CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Proper waste disposal is one of the ways which we can assist to clean up our

environment, and it may result in a healthy environment with the positive acts of

disciplined people. The world might be a better place to live if appropriate waste

disposal was practiced on a daily basis. Imagine the environment was as clean as it

was previously, with no pollution, fresh air, and beautiful white clouds. Life would be

so much better if there were no global warming, climate change, or greenhouse

emissions, but the truth is that, improper waste management is the reverse of

appropriate waste disposal.

Improper Disposal of Waste refers to the irregular disposal of waste in a

community, such as pet waste, litter, scattered leaves, plastics and another yard waste.

When these wastes were disposed improperly, they become a significant source of

pollution. This attitude towards the improper disposal of waste somehow reflects the

insufficient knowledge of the people on what are the correct ways of segregating their

garbage. In addition, these people are not aware of the impacts of improper waste

disposal in their environment. If this situation becomes worse, it will affect the whole

community’s personal health and way of lifestyle, especially those people who are

doing this kind wrong activity.

The subject of the discussion focused on the common practices and factors

affecting improper waste disposal among the residents of Barangay San Jose Sur. The

researchers observe how people act and behave when it comes to disposing their

wastes. Most of their ways of disposing their garbage’s has negative impact on the

1
environment which is a bad habit that they practice every day. Continued habits of

improper disposing will severe the adverse effects of improper waste disposal.

These problems which are currently visible around the world should be

addressed since they contribute to global warming and climate change which may

endanger future generations.

The project's associated issue is the worldwide problem of air and land

pollution. Whereas the problem with air pollution is the burning of trash, which can

result in the release of too many greenhouse gases into the air, which can easily

destroy the layers of the atmosphere, the second problem with land pollution is that if

we don't have a healthy soil that can be used for planting plants or trees due to

chemicals that have already killed the fertility of the soil due to harmful chemicals

that come from garbage, the world will suffer from lacking of filtered soil.

The main objective of this study is for the Barangay to understand how to

properly dispose their garbage and to look for alternative ways to eliminate wastes

that is good for the environment. This study mainly focuses on how the practice of

people in the community can deeply affect the nature and the different factors that

will severe the ongoing issue of improper waste disposal within the barangay.

The researchers will also have a proposed project that will reduce the impact

of improper waste disposal and to obtain the cleanliness of the Barangay. Our main

objective is to promote awareness and to solve the problem of uncollected waste, to

teach residents to observe proper waste segregation, and removal as a key to

preventing the problem of where to put their waste and to promote cooperation among

Barangay San Jose Sur residents and for community development and improvement.

2
 The issue that is currently evident in Barangay San Jose Sur was their waste

disposal. So the researchers came up with the project proposal that can help in

eliminating their waste disposal and by building a compost pit and performing proper

segregation to help them dispose their waste easily and properly.

The researchers also evaluate the cleanliness of the barangay to think of what

is needed to be done and what actions should they do. After getting the details they

needed, the researchers already have the input or the proposed plan/project. They have

the idea of a compost pit to help it decompose easily and help the environment to have

healthy soil for a living.

Statement of the Problem

This study aimed to determine the Common Practices and Factors affecting

Improper Waste Disposal among the Residents of Barangay San Jose Sur.

Specifically, it will sought to answer the following questions:

1. What are the common practices among the respondents?

2. What are the factors affecting improper waste disposal?

3. Which factors best influence improper waste disposal among the respondents?

Theoretical Framework

These negative factors have an impact on improper waste disposal, making the

matter more acute. People who are unaware of the consequences of their actions will

continue to do so due to a lack of public awareness. Residents are forced to throw

their wastes somewhere illegal due to a scarcity of dumpsites and garbage trucks.

Residents' irresponsible habits, such as littering all over the place, make them appear

undisciplined. All of this leads to improper waste disposal.

3
 Lack of Public
Lack of awareness
dumpsites and
garbage trucks

Inappropriate
behavior

Undisciplined Impro
Residents Was
Dispo
Figure 1.1Theoretical Framework

This study is founded on the theory of E. Pongrácz, P. S. Phillips, and R. L.

