TEXTO 25 - NEW EMOTIONAL ROBOTS

Home - Robotics

JANUARY 11, 2018

New 'emotional' robots aim to read human feelings

The robot called Forpheus does more than play a mean
game of table tennis. It can read body language to gauge
its opponent's ability and offer advice and encouragement.
"It will try to understand your mood and your playing ability
and predict a bit about your next shot," said Keith Kersten
of Japan-based Omron Automation, which developed
Forpheus to showcase its technology. "We don't sell ping
pong robots but we are using Forpheus to show how
technology works with people," said Kersten.

Forpheus is among several devices shown at this week's

Buddy the companion robot by Consumer Electronics Show which highlight how robots
Blue Frog Robotics is seen on can become more humanlike by acquiring "emotional
display during the CES Unveiled intelligence" and empathy.
preview event at the Mandalay
Bay Convention Center during Although this specialization is still emerging, the notion of
CES 2018 in Las Vegas on Jan 7, robotic empathy appeared to be a strong theme at the huge
2018. Credit: AFP/Mandel Ngan gathering of technology professionals in Las Vegas.

Honda, the Japanese auto giant, launched a new robotics

program called Empower, Experience, Empathy including its new 3E-A18 robot which
"shows compassion to humans with a variety of facial expressions," according to a
statement.

Although empathy and emotional intelligence do not necessarily require a humanoid form,
some robot makers have been working on form as well as function. "We're been working
very hard to have an emotional robot," said Jean-Michel Mourier of French-based Blue Frog
Robotics, which makes the companion and social robot called Buddy, set to be released
later this year. "He has a complex brain," Mourier said at a CES event. "It will ask for a
caress or it will get mad if you poke him in the eye."Other robots such as Qihan Technology's
Sanbot and SoftBank Robotics' Pepper, are being "humanized" by teaching them to read
and react to people's emotional states.

Pepper is "capable of interpreting a smile, a

frown, your tone of voice, as well as the lexical
field you use and non-verbal language such as
the angle of your head," according to SoftBank.

Robot in human shoes

Developing emotional intelligence in robots is a

difficult task, melding the use of computer
The Omron Forpheus robot plays table tennis "vision" to interpret objects and people and
against a human at CES in Las Vegas. (AFP) creating software that can respond accordingly.

"Empathy is the goal: the robot is putting itself in the shoes of the human, and that's about
as hard as it gets," said Patrick Moorhead, a technology analyst with Moor Insights &
Strategy.

"It's not just about technology, it's about psychology and trust." Moorhead said this
technology is still in the early stages but holds promise in some areas, noting that there is
strong interest in Japan amid a lack of caretakers for the elderly population. "In some ways
it can be a bit creepy if you're crying and the robot is trying to console you," he said. "If you
have no friends, the next best thing is a friend robot, and introverts might feel more
comfortable talking to a robot."

'Emotion chip'

One CES exhibitor offered a promise of going further than the current devices by developing
an "emotion chip" which can allow robots to process emotions in a manner similar to
humans.

"There has been a lot of research on detecting human emotions. We do the opposite. We
synthesize emotions for the machine," said Patrick Levy-Rosenthal, founder of New York-
based Emoshape, which is producing its chip for partners in gaming, virtual and augmented
reality and other sectors. It could be used to power a humanoid robot, or other devices. For
example, an e-reader could better understand a text to infuse more emotion in storytelling.

As for Forpheus, Kersten said the robot's ability to help people improve their table tennis
skills could have numerous applications for sports, businesses and more. "You could sense
how people are feeling, if they are attentive or in a good state to drive," he said.

Another key application could be in health care, he said: "In an elderly patient facility, you
can determine if someone is in distress and needs help."

