Rotational Kinematics and Torque Tutorial
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NUR ALIAH IRDINA MOHD FADZLIRotational Kinematics and Torque Tutorial
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Powered by AILinear velocity (\(v\)) is found by multiplying angular velocity (\(\omega\)) by the radius (\(r\)): \(v = \omega \times r\). First, convert 1150 rpm to rad/s: \(1150 \times \frac{2\pi}{60} = 120.43\) rad/s. The radius is 0.22 m, so \(v = 120.43 \times 0.22 = 26.49\) m/s .
Centripetal acceleration depends on the square of angular velocity (\(a_c = \omega^2 r\)) and therefore is affected significantly by changes in angular velocity. Tangential acceleration (\(a_t = r\alpha\)) is influenced by angular acceleration. During Diana's transformation, her angular velocity changes from -5 rad/s to -2 rad/s, reducing centripetal acceleration: \(3.2\, \text{m/s}^2\) at -2 rad/s. The constant angular acceleration is 0.6 rad/s\(^2\), leading to tangential acceleration of 0.48 m/s\(^2\).
Linear speed (\(v\)) is directly proportional to both angular speed (\(\omega\)) and the radius of the wheel: \(v = \omega r\). For the bicycle tire, \(\omega = 1200 \times \frac{2\pi}{60} = 125.66\) rad/s and \(r = 0.25\) m, so \(v = 125.66 \times 0.25 = 31.425\) m/s .
Torque (\(\tau\)) is calculated by multiplying the force (\(F\)) by the radius (\(r\)), \(\tau = F \times r\). For the bicycle wheel, \(r = 0.85/2 = 0.425\) m. Therefore, \(\tau = 24 \times 0.425 = 10.2\) Nm .
Angular displacement can be converted to translational displacement by multiplying by the radius of rotation. If \(\theta\) is the angular displacement and \(r\) is the radius, then the translational displacement \(s = r\theta\).
Angular velocity in radians per second can be converted by multiplying the revolutions per minute (rpm) by \(2\pi/60\). Thus, for a compact disc rotating at 100 rpm, the angular velocity is \(100 \times 2\pi/60 = 10.47\) rad/s .
Angular displacement (\(\theta\)) can be found using the kinematic equation \(\theta = \omega_i \times t + 0.5 \times \alpha \times t^2\), where \(\omega_i\) is the initial angular velocity and \(\alpha\) is the angular acceleration. Here, \(\alpha = \frac{\Delta\omega}{\Delta t} = \frac{20 - 12}{2} = 4\) rad/s\(^2\). Substituting, \(\theta = 12 \times 2 + 0.5 \times 4 \times 2^2 = 32\) rad .
Frictionless axles minimize energy loss due to friction, enabling more accurate measurements of torque and angular acceleration by ensuring that all input energy contributes to rotational motion. In the drum example, the lack of axle friction ensures that calculated angular acceleration and tension in the rope reflect only applied forces and inertia, not extraneous frictional forces .
Tension in the rope is affected by the drum's mass, angular acceleration, and the force exerted by a connected mass. For the cylindrical drum with radius 0.5 m, mass 125 kg, and a 10 kg block, torque equals moment of inertia times angular acceleration: \(\tau = I\alpha\) and \(T - Mg = ma\). Solving gives \(T = 84.6\) N .
Increasing angular acceleration results in greater angular displacement over time. The angular acceleration is calculated as \(\alpha = \frac{2.57 - 0.56}{6} = 0.335\) rad/s\(^2\). The displacement (\(\theta\)), starting from rest, is given by \(\theta = 0.5 \times \alpha \times t^2\). Substituting gives \(\theta = 0.5 \times 0.335 \times 6^2 = 6.03\) rad .