Keiski’s on Waste Management (2004) which discusses the conceptual analysis of

waste, activity upon waste, and a holistic view of the goals of waste management. The

Theory of Waste Management is a unified body of knowledge about waste and waste

management, and it is founded on the expectation that waste management is to

prevent waste to cause harm to human health and the environment.

Conceptual Framework

Figure 1 below shows the Research Paradigm of the study.

The input includes the common practices of the residents and the factors

affecting improper waste disposal such as lack of public awareness, lack of barangay

official’s attention and alertness, absence of waste collectors, and low awareness for

personal waste. The researchers distributed questionnaires, observed and analyzed the

problem before searching for possible solutions. It was expected to have a positive

4
results of best practices by the respondents such as performing segregation and

making compost pit. Likewise, it is also expected to identify the factors that influence

improper waste disposal.

Input Process Output

 Common  Questionnaires  Best Practices
Practices  Observing the  Proper Waste
 Factors
problem in the Disposal
Affecting
barangay
Improper
Waste  Analyzing
Disposal  Searching for
- Lack of possible
Public solution
awarenes
s
- Lack of
Baranaga
y Officials
attention
and
alertness
- Absence
of waste
collector
- Low
awarenes

Figure 1.2 The Research Paradigm

Significance of the Study

The study was beneficial to the following:

Residents: This research assists residents for being more aware on how their garbage

disposal habits influence the environment.

Community: This research benefits the community particularly San Jose Manabo in

terms of reducing waste and keeping the place clean. Individuals' attitude and

5
behavior positively influenced tidy surroundings. The results help the people in the

community to have good health and a higher quality of life.

Barangay Officials: This research helps the barangay authorities in understanding the

various reasons that contribute to inappropriate garbage disposal in the community.

With this, they provided some ideas on how to attain a waste-free, better community

and strictly implement their rules.

Future Researchers: This research

Scope and Delimitations

This study primarily focused on identifying and evaluating the factors and

practices that influence improper waste disposal in barangay of San Jose Sur. It

focused on resident’s common practices to see how they deal with their wastes on a

daily basis.

The researchers assessed 100 randomly residents in the area. It carried out

with limited financial resources and time.

Conceptual Definition of terms

Improper: Not in accordance with accepted rules or standards.

Waste: Unwanted or unusable materials.

Disposal: The action or process of throwing away or getting rid of something.

Common Practices: The act of doing something regularly or repeatedly and is

considered normal.

Residents: A person who lives somewhere permanently or on a long-term basis.

6
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter present an overview of some related concepts, definitions and

classifications about waste management.

Local Literature

Solid Waste Management According to Iyyanki Muralikrishna and Valli

Manickam from ResearchGate (December, 2017), “Without an effective and efficient

waste management program, the waste generated from various human activities, both

industrial and domestic, can result in health hazards and have a negative impact on the

environment.”. An effective and efficient waste management program is a way for an

area to have a clean and safe environment. The researchers have formulated a way to

accomplish the aim of Iyyanki Muralikrishna and Valli Manickam. Treatments and

disposal methods depends on the type of problem that any community has.

Residents or any responsible citizen of the community are able to conduct an

appropriate solution for the sake of their environment. Based on their research, it is

also said that various human activity can result a negative impact that can also cause

health hazards to the residents. Proper discipline and awareness of residents is

needed. Nowadays, the main problem of everybody about waste management is the

lack of discipline of some people, that causes growing rate of garbage problems that

also affects air pollution, water and soil contamination, floods and excessive breeding

of rodents and vermin.

However, Taguti, Francoso, Viera (2017) claimed that, “Biodegradable

materials are substituting the conventional materials in many different applications.

Among these, an important class is the biodegradable polymers, also known as

7
ecofriendly polymers mainly due to their ability to erode fast by composting without

any toxic effect.” Solid waste management can be done in different eco-friendly ways.