[Link]

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Lea el artículo y responda las siguientes consignas:
1. Explique las características de los robots mencionados.
2. ¿Qué quiere decir el autor con el subtítulo “Robots in human shoes”?
3. En el cuarto párrafo se encuentra el conector ALTHOUGH marcado en negrita. ¿Qué tipo
de conector es? ¿Cuáles son los dos conceptos que relaciona?
4. Sintetice el artículo en no más de cuatro oraciones, teniendo en cuenta los conceptos
principales.
TEXTO 26 – EXPERIMENT
Pre lectura
1. Lea solo los títulos. ¿Qué tipo de texto es? ¿En qué asignatura lee este tipo de texto?
2. ¿De qué trata?
3. Organización textual. ¿Cuáles son las partes a seguir en un experimento?
4. Compare esta guía con las guías de laboratorio de UTN. ¿Sigue el mismo orden?
Lectura
5. Explique el propósito de este experimento y las habilidades que se adquirirán con esta
práctica.
6. Busque en la Introducción tres conectores diferentes de ejemplificación.
7. Repaso de voz pasiva. Ubique en el texto cinco ejemplos y tradúzcalos de acuerdo al
contexto.
8. ¿Por qué se necesita un proceso de estandarización?

Post Lectura
9. ¿En nuestra facultad se realizan experimentos similares? Ejemplifique.
10. ¿Es peligroso realizar este tipo de experimentos?
TEXTO 27 - 100 YEARS AFTER TITANIC
Resuelva las siguientes consignas

Pre-lectura
1) Describa el contexto de producción de este texto. (autor, fuente, fecha, tipo textual, genero
textual)

Lectura
2) ¿Cuál es la tesis del autor?
3) ¿Qué evidencias cita para sustentar su argumento?
4) ¿Qué quiere decir el autor con la frase The Titanic, like all designs, was a compromise? ¿Qué
errores se cometieron en el diseño del Titanic?
5) ¿Qué tipo de relación lógica indican los conectores THOUGH (Párrafo 3 Línea 1) y HOWEVER (L
42)? Mencione las dos ideas que vinculan cada uno.
6) ¿Cuál es la conclusión del autor?

Post- lectura
7) ¿Está usted de acuerdo con la opinión del autor? Justifique su postura.
TEXTO 28 - CV
TEXTO 29 – INTERNET OF THINGS

A Simple Explanation of 'The Internet of Things'

May 13, 2014

The "Internet of things" (IoT) is becoming an increasingly

growing topic of conversation both in the workplace and
outside of it. It's a concept that not only has the potential to
impact how we live but also how we work. But what
exactly is the "Internet of things" and what impact is it
going to have on you, if any? There are a lot of complexities
around the "Internet of things" but I want to stick to the
basics. Lots of technical and policy-related conversations
are being had but many people are still just trying to grasp the foundation of what the heck
these conversations are about.

Let's start with understanding a few things.

Broadband Internet is becoming more widely available, the cost of connecting is decreasing,
more devices are being created with Wi-Fi capabilities and sensors built into them,
technology costs are going down, and smartphone penetration is sky-rocketing. All of these
things are creating a "perfect storm" for the IoT.

So what is the Internet of Things?

Simply put, this is the concept of basically connecting any device with an on and off switch
to the Internet (and/or to each other). This includes everything from cellphones, coffee
makers, washing machines, headphones, lamps, wearable devices and almost anything else
you can think of. This also applies to components of machines, for example a jet engine of
an airplane or the drill of an oil rig. As I mentioned, if it has an on and off switch then chances
are it can be a part of the IoT. The analyst firm Gartner says that by 2020 there will be over
26 billion connected devices... That's a lot of connections (some even estimate this number
to be much higher, over 100 billion). The IoT is a giant network of connected "things" (which
also includes people). The relationship will be between people-people, people-things, and
things-things.

How does this impact you?

