Responsible Parenthood and

Reproductive Health:

FAMILY PLANNING
Midterm Lesson 2.4
 • An Act providing a national policy on
Responsible Parenthood and
Reproductive Health.
• A law in the Philippines that guarantees
access to contraceptive methods, such
as Fertility control, sexual education
and maternal care.

• Enacted by the Senate of the

Philippines
on December 19,2012

• Signed by Benigno S. Aquino III on

Responsible Parenthood and December 21,2012
Republic Health Act of 2012
(Republic Act No. 10354) • Date commenced on January 17,2013
Goals, Objectives and strategies of RH
Law
Regional Objectives
Specific Objectives
• Improve access to the full range of affordable,
equitable, and high quality Family Planning and
• Reduce by three quarters between 1990 and reproductive health services to increase
2015, the maternal mortality ratio. contraceptive use rate and reduce unwanted
pregnancies and abortion.
• Reduce by two thirds, between 1990 and
2015, under-five mortality rate. • Making Pregnancy safer
• To have halted by 2015 and begun to • Support countries and areas in developing
reverse, the spread of HIV/AIDS. evidence based policies and strategies for the
reduction of maternal and newborn mortality.
• Improve the health and nutrition status of
women of all ages, especially pregnant and
nursing women

(WHO Western Pacific Region, WRPO 2017) • Integrate gender and rights considerations into
health policy and programs, especially into
reproductive health and maternal health care
Refers to the process by
which responsible and
mature couples, if they
wish, determine by
themselves the timing,
proper spacing and number
of children born to them. It
involves three main aspects:
 Responsible
parenthood
 Proper spacing of
children
 Birth control
  Family planning involves
the rational utilization of
effective contraceptive
methods by married
couples so they can space
and limit their children to
a desirable size in order
for them to attain a
quality life.

 Contraceptive - Prevention of
unwanted pregnancy.

 Responsible parenthood – Responsible

procreation and socialization of
children
 What is the importance of
Family Planning?
• Family planning plays a pivotal role in population growth, poverty reduction,
and human development.
• Family planning is important for the health of a mother and her children, as well as the
family's economic situation(Ajmira, 2014).
• Maternal health refers to the health of women during pregnancy, childbirth and
after delivery. While motherhood is often a positive and fulfilling experience, for too
many women it is associated with suffering, ill-health and even death. A woman's
ability to space and limit her pregnancies has a direct impact on her health and well-
being, as well as on the outcome of each pregnancy(Gupta, 2015).
• Family planning and access to contraception reduces the amount of maternal and
child deaths. In fact, according to Melinda Gates’ talk “every year, 100,000 women
who don’t want to be pregnant die in childbirth and about 600,000 women who
don’t want to be pregnant give birth to a baby who dies in her first month of life.”
Advantages/disadvantages of Family
Planning:
*Benefits of Family Planning according to WHO*

Prevent pregnancy related health risks in women

Reduce infant mortality
Helps prevent HIV/AIDS
Empower people and enhance education
Reduce adolescent pregnancies
Slow population growth

(WHO Western Pacific Region,WPRO©2017)

 Advantages/disadvantages of Family Planning

*Benefits of Family Planning according to DOH*

• Enables her to regain her health

after delivery
 • Gives enough time and
 opportunity to love and provide
attention to her husband and
children
• Gives more time for her family and
own personal advancement
• Gives enough time for treatment
and recovery when suffering from
illness

Mother
 Advantages/disadvantages of Family Planning

*Benefits of Family Planning according to DOH*

• Lightens the burden and

responsibility in supporting his
family
• Enables him to give his children
their basic needs and better future
• Gives him time for his family and
own personal advancement
• Gives enough time for treatment
and recovery when suffering from
illness
Father
 Advantages/disadvantages of Family Planning

*Benefits of Family Planning according to DOH*

• Health mothers produce healthy

children

• Will get the attention, security,

love and care they deserve.

