Explaining the properties of solids, liquids, and gases based on the particle nature of matter

Matter

- Anything that occupies space and has mass.

- Solid, liquid and gas

Particulate nature of matter

- All matters are made of atoms or molecules;

- Atoms and molecules are in constant motion;
- There are empty spaces between atoms and molecules
- Atoms and molecules are held together by attractive forces.

Physical properties of solids

- Solids are composed of closely packed particles that are fixed in their position due to strong
attractive forces.
- There are very small empty spaces between these particles.
- The particles' mode of motion is vibration.
- The solid state has the lowest energy.

Have definite shape – attractive forces are strong enough to hold the particles fixed in their places.

Have definite volume – particles are packed because of strong attractive forces.

Cannot be easily compressed – the spaces between the particles are very small.

Physical properties of liquids

- Liquids are composed of closely packed particles that can move freely.
- There are small empty spaces between these particles.
- Attractive forces present in liquids are relatively weaker compared of that in solids.
- The particles in the liquid state has higher energy compared to the solid state.

Has no definite shape – particles can move because of attractive forces are not strong enough to hold
particles in their places.

Have definite volume – particles are packed because of attractive forces.

Cannot be easily compressed – the spaces between the atoms are small.

Physical properties of gases

- Gases are imposed of loose particles that can move freely.

- There are wide spaces between these particles.
- Gases have weakest attractive forces among all states of matter.
- The gas state has the highest energy among all states of matter.

Having no definite shape – particles are loose because of weak attractive forces.
Have no definite volume – particles can move because attractive forces are not very week to hold
particles together.

Can be easily compressed – the spaces between the atoms are wide.

Physical changes in the molecular level

Physical change – process by which the composition of matter remains the same even ehm attractive
forces between the particles of a substance are disrupted or formed.

Phase change – transformation from one phase to another when heat is added or removed.

No phase change – change in size or shape alone.

Phase change

Melting – process by which a substance in solid phase is converted to its liquid phase.

Freezing – process by which a substance in liquid phase is converted to its solid phase.

Evaporation – process by which a substance in liquid phase is converted to its gas phase.

Condensation – process by which a substance in gas phase is converted to its liquid phase.

Sublimation – process by which a substance in solid phase is converted to its gas phase without passing
through the liquid phase.

Deposition – process by which a substance in gas phase is converted to its solid phase without passing
through the liquid phase.

Subatomic particles

Atom – composed of three subatomic particles. Electron, proton and neutron.

Electron – a particle with a negative charge.

- Has mass of 9.11X10^-28 g

- Located around the nucleus of atom.
- Discovered by Joseph Jhon Thomson in 1897.

Joseph jhon Thomson – discovered electron while conducting an experiment on a cathodw ray tube.

Proton - a particle with a positive charge.

- Has a mass of 1.673X1^40^-2 g

- Located inside the nucleus of atom.
- Discovered by Eugene goldstein in 1886.

Eugene Goldstein discovered protons while performing an experiment on a modified cathode ray
tube.

Having – a particle with no charge.

- Has a mass of 1.675X10^-24 g

 - Located inside the nucleus of atom
- Discovered by James Chadwick in 1932

James Chadwick – discovered neutron while performing the experient of freedric and Irene joliot-curie.

Determination of number of protons, neutron and electrons in a particular atom

Atomic number (Z) – the total number of proton in an atom.

- Different for every element in the periodic table.

Mass number (A) – the sum of the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom.

Number of electrons – in a neutral atom, the number of electrons is equal to the number of protons.

Number of neutrons – the number of neutrons in an atom is equal to the mass number and the atomic
number.

Ions – atoms that contain electrical charge.

- The atomic number and mass number if an ions remains the same.

Types of ions

1. Cation (positively charged) – lose of electron

2. Anion (negatively charged) – gain of electron

Isotope – atoms that have the same atomic number but different numbers of neutrons.

Learning the periodic table of elements

Elements – substances that cannot be broken down any further by chemical means. There are over 100

The periodic table – an arrangement of these elements by increasing atomic number and solar
properties.

Elements

- Each element on the periodic table has an atomic number, symbol, name and average atomic
mass.
- Atomic number -number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom.
- Average atomic mass – mass of an atom including protons, neutrons and electrons.

Groups elements have similarities

- Elements in the same group have similar properties. Remember, groups are columns.
- Chemical property – used to characterized materials in reactions that change their identity.
- Physical property – a characteristic of a substance that can be observed without changing the
substance into something else.

Metals, Nonmetals and Metalloids

- Thank major categories of element are the metals, non-metals and Metalloids.
- Metal – lustrous, malleable, and are good conductors of heat and electricity.
 - Non-metals – elements that do not care the properties of metals.
- Metalloids – elements that share some, but not all the properties of metals.

Physical properties of metals

- Lustrous – shiny or reflective of light

- Malleable – capable of being shaped.
- Being a good conductor means being able to allow electricity and heat yo flow through.

Alkali metals

- Elements in group 1 ( not including hydrogen).

- Very reacrive metals. Always combine with something else in nature.
- Salt – alkali metal, sodium, chlorine, combined.

Alkaline earth metals

- Elements in group 2
- Reactive metals that are always combined with non-metals in nature.
- Several of these elements are important mineral nutrients like calcium.

Tradition metals

- Elements in group 3-12.

- Less reactive, harder metals.

Includes metal used in jewelry, money and construction.

Boron family

- Elements in group 13.

- Has properties of both metals and non metals.
- The rest of the elements in this group are metals.

Carbon family

- Elements in group 14.

- Contains elements important to life and computers.
- Carbon is the basic element in all organizations compounds.
- Silicon and germanium are important semiconductors.

Nitrogen family

- Elements in group 15.

- Nitrogen make up more that ¾ of our atmosphere.
- The red tip of matches is made of phosphorous.

Oxygen family or chalcogens

- Elements in group 16.

- Oxygen is necessary for respiration.
- Many things that have a bad odor contain sulfur.
Halogens

- Elements in group 17.

- Very reactive, diatomic non-metals.
- Always found combined with other elements in nature.
- Chlorine is used to keep bacteria out of swimming pools.

Noble gases

- Elements in group 18.

- Very reactive gases.
- Used in lighted be on signs.
- Helium is used to make party balloons float.