The new rule for the future is going to be, "Anything that can be connected, will be
connected." But why on earth would you want so many connected devices talking to each
other? There are many examples for what this might look like or what the potential value
might be. Say for example you are on your way to a meeting; your car could have access to
your calendar and already know the best route to take. If the traffic were heavy your car
might send a text to the other party notifying them that you could be late. What if your alarm
clock wakes up you at 6 a.m. and then notifies your coffee maker to start brewing coffee for
you? What if your office equipment knew when it was running low on supplies and
automatically re-ordered more? What if the wearable device you used in the workplace could
tell you when and where you were most active and productive and shared that information
with other devices that you used while working?

On a broader scale, the IoT can be applied to things like transportation networks: "smart
cities" which can help us reduce waste and improve efficiency for things such as energy use;
this helping us understand and improve how we work and live. Take a look at the visual
below to see what something like that can look like.

The reality is that the IoT allows for virtually endless opportunities and connections to take
place, many of which we can't even think of or fully understand the impact of today. It's not
hard to see how and why the IoT is such a hot topic today; it certainly opens the door to a lot
of opportunities but also to many challenges. Security is a big issue that is oftentimes brought
up. With billions of devices being connected together, what can people do to make sure that
their information stays secure? Will someone be able to hack into your toaster and thereby
get access to your entire network? The IoT also opens up companies all over the world to
more security threats. Then we have the issue of privacy and data sharing. This is a hot-button
topic even today, so one can only imagine how the conversation and concerns will escalate
when we are talking about many billions of devices being connected. Another issue that many
companies specifically are going to be faced with is around the massive amounts of data that
all of these devices are going to produce. Companies need to figure out a way to store, track,
analyze and make sense of the vast amounts of data that will be generated.

So what now?

Conversations about the IoT are (and have been for several years) taking place all over the
world as we seek to understand how this will impact our lives. We are also trying to
understand what the many opportunities and challenges are going to be as more and more
devices start to join the IoT. For now, the best thing that we can do is educate ourselves about
what the IoT is and the potential impacts that can be seen on how we work and live.

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Resuelva las siguientes consignas

1- ¿Qué factores se mencionan como facilitadores para la evolución de la Internet de las

Cosas?
2- Defina y describa de manera completa qué es IoT (Internet of Things). Incluya toda la
información relevante. ¿Qué área se menciona para su aplicación? Explique.
3- ¿Cuáles son los desafíos que presenta la IoT? Menciónelos y explíque por qué son un
desafío.
4- ¿Qué relación lógica expresa “if” (recuadrado en el 1er párrafo de “How does this impact
you?)
 ¿Qué ideas conecta?
5- ¿A qué hace referencia our? (recuadrado en el último párrafo)
TEXTO 30 - ENGINEERING DISASTERS

Five Biggest Engineering Disasters

The Engineer posted on February 11, 2013 |

As engineers continue to push the boundaries of scientific invention and exploration, along with great
achievements unfortunately come terrible failures too. Fortunately, from mistakes lessons are learned
but sometimes only once a high price has been paid.

Among the greatest tales of engineering disasters are nuclear reaction explosions, the sinking of great
vessels and explosions of space searching rockets. Five of the biggest are the subject of this article
and it has been debatable which to include. There were numerous to choose from such as the World
Trade Center; the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill; Hyatt Regency Hotel Walkway Collapse; the
1970s DC-10 Disasters; Apollo 1, and the failure of the New Orleans Levee System during Hurricane
Katrina.

While all these disasters remind us of the scale of human endeavour, there is massive potential for
failure in the more ordinary. Even bearings, that every day yet essential engineering component of
moving systems cannot be overlooked – an overheated one caused an engine failure which caused an
engine fire, which led to cabin decompression and finally to the crash of an aircraft in Poland in 1987
– resulting in 193 fatalities.

Engineering is a precise science. Attention to detail and the highest safety standards must be adhered
to at all times. Perhaps the most important lesson for us all is not to consign these events to history
but to make sure they continue to be recognised by tightened regulations. These lessons also serve as
a reminder for people to speak up when necessary to avoid these mistakes being made again.

