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Body Fluid Components and Management

Body fluids include water, chemicals, blood, and electrolytes. Water carries nutrients and removes waste through various processes. Blood contains plasma and blood cells. Electrolytes like sodium and calcium are important for muscle function and fluid balance. There are two compartments where fluids exist in the body - intracellular fluid within cells and extracellular fluid outside of cells. Water and solutes move between compartments via osmosis, filtration, and diffusion. Intake and output monitoring measures the amount of fluids a person takes in and loses over 24 hours. Factors like inadequate fluid intake, vomiting, diarrhea, or bleeding can cause fluid imbalances like hypovolemia (low fluid volume) or hypervolemia (excess

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6 views3 pages

Body Fluid Components and Management

Body fluids include water, chemicals, blood, and electrolytes. Water carries nutrients and removes waste through various processes. Blood contains plasma and blood cells. Electrolytes like sodium and calcium are important for muscle function and fluid balance. There are two compartments where fluids exist in the body - intracellular fluid within cells and extracellular fluid outside of cells. Water and solutes move between compartments via osmosis, filtration, and diffusion. Intake and output monitoring measures the amount of fluids a person takes in and loses over 24 hours. Factors like inadequate fluid intake, vomiting, diarrhea, or bleeding can cause fluid imbalances like hypovolemia (low fluid volume) or hypervolemia (excess

Uploaded by

Eski Admex
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

I.

Components of body fluid A. Water functions: Carry chemicals to cells, remove wastes through urine, provide water for elimination of solid waste B. Chemicals: End products of metabolism of CHO, fats & proteins with & without change C. Blood: Composed of 3 liters plasma & 2 liters of blood cells Any changes that affect fluid volume in body also affect amount of plasma in blood D. Electrolytes: Electrically charged chemicals that are absorbed from foods Needed for: Muscle contraction Ca Fluid balance Na

II.

Fluids / electrolytes movement A. Two separate areas or compartments where fluid is found in body: 1. Intracellular: fluid within the cells 2. Extracellular: fluid outside the cells in the tissue; fluid portion of blood (plasma) B. Water / solute movement 1. Osmosis: water moves from more dilute solution to more concentrated solution 2. Filtration: water & solutes move from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure, i.e. from capillaries to cells 3. Diffusion: solute move from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration

A. Intake and Output (I & O) Measuring the amount of fluid a person takes in & fluid lost within 24 hrs. B. Measuring intake All fluids or liquids: juices, milk, soup, coffee, tea, ice chips (half of frozen volume) Foods that become fluid when swallowed: jello, pudding, cream wheat IV infusions, tube feedings, irrigations Fluids are measured in ml Hospitals have a table sheet with # of ml found in usual food containers or use calibrated containers. C. Measuring output Urine: empty drainage bag into measuring container May need to measure diapers & pads Use measuring container over toilet Blood loss, diarrhea, wound & tube drainage D. Terms for urinary output Polyuria: greater than normal amount Dieresis: large amounts of urine Oliguria: scant amount (less than 400ml in 24hrs) Anuria: no urine (less than 100ml in 24hrs) Fluid Imbalances A. Hypovolemia: low volume of fluid in both extracellular & intracellular compartments. Leads to dehydration Causes: inadequate intake, excess fluid loss i.e. vomiting, diarrhea, hemorrhage Signs & Symptoms: warm dry, flushed skin; dry mucus membrane; dark concentrated urine, <1500ml/24hrs B. Hypervolemia: excessive amount of fluid in the blood which is transferred to interstitial spaecs Signs & Symptoms: dependent or pitting edema, increased BP, bouncing pulse Treatment: restrict fluid & salt intake treat underlying cause; medications promoting water excretion Hypovolemia: NANDA Fluid volume deficit Hypervolemia: NANDA Fluid volume excess Nutrition Assessment 1. Subjective data: What person tells you: diet history 2. Objective data: What you see or measure 3. Antropometric data: measurement of body size and composition Focus for now: height & weight

Hospital Diets A. Common diets 1. Regular no restrictions Regular soft: soft texture, no spices, little fruits 2. Pureed diet: processed to baby food consistency; used with chewing problems 3. Full liquid: juices, creamed or blended soups, cream of wheat, milk 4. Clear liquid: tea, jello, apple sauce 5. Special therapeutic diets: 24 hr intake that meets special nutritional requirements a. Na restricted: READ LABELS Avoid condiments: catsup, soy sauce Encourage alternate spices: parsely, basil b. Restricted fluids portion out over total of 24 hrs c. Low residue: low fiber B. Nursing Responsibility 1. Knowledge of diets to ensure receives proper foods & no restricted foods 2. Assess patients response to diet 3. Assess intake: percent of meal eaten 4. Ensure proper diet on tray, serve & set up of tray Feeding the patient A. Dysphasia patient (Difficulty swallowing) Oral hygiene before meals to moisten Sitting during meal & 30 minute after Observe for swallowing Check mouth for pockets of food before offering more B. Visually Impaired Place towel across chest Assess patients independence Open all cartons etc Describe location of food on tray: use clock for positioning Do not rush patient C. Dementia Patient Consistency with caregivers Finger foods Open cartons, put foods close to patient

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