INTERNSHIP REPORT
Submitted as part of the academic requirement
Of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
By
ANDHRA PRADESH STATE SKILL DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION
([Link] ANDHRA PRADESH)
To the Evaluation/ Assessment committee
Of
Department of
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
P.V.K.K INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Approved by A.I.C.T.E, New Delhi & Affiliated to JNTUA
Sanapa Road, Almur (p), Anantapurammu-515001
Andhra Pradesh
2022-23
P.V.K.K INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to JNTUA, Anantapuram)
Sanapa road, Rudranpeta,Anantapuramu-515001
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
BANNELA SURYA SAI (193N1A0305) has carried out Internship work of experimental /
analytical/theoretical/other nature, with our Organization/Institution, namely [Link]
TRAINING CENTRE, [Link] COLLEGE, ANANTHAPUR and the student has
shown regularity and sincerity during the period of work from 22/08/2022 to 22/09/2022 at our
Organization/Institution.
Signature of the Authority supervising work
INTERNSHIP CERTIFICATE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to express my sincere thanks to Trainer,[Link],TDSI Centre Incharge
(APSSDC) [Link] college ,Anathapur for giving me an opportunity to work on a
topic that was so challenging and interesting Futhermore, I am very much grateful for giving
suggestions at every stage of seminar work
At the outset, I express my deepest sense of gratitude to [Link]
SUBRAMANYAM , Associate professor & HOD of Mechanical Engineering
Department, P.V.K.K. Institute of Technology. Anantapuramu. I remember
with great emotion, the constant Encouragement and help extended on me by him
that work even beyond the realm of acadamics.
I express profound gratitude to our principle, [Link] BABU, P.V.K.K.
Institue of technology. Anantapuramu. for providing necessary facilities
I wish to express my sense of gratitude to PALLE VENKATA KRISHNA
KISHORE REDDY, Chairman of P.V.K.K. Institute of technology,
Ananthapuramu for providing necessary facilities. I also thanking all friends for
their constructive criticisms, which made to work hard to produce a better report
I am very grateful to my parents for their constant encouragement given to me
CANDIDATE DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the work is being presented in this dissertation entitled, "FOUR WHEELER”
Submitted towards the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of Bachelor
of Technology in Mechanical Engineering, with P.V.K.K. INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY is in
authentic record of my own carried out during 2019-2023 under the supervision of APSSDC,TDSI
TRAINING CENTRE, Govt. Polytechnic College ,Anantapur.
The matter embodied in this dissertation report has not been submitted by me for the any other
degree. Further, the technical details furnished in the various chapters in this these are purely relevant
to the above Internship report.
[Link] SAI(193N1A0305)
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
S. NO CONTENTS PAGE NO
1
VEHICLE MAINTAINTAINCE
2 FUEL SYSTEM
3 STEERING SYSTEM
4 SUSPENSION SYSTEM
5 BRAKEING SYSTEM
6 COOLING AND LUBRICATION SYSTEM
7 DASHBOARD WARNING LIGHTS
8 DRIVER ASSISTANCE
9 PASSIVE SAFETY AND PASSENGER COMFORT
10 ENGINE MANAGEMAENT SYSTEM
Circular
A committee has been constituted by the Department to evaluate the Internship reports
submitted by the students of IV [Link] I Sem during Academic year 2022-2023.
The following are the members of the committee 1. Chairman/Convener Hod
2. Secretary (senior faculty member)
3. Member(faculty)
The committee is requested to meet and initialize the evaluation guidelines for the
assessment / evaluation of Internship reports submitted by the students.
It is further requested that the Internship evaluation committee completes the evaluation of all
the reports by ______________and submit a status report, for the entire class/section of students.
VEHICLE MAINTAINANCE
Vehicle maintenance and servicing is carried out when the vehicle completes certain
kilometres on its normal running or when the vehicle does not give proper performance.
It is suggested that the vehicle owners carry out regular and periodical checks on their
vehicle, some of which are mentioned below.
Pre-check up
General check up
Periodic maintainance
Break down maintainance
For proper vehicle maintenance, inspect the following:
OIL AND COOLANT LEVELS.
AIR FILTER.
TIRE PRESSURE AND TREAD DEPTH.
HEADLIGHTS, TURN SIGNALS, BRAKE, AND PARKING LIGHTS.
OIL FILTER.
ROTATE TIRES.
TRANSMISSION FLUID
FUEL SYSTEM
The fuel system is made up of the fuel tank, pump, filter and injectors or carburetor,
and is responsible for delivering fuel to the engine as needed. Each component must
perform flawlessly to achieve expected vehicle performance and reliability.
The function of the fuel system is to store and supply fuel to the cylinder chamber
where it can be mixed with air, vaporized, and burned to produce energy. The fuel,
which can be either gasoline or diesel is stored in a fuel tank.