Chernobyl

In the early hours of 26 April 1986, a structurally unsound reactor at

Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant near Pripyat in Ukraine in the Soviet
Union exploded. It caused the release of massive quantities of
radioactive particles into the atmosphere which spread over much of
Western USSR and Europe. 350,400 people were evacuated and
resettled from the most severely contaminated areas of Belarus, Russia,
and Ukraine.
The disaster began during a systems test when there was a power surge
followed by an emergency shutdown and an exponentially larger spike
in power output. The reactor vessel ruptured, there was a series of steam explosions, and the reactor’s
graphite moderator was exposed to the air, causing it to ignite. The resulting fire sent a plume of
highly radioactive fallout into the atmosphere over an extensive geographical area.
In terms of human deaths, the Chernobyl nuclear accident was one of the worst energy accidents in
human history. Figures vary widely but between 31 and 64 deaths have been directly attributed to the
incident, with estimates of up to 4,000 deaths among those exposed to the highest levels of radiation.
Among those living in the broader geographical areas, the numbers of those affected range from
30,000 to nearly a million premature cancer deaths.
 The Bhopal Disaster

In 1984, a toxic gas release at a Union Carbide pesticide plant in Bhopal,

India resulted in 2,259 immediate deaths and some 11,000 deaths
following the disaster.
Over 42 tons of Methyl isocyanate - a highly toxic and irritating material
used in the making of pesticides – became contaminated with water,
causing an exothermic reaction, which increased the temperature inside
the tank to over 200°C, far beyond its capacity. Automated emergency
release systems kicked in, venting the extra pressure and a large volume
of gasses, which escaped and began to spread. If that gas had been lighter than air, it might have
dispersed with minimal harm. Unfortunately, being heavier than air, it crawled for miles, seeping into
the nearby city of Bhopal. A government affidavit in 2006 stated the leak caused 558,125 injuries
including 38,478 "temporary partial" and approximately 3,900 "severely and permanently disabling"
injuries.
It has now been 25 years since the horrific disaster, yet still the land around Bhopal remains blighted
and toxic to humans and animals alike. Today, the 390 tons of toxic chemicals continue to pollute the
groundwater in the region. The disaster serves as a reminder for the way the industry approaches
process safety management (PSM). The right decisions need to be made daily to ensure the safety of
your process – and this in turn helps ensure the meaning of the phrase “recognised and generally
accepted good engineering practices.”

Titanic

The sinking of the Titanic is history's most epic sea disaster and the
topic of endless books, feature films and documentaries.
In 1912, the world’s largest ship, on its maiden voyage carrying some
of the world’s richest people had a freak accident with a catastrophic
loss of life. Four days into her journey, on the night of 14th April the
Titanic struck an iceberg in the North Atlantic and was so badly
damaged that she survived for less than three hours before she sank.
Two thirds of Titanic’s passengers and crew were lost because there
were not enough lifeboats to rescue everyone on board. Over 1500
people drowned.
It is believed that safety took second place to aesthetics in the ship’s design. The original design
included two rows of lifeboats on the deck, but one row was removed allowing more space and a
better view for passengers with first-class berths. This was not against the Board of Trade regulations
which covered only ships up to 13,000t and not the 46,000t Titanic.
Research has found it likely that the iceberg buckled the plates and popped out substandard rivets
along a length of the hull, allowing water into at least five of the watertight compartments. As the
boat went down by the head, water flowed over the transverse bulkheads, which were barely above
the waterline, into other compartments. It has been said that the height of the bulkheads was reduced
to avoid spoiling the first-class public rooms.
In the aftermath of the disaster, the height of transverse bulkheads was increased and double hulls
reaching further up the sides of ships became common. There were new regulations regarding safety,
increasing the number of lifeboats and allowing easy access to them for all passengers. There were
also changes regarding the use of radio at sea.
 The Space Shuttle Challenger