Some of these are: Creating less waste through reusing, rehoming for waste

removal and refining footprint example is using plastic bags from mall and using it

again instead of throwing it away, as well as plastic cups that can be use as pot of

plants or people could try and sell the reusable products. Another way is composting

as waste removal, where in waste can be put in compost pit, will decompose, and

eventually turn into fertilizer. Also, food waste can be fed to farm animals like cows,

pigs and goats rather than throwing it.

Related Studies

Improper waste disposal is one of the existing problems that the Philippines is

facing right now with difficulty as humans are the root of this problem. There are

several studies conducted throughout the past years that deduced the importance of

proper waste disposal in the community and the effects of improper disposal of the

waste to the community, environment, and the health of the residents. All of these are

introduced in this section.

According to the study of W. Fadhullah (2022) about segregation of wastes, in

her study it shows that 50.3% of the households segregate their waste. Therefore,

waste segregations are still practiced by many.

On the study of JM Kihila (2021) he finds out that considering the reasons as

to why people do not segregate their waste, high cost for installation and lack of

facilities and equipment, low volumes of recyclable; and lack of awareness were

mentioned. This finding is similar to those reported in other countries, although

scholars in Tanzania do not provide reasons for not segregating, the available

8
literature indicates that there is negative attitude towards segregation. This is

confirmed with findings from this study whereby 22% of the respondents indicated to

be unaware.

On the study of [Link](2019) stating that the paper estimates that rural

communities burnt 12244.96 t household waste in both years (2012 and 2015) of

which 8273.62 t derived from rural inhabitants not covered by waste operators in

2012.

Based on the study of A. Goyal et al., (2018), in his study as stated by

Gravitis (2007), absolute zero emission is not possible in the physical world, but

“near-zero emission” is possible through reducing waste. Therefore, a 13.8%

reduction in waste with uncompromised quality of product can be considered as an

achievement.

On the study of Hartley et al., (2018). He concluded that the most effective

means of reducing waste is to prevent waste in the first place (e.g., avoiding products

with excessive packaging; consuming fewer products), followed by reusing or finding

new uses for.

According to the study of R.M. Flores et al., (2017). In their study, the

methods used by the residents in disposing their wastes are incinerating their garbage,

segregating it by its category, throwing it to a well, or they practice simple

composting. This is happening because of there was no one who will collect all their

garbages or no collection of garbage.

According to (Boehlke, 2017) as cited by (Flores et al., 2017), there is another

study about the effects of improper waste disposal which implied that humans are not

the only ones who are affected but also animals. As water can be contaminated,

9
marine life is also in danger. When wastes cluster and form algal bloom, it can

suffocate and contaminate everything near it – may it be a habitat which includes

corals or an organism like fishes, mollusks, etc.

However, a study in Ecuador which centered around the development of

organic fertilizers from food market waste and urban gardening by composting (Jara-

Samaniego, Pérez-Murcia, Bustamante, Paredes, & Pérez-Espinosa, 2017) as cited by

(Flores et al., 2017) can reduce the effects of improper waste disposal and even

prevent the pile up of wastes.

Biodegradable wastes can be used for agricultural purposes because of the

high concentration that can be found on organic matters and nutrients contents of the

wastes like in food market and urban gardening wastes that can be managed and

recycled through composting obtaining end-products like compost or fertilizer.

On the study of [Link] and J. Kruijsen (2016), It states that the need for

coherent and all-encompassing waste-recycling information was discussed and

presented. Using the research participants’ views and findings from the literature, we

argued that coherent information creates scheme awareness and also provides

opportunities for planners to design effective schemes that may be more attractive in

encouraging participation.

On the findings of D. Cooper (2015). In his study he said that reusing an item

does not guarantee environmental benefits. Whereas numerous studies have shown

that, under the right circumstances, the life cycle energy of a reused product may be

lower than that of a new product, for this to translate into a real reduction in

environmental impacts, sales (or gifts or continued use) of reused products must

displace sales of new products.