The fuel injectors are driven by the fuel pump and their job is to spray a fuel and air
mixture into the combustion chamber, ready to be ignited to produce power to the
driven wheels. The fuel injectors are basically a nozzle, with a valve attached, the
nozzle creates a spray of fuel and air droplets (atomization).
STEERING SYSTEM
Steering system, in automobiles, steering wheel, gears, linkages, and other
components used to control the direction of a vehicle's motion. Because of friction
between the front tires and the road, especially in parking, effort is required to turn the
steering wheel.
The most basic function of the steering system is to allow the driver to safely and
precisely steer the vehicle. Beyond this, the steering system also provides a way to
reduce driver effort by making the act of steering the vehicle easier.
There are two main types of steering gears used for most modern vehicles: the rack
and pinion steering gear and the recirculating ball steering gear.
There are 5 functions of a steering system
It provides wheels swinging to the left or right.
It provides vehicle turning as per the will of the driver.
It provides the directional stability.
It helps to control wear and tear of tyres.
It helps in achieving the self-rightening effect.
There are two types of power steering systems: hydraulic and electric/electronic. A
hydraulic-electric hybrid system is also possible. A hydraulic power steering (HPS)
uses hydraulic pressure supplied by an engine-driven pump to assist the motion of
turning the steering wheel.
SUSPENSION SYSTEM
A suspension system is a set of mechanical connections, springs, and dampers that
connect the wheels to the chassis. It has traditionally performed two functions: managing
the vehicle's handling and braking for safety, and keeping passengers comfortable from
bumps, vibrations, and other factors.
There are three basic types of suspension components: linkages, springs, and shock
absorbers. The linkages are the bars and brackets that support the wheels, springs and
shock absorbers.
The suspension system's primary function is to maximize the overall performance of a
vehicle as it cruises down the road. The suspension system also helps to absorb bumps in
the road and provide a safe and comfortable ride.
The vehicle’s chassis is connected to the front and rear wheels by springs, shock
absorbers, and axles. A Suspension system refers to all parts that work together to protect
parts from shocks. Springs connect the automotive chassis to the axles in an indirect
manner. It is done to protect the body of the vehicle from road shocks caused by bounce,
pitch, roll, or sway. These road shocks make for a bumpy ride and put additional strain on
the car’s frame and body.
Suspension is the system of tires, tire air, springs, shock absorbers and linkages that
connects a vehicle to its wheels and allows relative motion between the two. Suspension
systems must support both road holding/handling and ride quality, which are at odds with
each other. The tuning of suspensions involves finding the right compromise. It is
important for the suspension to keep the road wheel in contact with the road surface as
much as possible, because all the road or ground forces acting on the vehicle do so
through the contact patches of the tires. The suspension also protects the vehicle itself and
any cargo or luggage from damage and wear. The design of front and rear suspension of a
car may be different.
BRAKING SYSTEM
Braking systems in passenger vehicles use two primary types of brakes: disc brakes and
drum brakes. While they both bring a vehicle to a stop, they differ in design and operation.
Disc brakes are the only type used in the front of vehicles but may be found at all four
wheels
Located on the rear of the vehicle, drum brakes feature wheel cylinders, brake shoes and a
brake drum. When the brake pedal is pressed, the brake shoes are forced into the brake
drum by the wheel cylinders, bringing the vehicle to a stop.
The energy of the pads clamping against the rotors and brake shoes pushing against drums
generates friction and heat. This heat-friction, along with friction generated between the
tire and road surface, slows rotor and axle (and wheel) rotation and ultimately brings the
car to a stop.
In most automobiles, there are three basic types of brakes including; service brakes,
emergency brakes, and parking brakes.
Classification of Braking System
As we have already discussed the evolution of braking system from vintage carts to
modern cars, from vintage carriages to modern trucks has given us various different
purpose braking systems which are classified on the basis of various needs and purposes of
an automobile vehicle. so let’s just discuss them-
On the Basis of Power Source
The power source which carries the pedal force applied by the driver on brake pedal to the
final brake drum or brake disc in order to de accelerate or stop the vehicle the braking
systems are of 6 types-
Mechanical braking system
Hydraulic braking system
Air or pneumatic braking system
Vacuum braking system
Magnetic braking system
Electric braking system
On the Basis of Frictional Braking Contact
On the basis of the final friction contact made between the rotating brake components
i.e. brake drum or disc rotor and the brake shoe the braking systems are of 2 types-
Internal expanding brakes (e.g.- drum brakes)
External contracting brakes(e.g. disc brakes)
COOLING AND LUBRICATING SYSTEM
COOLI NG SYSTEM
cooling system, apparatus employed to keep the temperature of a structure or device from
exceeding limits imposed by needs of safety and efficiency. If overheated, the oil in a
mechanical transmission loses its lubricating capacity, while the fluid in a hydraulic
coupling or converter leaks under the pressure created.