Just 73 seconds after its launch, on 28 January 1986, space shuttle

Challenger broke apart, killing its seven crew members. The
subsequent Rogers Commission found the cause of the accident
was the failure of both primary and secondary O-rings on the right
solid rocket booster, allowing hot gas and flame to escape, which
then came into contact with the booster attachment and external
tank, resulting in structural failure. The problems with the O-rings
had been known about for nine years but had been ignored, partly
because safety was deemed ensured with the presence of the
second ring. However, as was later made clear, the second ring was there for unforeseen failure, not
a failure that had been considered. Engineers' warnings that low temperatures would exacerbate the
problem were also ignored by NASA managers because of pressure to keep to the launch timetable.
Now widely used as a case study for trainee engineers, this disaster has been used to teach many
lessons: primarily that the advice of engineers should be considered carefully by management; and
that the ethics of whistle-blowing and group decision-making should be introduced. Afterwards, there
was a total redesign of the solid rocket boosters, in which three O-rings were incorporated, watched
over by an independent oversight group as stipulated by the commission.
In summing up the disaster, Richard Feynman, a member of the Rogers Commission, made a telling
point to the effect that "for a successful technology, reality must take precedence over public relations,
for nature cannot be fooled".
Apollo 13

The disaster about the crippled flight to the moon in 1970 that gave
the film industry two of the most iconic film lines: “Houston, we
have a problem” and “failure is not an option”.
Apollo 13 was the seventh manned mission in the American Apollo
space program and the third intended to land on the Moon. The
craft was launched on April 11, 1970, at 13:13 CST from the
Kennedy Space Center, Florida, but the lunar landing was aborted
after an oxygen tank exploded two days later, crippling the service
module upon which the Command Module depended.
Despite great hardship caused by limited power, loss of cabin heat, shortage of potable water, and the
critical need to jury-rig the carbon dioxide removal system, the crew returned safely to Earth on April
17.

Copyright © 2013 [Link], Inc.

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Resuelva las siguientes consignas

Primera aproximación al texto:
1. ¿Qué tipo de texto es? ¿Dónde encontraría este tipo de texto?
2. Complete el siguiente cuadro:
 Título Fuente Fecha de
publicación

3. Lea los subtítulos y analice con sus compañeros qué conocimientos tiene al respecto.
TEXTO 31 - FREE BODY DIAGRAMS
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Responda las siguientes consignas:

1) ¿Qué es un diagrama de cuerpo libre y para qué se utiliza?

2) ¿Qué pasos se deben seguir para dibujar un diagrama de cuerpo libre?
3) Mencione las fuerzas que actúan sobre los objetos y qué debemos tener en cuenta
al escribir sus símbolos.
4) Explique el ejemplo que describe cómo dibujar un diagrama de cuerpo libre de una
computadora portátil apoyada sobre una mesa.
5) Explique las fuerzas involucradas cuando se quiere empujar una caja pesada sobre
el piso.
TEXTO 32 - JOB AD

Job Description
At Amazon, we strive to be Earth’s most customer-centric company where people can find and
discover anything they want to buy online. We hire the world’s brightest minds, offering them an
environment in which they can relentlessly improve the experience for customers. Innovation and
creativity are built into the DNA of the company and are encouraged at all levels of employment.
Every day we solve complex technical and business problems with ingenuity and simplicity. We’re
making history and the good news is we’ve only just begun.

Amazon, one of the top 100 companies in the United States, has an immediate opening for an IT
Support Engineer in our Fulfillment Center. Fulfillment Centers throughout the U.S. handle millions
of items from tens of thousands of vendors and ships them across the globe each day. The successful
IT Support Engineer will be responsible for utilizing his/her skills to provide assistance to the
operations team in resolving technical problems within the Fulfillment Center that cover a multitude
of technical disciplines. This position is the second level of support for the operations of the
Fulfillment Center and serves as a resource to Technical Support Technicians while also acting as a
representative of the IT department to internal customers. Amazon seeks individuals who are willing
to Work Hard, Have Fun, and join us in making Worldwide History.