10
 According to Khylle Tumala (January 2015) as cited by (Flores et al., 2017)

from her study in the effects of improper waste disposal in the Philippines, “Improper

waste disposal is one of the biggest environmental issues here in the Philippines. It

caused bigger problems that affect not only the environment but also the health and

life of the people. This problem may be resolve or it will remain problem to the

country in the next few years”.

A law in the Philippines approved by the Office on the President on January

26, 2001 was created in response to the rapidly growing rate of garbage problems in

the country caused by improper waste disposal. Unfortunately, even though there is a

law, improper waste disposal in the Philippines was ranked 3rd as top source of water

contamination in a study on February 2015. Waste disposal is different from waste

management. Proper waste disposal is needed to properly execute waste management.

Waste Management refers to the recycling, processing, transport, assortment, and

monitoring of waste products. The waste products are mainly of three types: solid,

liquid or in gas state.

Solid waste commonly is known as non-biodegradable waste (UKEssays,

2015). Their study centered on the waste hierarchy or 3R’s – reduce, reuse, recycle –

and explored waste management as a concept and effect of waste disposal. Without

properly executing waste disposal, difficulty in waste management also emerge. It is

also proven that human activities and lack of discipline are the main reason of

improper waste disposal that makes the problem difficult to resolve.

Furthermore, Marianne and Fred Sandford (2015) as cited by (Flores et al.,

2017) also claimed that improper hazardous waste disposal doesn’t just contaminate

soil and the local water supply, but it can also pollute the air. An area with a

11
reputation for a toxic environment can also be susceptible to lower property values, so

not following proper disposal procedures can even affect the cost of houses'

properties. Long term execution of improper waste disposal of municipal wastes can

affect soil and water properties and productivity. It also produces lethal gases such as

carbon monoxide and methane gas.

Disposal of refuse without proper supervision often amounts damage to the

environment and ultimately to the human body system. A public health physician,

Professor Akin Osibogun, justified that improperly disposed refuse has both direct

and indirect health effects to humans which were observed in the study of how

improper waste disposal damages health (Obama, 2015). Excessive breeding of

rodents and vermin like rats, cockroaches, mosquitoes, and flies are the direct health

effects caused by improper disposal as those vermin transmit diseases like

leptospirosis, lass fever and salmonellosis from rats; malaria from mosquitoes,

shigellosis and diarrheal diseases from flies. Indirect health effects, on the other hand,

include the contamination of water and soil from leachate – a very harmful liquid

mixture of chemicals that forms as water flows from a contaminated area.

Based on the findings of the study of C. Pardo (2012). His study shows the

results that the respondents have very high level of environmental awareness and

good practices on the overall environmental themes.

Another study is the study of I. Cabalova (2011). He found out that at the

present, recycling is understood in larger sense than the material recycling, which has

a big importance from view point of the paper recycling. Repeatedly used fibers do

not fully regenerate their properties, so they cannot be recycled ad infinite. It allows to

12
use the alternative possibilities of the paper utilization in the building industry, at the

soil reclamation, it the agriculture, in the power industry.

On the study of [Link] et al.,(2010). Their study has taken an initial

important step in understanding the marketing of products that contain recycled

and/or reused materials. While increasing interest by consumers in greener more

sustainable products offers sufficient reason to warrant consideration, new

environmental laws and regulations in many regions and countries make this both

timely and a priority. The manufacturing and operational issues associated with the

incorporation of reused and recycled materials are increasingly being addressed by

both academe and practice.

According to the study of N. Ejaz et al., (2010). His study states the results

that most of the developing countries are not able to provide proper facilities for

collection and disposal of communal solid waste to whole population. In Rawalpindi

city, solid waste is being dumped openly along roadsides.

One of the significant studies that can also be applied to this research is the

“Environmental Impacts of Improper Solid Waste Management in Developing

Countries: A Case Study of Rawalpindi City” (Ejaz, Akhtar, Nisar & Ali Naeem,

2010) as cited by (Flores et al., 2017), which discussed and highlighted the main

causes of improper solid waste management in developing countries like improper

ways of waste disposal. An inefficient municipal solid waste management system may

create serious negative environmental impacts like infectious diseases, land and water

pollution, obstruction of drains and loss of biodiversity.