The cooling system serves three important functions. First, it removes excess heat from
the engine; second, it maintains the engine operating temperature where it works most
efficiently; and finally, it brings the engine up to the right operating temperature as
quickly as possible.
Air conditioning, or cooling, is more complicated than heating. Instead of using
energy to create heat, air conditioners use energy to take heat away. The most common
air conditioning system uses a compressor cycle (similar to the one used by your
refrigerator) to transfer heat from your house to the outdoors.
LUBRICATING SYSTEM
Lubrication system is a means whereby a material is placed between two rubbing surfaces
to alleviate friction and therefore wear. For example if you rub your hands together they
will heat up due to the friction and eventually your skin will burn.
There are three different types of lubrication: boundary, mixed and full film. Each type is
different, but they all rely on a lubricant and the additives within the oils to protect against
wear.
Lubrication is the action of applying a substance such as oil or grease to an engine or
component so as to minimize friction and allow smooth movement. Lubrication System.
Lubricating system is a mechanical system of lubricating internal combustion engines in
which a pump forces oil into the engine bearings.
The oil drips onto the pistons as they move in the cylinders, lubricating the surface
between the piston and cylinder. The oil then runs down inside the crankcase to the main
bearings holding the crankshaft. Oil is picked up and splashed onto the bearings to
lubricate these surfaces.
DASHBOARD WARNING LIGHTS
Vehicle have a range of dashboard warning lights, such as the oil pressure warning light or
engine management light, which are designed to alert you if one of a variety of systems
isn’t quite right. Many cars show these warning lights briefly when you turn on the ignition,
but they should soon go out again. If one or more of these lights stays on once the engine is
running, it could be a sign there’s something wrong with your car.
The most common car dashboard warning lights
Fog light (front)
Power steering warning light.
Fog light (rear)
Washer fluid low.
Brake pad warning.
Cruise control on.
Direction indicators.
Rain and light sensor
DRIVER ASSISTANCY SYSTEM
Driver assistance, also known as advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS), are
technologies used to make motor vehicle travel safer by automating, improving or
adapting some or all of the tasks involved in operating a vehicle.
Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) is a fairly new term that encompasses
modern safety equipment in our cars and trucks. The common factor is safety but
convenience is the main byproduct. The number of printed circuit boards has grown
tremendously with all of the new systems. There are over 250 of them packed into just
one Lidar sensor. I’ve spent the better part of a year developing that amazing piece of
technology while reading up on everything else the industry has to offer.
The role of ADAS is to prevent deaths and injuries by reducing the number of car
accidents and the serious impact of those that cannot be avoided. Essential safety-critical
ADAS applications include: Pedestrian detection/avoidance. Lane departure
warning/correction.
PASSIVE SAFETY AND PASSENGER COMFORT
Passive safety systems protect the occupants of a vehicle and other road users if a crash
occurs. They do this by reducing the impact of an accident or the level of injury.
Passive safety features are things like airbags, seatbelts, and crumple zones. If you do get
into an automobile accident, passive safety features are precautions put in place to keep
you as secure as possible.
Passive safety systems prevent the driver and passengers from getting injured by reducing
the impact of the crash. Some of the common passive safety features are seatbelts, airbags,
ISOFIX mounts, crumple zones, etc… Keep in mind that the majority of passive safety
systems work only when you wear your seatbelt.
In transport it is axiomatic that passenger comfort is extremely important. This paper
considers the concept of comfort and its relationship to the passenger's other travel
experiences. The papers which follow in this special issue are then introduced and briefly
discussed. The paper concludes with a section which considers factors in the transport
environment likely to influence comfort but which have not been covered elsewhere in
this issue. These factors include: temperature, ventilation, illumination, photic stimulation,
pressure changes on the ear, journey length .
ENGINE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
The engine management system is the arrangement of the devices for controlling a
vehicle's engine. If the car is stolen, the unit will block the vehicle's engine management
system and prevent the engine being restarted. The engine management system shuts
down four of the eight cylinders when the power isn't needed.
This includes components for fuel injection, air management, ignition, fuel supply,
exhaust gas treatment, safety systems, infotainment, and connectivity for the wide range
of vehicles, two-wheelers and powersports.
These include MPFi & GDi systems in Petrol engines and CRDi systems in diesel
engines for improved performance.
An engine management system is basically an Electronic Control Unit (ECU)
which receives signals from various sensors, make calculations and sends
output signals to carry out various functions and operations within and around
the engine. By purchasing this product you will be able to improve your
vehicle's performance.
GLIMP
SES OF INTERNSHIP
CONCLUSION