The IT Support Engineer must have an excellent understanding of computers (both hardware and
software) and a demonstrated willingness to learn and apply new technology. They must possess
superior technical aptitude, written and oral communications skills and the ability to deal effectively
with people in a wide variety of situations. Additionally, they must possess strong analytical skills
with demonstrated problem solving ability. Previous experience exercising high levels of initiative,
judgment, and diplomacy required. Proven ability to operate in extreme high pressure situations,
successfully handle multiple priorities and possess a high level of discipline while remaining flexible.
They must possess superior people skills dealing with all levels of a team environment up to and
including presentations and explanation of projects to upper level management. Regular activities
include network engineering and troubleshooting, project management, mentorship of Technical
Support Technicians, data cabling, systems administration in a variety of software and hardware
environments, telecom/PBX administration, root cause analysis in problem solving, and assistance
in managing the daily activities of the department. A willingness to relocate as career advancement
opportunities throughout the company become available is strongly desired.

Basic Qualifications
 High School diploma or GED equivalent
 Expertise in one or more specialized areas of IT such as Microsoft Administration, Linux
Administration, or Cisco IOS (CLI)
 Advanced Troubleshooting skills in a multi-user high pressure environment
 Understanding of networking concepts such as DNS, DHCP, Email, HTTP, SSL, OSI Model,
and TCP/IP protocols and applications
 Experience with Data Cabling / Computer Facilities maintenance
 Proven skills in PC repair, troubleshooting, deployment, and liquidation
 Ability to stand/walk for 10-12 hours per day
 Willingness to work flexible shifts and scheduling including nights, weekends, and holidays

Preferred Qualifications
 Bachelor’s degree in Computer science or IT related field.
 Microsoft MCSE, MCITP Systems Administrator (Active Directory)
 Cisco CCNA certification
 Advanced Linux systems administration skills
 Strong troubleshooting skills of very complex systems
 Ability to explain complex IT concepts in simple terms
 Ability to manage high priority projects
 Proven ability to work successfully with limited supervision
 Excellent written and verbal communication skills. Comfortable communicating in person
and via phone/radio with peers, management, contractors and vendors.
 Ability to travel up to 25%

Amazon is an Equal Opportunity Employer – Minority / Women / Disability / Veteran / Gender Identity /
Sexual Orientation
[Link]
TEXTO 33 - EUROFOUND
Resuelva las siguientes consignas

Prelectura
1. Título:
2. Fuente de publicación: ¿A qué se refiere dicha fuente?
3. Este artículo es un resumen ejecutivo. Busque con su compañero en internet la siguiente
información:
 Definición de resumen ejecutivo
 Objetivos
  Quién redacta este tipo de artículos y a quién está dirigido
 Partes que no deben faltar en un resumen ejecutivo

Lectura
4. ¿Cumple este resumen con todas las partes?
5. Lea la 1ra oración de los dos párrafos introductorios y explique qué más se puede
complementar al título.
6. Explique con sus palabras el contexto en el que se desarrolla este resumen.
7. Fundamente por qué el autor hace uso de la frase “A critical issue”. Tenga en cuenta el
conector mencionado en la oración.
8. Sintetice las indicaciones sobre políticas que hay que tener en cuenta al respecto. Elija una que
le parezca más importante en el caso de Argentina, y explíquela. ¿En qué basa su elección?
TEXTO 34 - MARIE CURIE
Marie Curie Biography

Physicist, Scientist, Scientist (1867–1934)

Marie Curie was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, in Physics, and with her later
win, in Chemistry, she became the first person to claim Nobel honors twice.

Born Maria Sklodowska on November 7, 1867, Marie

Curie became the first woman to win a Nobel Prize and
the first person—man or woman—to win the award
twice. Curie's efforts, with her husband Pierre Curie, led
to the discovery of polonium and radium and, after
Pierre's death, the further development of X-rays.