On the study of R. Aalberset al., (2008). In his study The omitted case is rather

unlikely, however, because households will typically be better off by dumping their

13
waste mixed. This will not only save on effort (separation), but will in general also

save on the (higher) resources needed for illegal dumping, illegal dumping is

characterized by increasing returns to scale.

Synthesis

The study shows how significant proper waste disposal is in a community.

From the related studies and literature, the researchers reviewed, they are able to

determine and clarify the causes and possible effects of improper waste disposal in the

community, to the environment, and to the residents of the barangay the researchers

are studying. With the help of these studies, the researchers were able to revise a

concept or idea about waste disposal and composting. Composting is a simple way of

segregating waste to recycle and help the soil to be more fertile for future use which

can also reduce the effects of improper waste disposal and management.

Those studies were able to help people and readers to widen their knowledge

regarding to proper waste disposal. Improper waste disposal is contributing in the

worsening condition of the waste management that affects the environment in the

Philippines. This problem may remain and worsen over time or it can be resolved, a

Philippine law has been created and signed as a solution for this problem, but it seems

that it has not been effective since Philippines got a bad ranking for a water

contamination based in a study. Composting can contribute to lessen the water

contamination caused by the leachate as composting can make an area instead of

contaminated into a fertile one.

14
 CHAPTER III

DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research design, population and locale, data

gathering instrument, data gathering procedure, statistical treatment of data.

Research Design

This study utilized a Descriptive Survey method of research. It is

descriptive because it described the common practices on waste disposal among the

respondents. It also described the factors affecting improper waste disposal

Population and Locale

The residents of barangay San Jose Sur comprise the population of the

study. Sample of 100 respondents was taken using random sampling method.

Data Gathering Tool

The primary tool used in gathering data was through survey checklist. A

total of 34 statements was adapted from Margarita Paghasian in her research work

entitled “Awareness and Practices on Solid Waste Management”. The survey

checklist was shown in appendix A.

The checklist on the common practices affecting improper waste disposal

among the residents of barangay San Jose Sur contained 34 statements. It is divided

into two sections which is the practices and the factors. The practices was specified as

Always Practiced (AP), Sometimes Practiced (SP), Rarely Practiced (RP), and Never

Practiced (NP). The factors are specified as Strongly Agree (SA), Agree (A), Disagree

(D), Strongly Disagree (SD).

Data Gathering Procedure

After the formulation of survey questionnaire, the researchers finally

planned the preparation of gathering of data by surveying the target respondents. The

15
researchers made a letter of approval to conduct the study at the barangay of San Jose

Sur, Manabo, Abra and started collecting datas from the respondents. The researchers

gladly explained to the respondents the importance of their response to the study. The

researchers clarified some terms to the respondents so that the respondents could

answer the questionnaire with full knowledge of their responsibility as the subject of

the study. The researchers also requested the respondents to answer honestly. The

questionnaire was randomly distributed to a total of 100 respondents for 4 days. After

that, the researchers started tallying the collected datas manually for the interpretation

of data. The researchers asked a statistician to help in determining the appropriate tool

that are used. Based on the data gathered, the researchers finally came up with

conclusion and recommendation for the study.

16
Treatment of Data

To analyze the data gathered, the following statistical treatment was used:

1. Mean was used to described the Common Practices and Factors Affecting

Improper Waste Disposal among the residents of Barangay San Jose Sur. For

the interpretation of the computed mean, the following set of ranges with

adjectival description as indicated below was used

a.) Common Practices and Factors

Range of means Practices Interpretation Factors Interpretation

3.26- 4.00 Always Practiced Strongly Agree

2.51- 3.25 Sometimes Practiced Agree

1.76- 2.50 Rarely Practiced Disagree

1.00- 1.75 Never Practiced Strongly Disagree

Ethical Issues

This study involved people that has ethical consideration. It involved the

residents of barangay San Jose Sur and other human subjects. Ethical considerations

are significance for the researchers to uphold individual rights of the participating

subjects in research and to ensure careful interpretation of data. The researchers work

with respect for all persons involved in the process. Theymake sure that the

participants should be treated fairly, sensitively, with dignity and respect, free from

any prejudices or discrimination. Moreover, since research was conducted on a local

and immediate problem, the researchers must make it clear to what extent their

feelings are reliable, valid and generalizable.

