝑐𝑢 → 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠
𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑇 (𝑑 − ) → 𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑎 ≤ ℎ𝑓
2
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
𝐶𝑐𝑓 = 0.85𝑓𝑐′ (𝑏𝑒 − 𝑏𝑤 )ℎ𝑓 → 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒, 𝑎 > ℎ𝑓

𝐶𝑐𝑤 = 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑎 → 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑒𝑏, 𝑎 > ℎ𝑓

𝑇 − 𝐶𝑐𝑓
𝑎= → 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣. 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘, 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔, 𝑎 > ℎ𝑓
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤

𝐴+𝐵 4𝐴𝑑
𝑐= (√1 + − 1) → 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑥 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ, 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔, 𝑇 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑎 > ℎ𝑓
2 (𝐴 + 𝐵)2

600𝐴𝑠 (𝑏𝑓 − 𝑏𝑤 )ℎ𝑓

𝐴= , 𝐵= → 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 0𝛽1 𝑏𝑤 𝛽1
ℎ𝑓 𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶𝑐𝑓 (𝑑 − ) + 𝐶𝑤 (𝑑 − ) → 𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑎 > ℎ𝑓
2 2

Eng. Ibrahim Almohanna, 2021 CE 370: Reinforced Concrete Design -1. Tutorial Note #5
[Link]
2

Determine the design moment and check minimum steel and tension control conditions. Use f’c = 22 MPa, fy
= 420 MPa, ds=10 mm, Agg. Size = 18 mm.

1- Find, As and As min:

282
𝐴𝑠 = 6 × 𝜋 = 3694.5 𝑚𝑚2
4
√𝑓𝑐′ 1.4 √22 1.4
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥 ( 𝑏𝑤 𝑑, 𝑏𝑤 𝑑) = 𝑀𝑎𝑥 ( × 300 × 508, × 300 × 508)
4𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦 4 × 420 420

𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 508 𝑚𝑚2

As ≥ As min ➔ ✓
2- Find Neutral axis depth (c) from top fibers assuming steel is yielding and a ≤ hf:
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 3694.5 × 420
𝑎= ′
= = 276.6 𝑚𝑚
0.85𝑓𝑐 𝑏𝑒 0.85 × 22 × 600
276.6 < 120 ➔ assumption not satisfied. Use decomposition method.
3- Calculate T, Ccf, a, c, and Ccw
𝑇 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 = 3694.5 × 420 = 1551690 𝑁 = 1551.69 𝑘𝑁

𝐶𝑐𝑓 = 0.85𝑓𝑐′ (𝑏𝑒 − 𝑏𝑤 )ℎ𝑓 = 0.85 × 22 × (600 − 300) × 120 = 673200 𝑁 = 673.2 𝑘𝑁
𝑇 − 𝐶𝑐𝑓 1551690 − 673200
𝑎= = = 156.59 𝑚𝑚
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 0.85 × 22 × 300

Eng. Ibrahim Almohanna, 2021 CE 370: Reinforced Concrete Design -1. Tutorial Note #5
[Link]
3

f’c = 22 MPa < 28 ➔ β1 = 0.85

𝑎 156.59
𝑐= = = 184.22 𝑚𝑚
𝛽1 0.85
𝐶𝑐𝑤 = 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑎 = 0.85 × 22 × 300 × 156.59 = 878469.9 𝑁 = 878.4699 𝑘𝑁
4- Check assumption (steel is yielding) at most top steel layer, dmin
4
𝑆𝑙 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ( 𝐴𝑔𝑔, 25) = 25 𝑚𝑚
3
𝑑𝑏
𝑑𝑡 = ℎ − 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 − 𝑑𝑠 − = 600 − 40 − 10 − 14 = 536 𝑚𝑚
2
𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑑𝑡 − 𝑆 − 𝑑𝑏 = 536 − 25 − 28 = 483 𝑚𝑚

𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 − 𝑐 483 − 184.22

𝜀𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ( ) 𝜀𝑐𝑢 = ( ) × 0.003 = 0.00487 ≥ 𝜀𝑦
𝑐 184.22
0.00487 ≥ 0.0021 ➔ steel is yielding
5- Find Ø:
Check strain at bottom layer
𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐 536 − 184.22
𝜀𝑡 = ( ) 𝜀𝑐𝑢 = ( ) × 0.003 = 0.00573 ≥ 0.005 ≥ 𝜀𝑦
𝑐 184.22
0.00573 ≥ 0.005 ➔ tension control ➔ Ø = 0.9
5- Find design moment capacity ØMn
ℎ𝑓 𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶𝑐𝑓 (𝑑 − ) + 𝐶𝑤 (𝑑 − )
2 2
120 156.59
𝑀𝑛 = 673200 (508 − ) + 878469.9 (508 − ) = 679.08 × 106 𝑁. 𝑚𝑚
2 2
∅𝑀𝑛 = 0.9 × 679.08 = 611.17 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

Eng. Ibrahim Almohanna, 2021 CE 370: Reinforced Concrete Design -1. Tutorial Note #5
[Link]
4

Alternative Solution:
1- Find, As and As min:
282
𝐴𝑠 = 6 × 𝜋 = 3694.5 𝑚𝑚2
4
√𝑓𝑐′ 1.4 √22 1.4
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥 ( 𝑏𝑤 𝑑, 𝑏𝑤 𝑑) = 𝑀𝑎𝑥 ( × 300 × 508, × 300 × 508)
4𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦 4 × 420 420

𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 508 𝑚𝑚2

As ≥ As min ➔ ✓
2- Find Neutral axis depth (c) from top fibers assuming steel is yielding and a ≤ hf:
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 3694.5 × 420
𝑎= ′
= = 276.6 𝑚𝑚
0.85𝑓𝑐 𝑏𝑒 0.85 × 22 × 600
276.6 < 120 ➔ assumption not satisfied. Use decomposition method.
3- Find Asf and Asw
0.85𝑓𝑐′ (𝑏𝑒 − 𝑏𝑤 )ℎ𝑓 0.85 × 22 × (600 − 300) × 120
𝐴𝑠𝑓 = = = 1602.86 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦 420

𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠𝑓 + 𝐴𝑠𝑤 → 𝐴𝑠𝑤 = 𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴𝑠𝑓 = 3694.5 − 1602.86 = 2091.64𝑚𝑚2

4- Find Neutral axis depth (c) from top fibers assuming steel is yielding and a > hf:
𝐴𝑠𝑤 𝑓𝑦 2091.64 × 420
𝑎= = = 156.59 𝑚𝑚
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 0.85 × 22 × 300
f’c = 22 MPa < 28 ➔ β1 = 0.85
𝑎 156.59
𝑐= = = 184.22 𝑚𝑚
𝛽1 0.85

Check assumption (steel is yielding) at most top steel layer, dmin

4
𝑆𝑙 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ( 𝐴𝑔𝑔, 25) = 25 𝑚𝑚
3
𝑑𝑏
𝑑𝑡 = ℎ − 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 − 𝑑𝑠 − = 600 − 40 − 10 − 14 = 536 𝑚𝑚
2
𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑑𝑡 − 𝑆 − 𝑑𝑏 = 536 − 25 − 28 = 483 𝑚𝑚

𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 − 𝑐 483 − 184.22

𝜀𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ( ) 𝜀𝑐𝑢 = ( ) × 0.003 = 0.00487 ≥ 𝜀𝑦
𝑐 184.22
0.00487 ≥ 0.0021 ➔ steel is yielding
4- Find Ø:
Eng. Ibrahim Almohanna, 2021 CE 370: Reinforced Concrete Design -1. Tutorial Note #5
[Link]
5

Check strain at bottom layer

𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐 536 − 184.22
𝜀𝑡 = ( ) 𝜀𝑐𝑢 = ( ) × 0.003 = 0.00573 ≥ 0.005 ≥ 𝜀𝑦
𝑐 184.22
0.00573 ≥ 0.005 ➔ tension control ➔ Ø = 09

5- Find design moment capacity ØMn

ℎ𝑓 𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠𝑓 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − ) + 𝐴𝑠𝑤 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − )
2 2
120 156.59
𝑀𝑛 = 1602.86 × 420 (508 − ) + 2091.64 × 420 (508 − ) = 679.08 × 106 𝑁. 𝑚𝑚
2 2
∅𝑀𝑛 = 0.9 × 679.08 = 611.17 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
■■■■

Eng. Ibrahim Almohanna, 2021 CE 370: Reinforced Concrete Design -1. Tutorial Note #5
[Link]