Marie Curie discovered radioactivity, and, together with

her husband Pierre, the radioactive elements polonium
and radium, while working with the mineral pitchblende.
Fascinated with the work of Henri Becquerel, a French
physicist who discovered that uranium casts off rays
weaker than the X-rays found by Wilhelm Conrad
Roentgen, Marie Curie took his work a few steps
further. Curie conducted her own experiments on
uranium rays and discovered that they remained
constant, no matter the condition or form of the
uranium. The rays, she theorized, came from the
Marie Curie working in her laboratory at the element's atomic structure. This revolutionary idea
University of Paris in 1925. (AFP/Getty
Images.)
created the field of atomic physics. Curie herself coined
the word "radioactivity" to describe the phenomena.

Following Marie’s discovery of radioactivity, she continued her research with her husband.
Working with the mineral pitchblende, the pair discovered a new radioactive element in
1898. They named the element polonium, after Marie's native country of Poland. They also
detected the presence of another radioactive material in the pitchblende and called that
radium. In 1902, the Curies announced that they had produced a decigram of pure radium,
demonstrating its existence as a unique chemical element.

Marie married French physicist Pierre Curie on July 26, 1895. They were introduced by a
colleague of Marie’s after she graduated from the University of Sorbonne; Marie had
received a commission to perform a study on different types of steel and their magnetic
properties and needed a lab to work in. A romance developed between the brilliant pair, and
they became a scientific dynamic duo who were completely devoted to one another. At first
Marie and Pierre worked on separate projects. But after Marie discovered radioactivity,
Pierre put aside his own work to help her with her research.
Marie suffered a tremendous loss in 1906, when Pierre was killed in Paris after accidentally
stepping in front of a horse-drawn wagon. Despite her tremendous grief, she took over his
teaching post at the Sorbonne, becoming the institution's first female professor.
In 1911, Marie Curie’s relationship with her husband's former student, Paul Langevin,
became public. Curie was derided in the press for breaking up Langevin's marriage, the
negativity in part stemming from rising xenophobia in France. In 1897 Marie and Pierre Curie
welcomed a daughter, Irène. The couple had a second daughter, Ève, in 1904. Irène Joliot-
Curie followed in her mother's footsteps, winning the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1935.
Joliot-Curie shared the honor with her husband, Frédéric Joliot, for their work on the
synthesis of new radioactive elements.

Both of Marie Curie’s parents were teachers, and she was the youngest of five children,
following siblings Zosia, Józef, Bronya and Hela. As a child Curie took after her father,
Wladyslaw, a math and physics instructor. She had a bright and curious mind and excelled
at school. However, tragedy struck early: When she was only 10, Curie lost her mother,
Bronislawa, to tuberculosis.

A top student in her secondary school, Curie could not attend the men's-only University of
Warsaw. She instead continued her education in Warsaw's "floating university," a set of
underground, informal classes held in secret. Both Curie and her sister Bronya dreamed of
going abroad to earn an official degree, but they lacked the financial resources to pay for
more schooling. Undeterred, Curie worked out a deal with her sister. She would work to
support Bronya while she was in school and Bronya would return the favor after she
completed her studies. For roughly five years, Curie worked as a tutor and a governess. She
used her spare time to study, reading about physics, chemistry and math.
In 1891, Curie finally made her way to Paris and enrolled at the Sorbonne. She threw herself
into her studies, but this dedication had a personal cost. With little money, Curie survived on
buttered bread and tea, and her health sometimes suffered because of her poor diet. Curie
completed her master's degree in physics in 1893 and earned another degree in
mathematics the following year.

Marie Curie was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize and the first person—man or woman—
to win the prestigious award twice. She remains the only one to be honored
for accomplishments in two separate sciences. In 1903, Curie received the Nobel Prize in
Physics, along with her husband and Henri Becquerel, for their work on radioactivity. With
their win, the Curies developed an international reputation for their scientific efforts, and they
used their prize money to continue their research.