17
 CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents, analyze and interprets the data gathered from the

study. This study aimed to determine the Common Practices and Factors Affecting

Improper Waste Disposal among the Residents of Barangay San Jose Sur, Manabo,

Abra.

Problem #1: What are the common practices among the respondents?
Table 1.1: Mean on the Segregation of waste by the respondents:

SEGREGATION X INTERPRETSTION
1. I segregate biodegradable (paper, banana peels, 2.9 Sometimes Practiced
cardboard, and vegetables) and non-biodegradable
(plastic toys, glass, steel, rubber) wastes at home.
2. I separate recyclable wastes (paper, cardboard, 2.52 Sometimes Practiced
plastic bottles) from non-recyclable (food wastes,
leaves, twigs) wastes at home.
3. I separate non-harmful wastes from toxic and 2.71 Sometimes Practiced
hazardous wastes such as pentel pens, laboratory
chemicals, ink, cell batteries and others.
4. I mix all the garbage in one garbage container. 1.81 Sometimes Practiced

5. I segregate recyclable items for collection. 2.14 Rarely Practiced

Overall 2.42 Sometimes Practiced

The table above showed the mean on the segregation of waste by the

respondents. It is seen from the table that the respondents agreed on the statement 1 “I

Segregate biodegradable (paper, banana peels, cardboard, and vegetables) and non-

biodegradable (plastic toys, glass, steel, rubber) wastes at home” with the highest

mean of 2.9. The results collaborate with the study of W. Fadhullah (2022) about

segregation of wastes, in her study it shows that 50.3% of the households segregate

their waste. Therefore, waste segregations are still practiced by many.

On the other hand, the respondents disagreed on statement 4 which has a

mean of 1.81 in statement 4” I mix all the garbage in one garbage container”. This

implied that the respondents sometimes or they do not practiced mix all the garbages
18
in one trash can. This result contradicts on the study of R. Aalberset al., (2008). That

households dumped their waste mixed, since this will not only save an e ffort of

separating will also save on the resources needed for illegal dumping, which is

characterized by increasing returns to scale.

Hence the overall mean 2.42 indicates that the respondents sometimes

practice segregation. Shows they have a poor habit of segregating wastes.

REDUCE X INTERPRETATION
1. I borrow, share, and/or rent things that are needed 1.76 Sometimes Practiced
occasionally.
2. I buy only what I need so that I will not end up 3.28 Always Practiced
throwing away extra food.
3. I pack my lunch in reusable lunchbox so that I 1.94 Rarely Practiced
can’t buy wrapped/ packed food.
4. I am responsible and cautious in every waste that I 2.51 Sometimes Practiced
produce.
5. I bring water in reusable water bottles than buying 2.88 Sometimes Practiced
water in one- used plastic bottles.
Overall 2.44 Rarely Practiced

Table 1.2: Mean on the Reducing of waste by the respondents:

Table 1.2 presents the mean along reducing of waste by the respondents. It is

gleaned from the table that the respondents always practiced statement 2 “I buy only

what I need so that I will not end up throwing away extra food.” with the highest

mean of 3.28. This means that the respondents buy only what they need rather than

what they want just to avoid extra wastes. The result was supported from the study of

A. Goyal et al., (2018), as stated by Gravitis (2007), absolute zero emission is not

possible in the physical world, but “near-zero emission” is possible through reducing

waste. Therefore, a 13.8% reduction in waste with uncompromised quality of product

can be considered as an achievement.