Children
Types/Methods of Family Planning:
• Natural Family Planning • Hormonal Contraception/Artificial
Family Planning

- Is an educational process of determining - Is the use of mechanical, chemical, or

the fertile and infertile periods of woman. medical procedures to prevent
- Known as Fertility Awareness Based conception from taking place as a result
methods since it utilizes principles of sexual intercourse.
involved in fertility awareness.
FERTILITY- Is the capability of the woman - Method that manipulates the hormone
to conceive or get pregnant and the ability that directly affect the normal
of the man to impregnate a woman. menstrual cycle so that ovulation will
not occur.
 Factors that must be carefully considered
in selecting a method:

1. Safety – The method should be free from harmful side

effects both for the person using the method and for the
sexual partner.
2. Effectiveness – It must be effective in preventing
unwanted pregnancy.
3. Ease of administration – If it is to be applied by the
person like the chemical or mechanical devices, it has to
be simple and easy.
4. Expense and availability – The method should not only
be economical but readily available.
 Types of Natural Family Planning Methods:
[Link] Abstinence ( Fertility Awareness) methods- Fertility
awareness methods require a couple to know the fertile days of
the woman’s menstrual cycle — the days when pregnancy is most
likely to occur. During these fertile days the couple must avoid
sex or use a barrier method to prevent pregnancy. ..\GE 101
Video Clips\How Menstruation Works - Emma Bryce.mp4

3 major techniques used in periodic abstinence methods

A. Rhythm (calendar) Method

B. Basal Body Temperature (BBT) monitoring;
C. Cervical Mucus ( Ovulation)
 Types of Natural Family Planning Methods:

A. Standard Days Method (SBM)/Rhythm

(calendar) Method

-The couple tracks the woman’s menstrual history to

predict she will ovulate. Helps the couple determine
when they will most likely conceive.
-To use SDM, the couple avoids unprotected sex from
day 8 through day 19 of every cycle, counting the first
day of monthly bleeding as day 1. These are the days
when the woman is most likely to become pregnant.
-Many women or couples use Cycle Beads to keep track
of their fertile days. Cycle Beads are a string of beads
that are color-coded to represent different days of the
menstrual cycle. The different colors show the days the
woman is likely to be fertile and get pregnant and the
days when it is safe to have unprotected sex.
- A woman can use SDM if most of her menstrual cycles
are 26 to 32 days long. If she has more than two longer
or shorter cycles in a year, SDM will be less effective for
her and she should consider another fertility awareness
method or other modern method.
 Types of Natural Family Planning Methods:

B. Basal Body Temperature

(BBT)
- A method that relies on monitoring a
woman’s basal body temperature on a
daily bases.
-A woman’s body temperature
changes throughout the menstrual
cycle, and changes in body
temperature coincide with hormonal
changes. This indicates fertile and non-
fertile stages of the cycle
- By monitoring temperature every
day, a woman can determine the
periods of her menstrual cycle when
she is or is not fertile.
 Types of Natural Family Planning Methods:
C. Cervical Mucus ( Ovulation)

- Also called the Billing’s method.

- Devised by John and Evelyn Billings in
the 1960s
- Involves examining the color and
viscosity of the cervical mucus to
discover when ovulation is occurring.
 Types of Natural Family Planning Methods:
2. Lactation Amenorrhea Method (LAM)
-Breastfeeding provides contraceptive
protection for the first 6 months after
delivery if certain conditions are met.
-The natural effect of feeding only breast
milk to a baby delays the return of
fertility up to 6 months. For the LAM
method to be effective at preventing
pregnancy, three conditions must apply:
1. A woman must feed her baby only
breast milk
2. The baby is younger than 6 months
3. The mother’s monthly bleeding does
not resume.
-Generally, after 3months of exclusive
breastfeeding, a woman must choose
another method of contraception
- LAM is 98% effective when practiced
correctly.
 Types of Natural Family Planning Methods:

3. Coitus
Interruptus/
Withdrawal
-One of the oldest methods of
contraception
-Withdrawal involves a man
withdrawing his penis during sex and
releasing his ejaculate, which contains
sperm, outside the woman’s vagina. for
most people withdrawal is one of the
least effective contraceptive methods
-This method is only 75% effective
because pre-ejaculation fluid that
contains a few spermatozoa may cause
fertilization.
-Effective practice of withdrawal
requires men to have good self-control.
A man must be able and willing to
withdraw the penis and ejaculate
outside the woman’s body
 Types of Hormonal Contraception/Artificial Family
Planning Methods:
1. Oral Contraceptives
- It is also known as the pill. Oral
contraceptives contain synthetic
estrogen and progesterone.
 Estrogen- Suppresses ovulation
 Progesterone- Decrease the
permeability of the cervical mucus to
limit the sperm’s access to the ova.
- Oral contraceptive pills should be taken
one pill every day. They are most
effective when no pills are missed, the
pill is taken at the same time every day,
and each new pack of pills is started
without a delay.
• Pros: More regular, lighter periods, or no
periods, depending on the type of pill.
Less cramping.
• Cons: no STD protection. May cause side
effects, including breast tenderness,
spotting, serious blood clots, and raised
blood pressure. Some women should not
use birth control pills.
 Types of Hormonal Contraception/Artificial Family
Planning Methods:
2. Transdermal Contraceptive Patch
-A medicated adhesive patch that is
placed on the skin to deliver a
specific dose and into the
bloodstream.
- Has both combination of both
estrogen and progesterone
released into the bloodstream to
prevent pregnancy.
• Pros: More regular, lighter periods
with less cramping, no need to
remember a daily pill.
• Cons: may cause skin irritation or
other side effects similar to birth
control pills. Doesn't protect
against STDs.
 Types of Hormonal Contraception/Artificial Family
Planning Methods:
3. Vaginal Ring
-The NuvaRing is a soft plastic ring
that is worn inside the vagina. The
ring releases the same hormones as
the pill and patch and is just as
effective. But it only needs to be
replaced once a month.
• Pros: Lighter, more regular
periods, only replaced once per
month.
• Cons: may cause vaginal irritation
or other side effects similar to pills
and the patch. Doesn't protect
against STDs.
 Types of Hormonal Contraception/Artificial Family
Planning Methods:
4. Subdermal Implants (ex. Birth
control implant)
Contraceptive implants (implanon)
is a matchstick-sized rod and is
inserted under the skin of a
woman’s upper arm and provide
continuous, highly effective
pregnancy protection for 3 to 5
years.
Pros: Lasts three years, highly
effective.
• Cons: May cause side effects,
including irregular bleeding.
Doesn't protect against STDs.
 Types of Hormonal Contraception/Artificial Family
Planning Methods:

5. Hormonal Injections (ex. Depo-

Provera)
- Injectable contraceptives are given
by injection into a woman’s arm or
buttocks once every 1- 3 months,
depending on the type of
injectable.
- It typically suppressing ovulation,
keeping ovaries from releasing an
egg.
- pros: 100% effective if women
always remember to come for re-
injection on time. 3 pregnancies per
year will occur among every 100
women using injectable.
- Cons: May cause spotting and other
side effects. Doesn't protect against
STDs.
 Types of Hormonal Contraception/Artificial Family
Planning Methods:
6. Intrauterine Device (IUD)
- A small T-shaped piece of plastic that is
placed inside the uterus by a doctor. The
copper IUD, ParaGard, works for as long
as 12 years. The hormonal IUD, Mirena,
must be replaced after 5 years. Both types
make it more difficult for sperm to fertilize
the egg. Fewer than eight in 1,000 women
get pregnant.
-Women living with HIV can safely use
IUDs. However, women at very high risk of
STIs or who currently have an active STI,
such as gonorrhea or chlamydia, should
not have an IUD inserted.
• Pros: Long-lasting, low-maintenance.
Can provide 5-12 yrs. of protection.
• Cons: Irregular or heavier periods. More
expensive upfront, may slip out, may
cause side effects.
 Types of Hormonal Contraception/Artificial Family
Planning Methods:

7. Chemical Barriers
-Spermicides, vaginal gels, creams and
glyceride films are used to cause the
death of the sperm before they can enter
the cervix.
Spermicide contains a chemical that kills
sperm. It comes in the form of foam,
jelly, cream, or film that is placed inside
the vagina before sex. Some types must
be put in place 30 minutes ahead of
time. Spermicides are most often used
along with other birth control methods
• Pros: Easy to use, inexpensive.
• Cons: May increase the risk of STDs,
29% get pregnant. Frequent use may
cause tissue irritation, increasing the
risk of infections and STDs.
 Types of Hormonal Contraception/Artificial Family
Planning Methods:

8. Diaphragm
-The diaphragm is a rubber dome that is
placed over the cervix before sex. It is
used with a spermicide. Effectiveness
compares to the male condom – 16% of
average users get pregnant, including
those who don't use the device correctly
every time.
• Pros: Inexpensive
• Cons: Must be fitted by a doctor, no
STD protection. Can't be used during
your period due to a risk of toxic shock
syndrome.
 Types of Hormonal Contraception/Artificial Family
Planning Methods:

9. Cervical Cap
-A cervical cap is similar to a diaphragm,
but smaller. The FemCap slips into place
over the cervix, blocking entry into the
uterus. It is used with spermicide. The
failure rate for the cervical cap is 15% for
women who have never had children
and 30% for those who have.
• Pros: Can stay in place for 48 hours,
inexpensive.
• Cons: Must be fitted by a doctor, no
protection ,vaginal irritation and some
women experience increase in the
number of bladder infection.
 Types of Hormonal Contraception/Artificial Family Planning
Methods:

10. Male Condom 11. Female Condom

- The latex condom is the classic - The female condom is a thin plastic
barrier method. It prevents spermpouch that lines the vagina and can
be put in place up to 8 hours before
from entering the woman's body, sex. Users grasp a flexible, plastic
protecting against pregnancy ring at the closed end to guide it into
and STDs. Of couples who rely position. It's somewhat less effective
than the male condom.
only on male condoms, 15% get • Pros: Widely available, some
pregnant in a year. protection against STDs, conducts
body heat better than a male
• Pros: Widely available, protects condom.
against STDs, inexpensive. • Cons: Can be noisy, 21% of users get
• Cons: Only effective if used pregnant, not reusable. Should not
be used with a male condom, to
correctly every time. Can't be avoid breakage.
reused.
Types of Hormonal Contraception/Artificial Family Planning
Methods:

10. Male Condom 11. Female Condom

Types of Hormonal Contraception/Artificial Family Planning
Methods:

12. Surgical Methods.

- One of the most effective birth control method.
- This method ensures conception is inhibited permanently after the surgery.

2 kinds of surgical Methods

1. Vasectomy ( Male sterilization)
2. Tubal Ligation (Female sterilization)
 Types of Hormonal Contraception/Artificial Family Planning
Methods:
Tubal Ligation
Vasectomy

- Besides condoms, a vasectomy is - The traditional method for

the only birth control option women is called tubal ligation
available to men. It involves or "having your tubes tied." A
surgically closing the vas deferens – surgeon closes off the fallopian
the tubes that carry sperm from the tubes, preventing eggs from
testes, through the reproductive
system. This prevents the release of making their journey out of
sperm but doesn't interfere with the ovaries. (The banding
ejaculation. method is shown here.)
• Pros: Permanent, cheaper than • Pros: Permanent, nearly
tubal ligation, almost 100% 100% effective.
effective.
• Cons: Requires surgery, not • Cons: Requires surgery, may
effective immediately, may not be not be reversible, expensive.
reversible. Doesn't protect against STDs.
Types of Hormonal Contraception/Artificial Family Planning
Methods:
Tubal Ligation
Vasectomy
The Effectiveness of contraceptives and How it works?

 For many people, the effectiveness of a family planning method

is important. The chart compares the effectiveness of methods as
commonly used. The most effective methods are grouped at the
top, and less effective methods are at the bottom. ..\GE 101 Video
Clips\How Do Contraceptives Work - NWHunter.mp4
 MOST EFFECTIVE METHOD???
The only birth control
method that is 100%
effective is…………………….
abstinence.
MOST EFFECTIVE METHOD???
Thank You!!!