In 1911, Curie won her second Nobel Prize, this time in Chemistry, for her discovery of
radium and polonium. While she received the prize alone, she shared the honor jointly with
her late husband in her acceptance lecture. Around this time, Curie joined with other famous
scientists, including Albert Einstein and Max Planck, to attend the first Solvay Congress in
Physics and discuss the many groundbreaking discoveries in their field.

When World War I broke out in 1914, Curie devoted her time and resources to helping the
cause. She championed the use of portable X-ray machines in the field, and these medical
vehicles earned the nickname "Little Curies." After the war, Curie used her celebrity to
advance her research. She traveled to the United States twice—in 1921 and in 1929—to
raise funds to buy radium and to establish a radium research institute in Warsaw.

Marie Curie made many breakthroughs in her lifetime. Remembered as a leading figure in
science and a role model for women, she has received numerous posthumous
honors. Several educational and research institutions and medical centers bear the Curie
name, including the Curie Institute and Pierre and Marie Curie University, later renamed
UPMC.
In 1995, Marie and Pierre Curie’s remains were interred in the Panthéon in Paris, the final
resting place of France's greatest minds. Curie became the first and one of only five women
to be laid to rest there. In late 2017, the Panthéon hosted an exhibition to honor the 150th
birthday of the pioneering scientist.

In 1937, Ève Curie wrote the first of many biographies devoted to her famous
mother, Madame Curie, which became a feature film a few years later. The story of the
Nobel laureate was back on the big screen in 2017 with Marie Curie: The Courage of
Knowledge, featuring Polish actress Karolina Gruszka. In 2018, it was announced that
Amazon Prime Video was developing another biopic of Curie, with British actress Rosamund
Pike in the starring role.
© 2018 Bio and the Bio logo are registered trademarks of A&E Television Networks, LLC.
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Resuelva las siguientes consignas

1. ¿Qué sabe de Marie Curie?
2. Realice una lectura rápida del texto buscando la información que mencionó
anteriormente.
3. ¿Dónde ubicaría los siguientes subtítulos?

What Did Marie Curie Discover? X-rays and Later Research

How and When Did Marie Curie Die? Who Was Marie Curie?
When and Where was she Born? Education
Nobel Prizes Legacy
Family
TEXTO 35 – SOLVING PROBLEMS

A) The usual answer to this old riddle is as follows. If it takes three cats three minutes
to catch three rats, it must take them one minute to catch one rat. And if it takes them
a minute for each rat, then the same three cats would catch 100 rats in 100 minutes.
Unfortunately, it is not quite that simple; such an answer presupposes something that
is certainly not stated in the problem. It assumes that all three cats concentrate their attention
on the same rat until they catch him in one minute, then turn their combined attention toward
another rat. But suppose that instead of doing this, each cat chases a different rat and takes
three minutes to catch it. In this case, three cats would still catch three rats in three minutes.
It would take them six minutes to catch six rats, nine minutes to catch nine rats, and 99
minutes to catch 99 rats.
A curious difficulty now faces us. How long will it take those same three cats to catch the
100th rat? If it still takes them the full three minutes to run him down, then it will take three
cats 102 minutes to catch 100 rats.
To catch 100 rats in 100 minutes - assuming this is how the cats go about their rat
catching -we will certainly need more than three cats and less than four cats.
Of course it is possible that when the three cats gang up on a single rat they can corner him
in less than three minutes, but there is nothing in the statement of the riddle that tells us
exactly how to measure the time for this operation. The only correct answer to the problem,
therefore, is this: The question is ambiguous and cannot be answered without more
information about how those cats catch rats.

B) Surprisingly, the second offer is much better than the first one. If you accept it, you will
earn exactly $200 more each year than you would on the other basis of payment! The chart
below shows your total earnings, on the basis of both offers, for each of the first six years.