On the other hand, the respondents rarely practiced statement 1,2 and 3 mean

of 1.76 to 1.94 respectively” I borrow, share, and/or rent things that are needed

19
occasionally”. This suggests that the respondents rarely practiced reducing wastes at

home. This practice was supported from the study of Hartley et al., (2018) that the

most effective means of reducing waste is to prevent waste in the first place such as

avoiding products with excessive packaging; consuming fewer products, followed by

reusing or finding new uses for.

Table 1.3: Mean on the Reuse practices by the respondents:

REUSE X INTERPRETATION
1. I reuse my old materials than buying a new one. 2.62 Sometimes Practiced

2. I keep those unfilled papers and used it as scratch 2.4 Rarely Practiced

3. I reuse grocery bags. 3.26 Always Practiced

4. I reuse washable food containers. 3.15 Sometimes Practiced

5. I reuse scrap paper into memo pads 1.89 Rarely Practiced

Overall 2.66 Sometimes Practiced

The mean on the reusing of waste among the respondents was presented in the

Table 1.3. As seen from the table, the respondents always practiced statement 3 “I

reuse grocery bags” with the highest mean of 3.26. This implied that most

respondents of San Jose Sur usually reuse grocery bags like eco bags. This practice

contradicts on the findings of D. Cooper (2015), reusing an item does not guarantee

environmental benefits, because the life cycle energy of a reused product is lower than

that of a new product. For this to translate into a real reduction in environmental

impacts, sales or gifts or continued use of reused products must displace sales of new

products.

Likewise, the respondents rarely practiced statement 2 and 5 “I reuse scrap

paper into memo pads” and “I keep those unfilled scratch papers and used it as

scratch” with the lowest mean 1.89 to 2.4 respectively. These implied that the

20
respondents have a poor practice in reusing wastes at home, since they rarely reuse

unfilled or scratch papers. According to the researcher’s observation, scratch papers

are used as fuels. The findings support the study of I. Cabalova(2011) at the present,

recycling is understood in larger sense than the material recycling, which has a big

importance from view point of the paper recycling that repeatedly used fibers do not

fully regenerate their properties, so they cannot be recycled. It allows to use the

alternative possibilities of the paper utilization in the building industry, at the soil

reclamation, it the agriculture, in the power industry.

RECYCLE X INTERPRETATION
1. I convert or redesign waste materials into a new 2.46 Rarely Practiced
product.
2. I make decors out of plastic wrappers and other 2.08 Rarely Practiced
colorful waste materials.
3. I don’t ignore the importance of recycling. 2.66 Sometimes Practiced

4. I initiate generating-income out of waste materials. 2.51 Sometimes Practiced

Overall 2.42 Rarely Practiced

Table 1.4: Mean along Recycling of waste among respondents:

Table 1.4 above shows the mean on the recycling of waste among the

respondents. It is seen from the table that the respondents sometimes practiced

statement 3,2 and 4 “I don’t ignore the importance of recycling”, “I make decors out

of plastic wrappers and other colorful waste materials, and “I initiate generating

income out of waste materials” with a mean of 2.66 to 2.51 respectively. This practice

is supported from the study of [Link] et al.,(2010) understanding the marketing

of products that contain recycled and/or reused materials. With increasing interest by

consumers in greener more sustainable products offers sufficient reason to warrant

consideration, new environmental laws and regulations in many regions and countries

make this both timely and a priority. The manufacturing and operational issues

21
associated with the incorporation of reused and recycled materials are increasingly

being addressed by both academe and practice.

Moreover, the respondents rarely practicedstatement 1 and 2 “I convert or

redesign waste materials into a new product” and “I make decors out of plastic

wrappers and other colorful waste materials” which has the mean of 2.46 to 2.08

respectively. This means rarely or are not used to. The result supported make decors

or convert materials into new ones. This suggest thst doing art and design are not their

habbit. The results was similar to the study of [Link] and J. Kruijsen (2016) states that

the need for coherent and all-encompassing waste-recycling information creates

scheme awareness and also provides opportunities for planners to design effective

schemes that may be more attractive in encouraging participation.

Table 1.5: Mean on the Disposal of waste by the respondents:

DISPOSAL X INTERPRETATION
1. I throw and left my garbage anywhere. 2.21 Rarely Practiced

2. I burn waste materials. 2.61 Sometimes Practiced

3. I throw waste material in common open dumps. 2.55 Sometimes Practiced

4. I dispose biodegradable wastes into a compost pit. 2.58 Sometimes Practiced

5. I dispose hazardous/toxic/special wastes such as laboratory 2.49 Rarely Practiced

leftover (chemicals) or electronic waste in any garbage
container.
Overall 2.48 Rarely Practiced

It is presented from the table the mean on the disposal of the waste by the

respondents. It is gleaned from the table that the respondents sometimes practiced

statement 2,3 and 4 “I burn waste materials”,“I throw waste material in common open

dumps”, and “I dispose biodegradable wastes into a compost pit” with respective

means 2.61, 2.55 and 2.58. Thus, the residents still burn plastics or waste materials

22
regardless of the environmental impacts. This is due to the fact that some residents

still throw their wastes in an open dump. This suggests that other disposed

biodegradable wastes into a compost pit, hence, the residents are aware on the

properties of biodegradable materials.

Moreover, the respondents rarely practiced statement 1 and 5 “I throw and left

my garbage anywhere” and “I dispose hazardous/toxic/special wastes such as

laboratory leftover (chemicals) or electronic waste in any garbage container”. It

emphasizes from their response that they rarely leave their wastes everywhere nor

nor dispose hazardous materials in any garbage container. This practice contradicts on

the study of N. Ejaz et al., (2010). His study states the results that most of the

developing countries are not able to provide proper facilities for collection and

disposal of communal solid waste to whole population. In Rawalpindi city, solid

waste is being dumped openly along roadsides.

Table 2.1: Mean on the Common Practices of waste disposal by the respondents:
PRACTICES Weighted INTERPRETATION
X
1. Segregation 2.42 Sometimes Practiced

2. Reduce 2.44 Rarely Practiced

23
 3. Reuse 2.66 Sometimes Practiced

4. Recycle 2.30 Rarely Practiced

5. Disposal 2.48 Rarely Practiced

Overall 2.46 Rarely Practice

The table 2.1 shows the summary of means on the common practices along

segregation, reduce, reuse,recycle anddisposal of waste among the [Link] is

shown from the table that doing reuse had the highest mean 2.66. The practices

overall mean is 2.46 and this is supported on the study of JM Kihila (2021) where he

found out that practice on segregation, reduce, recycle and disposal had the lowest

mean. The responds considering the reasons as to why people do not segregate their

waste, high cost for theyrarely practice their various ways of waste disposal. Hence,

the residents installation and lack of facilities and equipment, low volumes of

recyclable; and lack of awareness were mentioned. This finding is similarto those

reported in other countries, although scholars in Tanzania do not provide reasons for

not segregating, the available literature indicates that there is negative attitude towards

segregation. This is confirmed with findings from this study whereby 22% of the

respondents indicated to be unaware.

Problem #2: What are the factors affecting improper waste disposal among the
respondents?
Table 3.1: Mean on the Factors of waste by the respondents
FACTORS X INTERPRETATION

1. I am aware of the environmental impacts of Agree

2.78
improper waste disposal.
2. I know how to properly dispose my wastes. 2.50 Disagree

24
3. Waste management is an environmental problem 3.26 Strongly Agree

4. I follow rules and regulations in disposing 2.3 Agree

garbages.
5. We have garbage collector in our area. 1.39 Strongly Disagree

6. There are policies implemented in our barangay 2.98 Agree

about waste management.
7. I pay attention to waste management problems. 2.49 Disagree

8. I am making actions to lessen the waste problem. 2.50 Disagree

9. I cooperate and participate in every cleaning 2 Disagree

program.
10. Cleaning the environment is my priority. 2.44 Disagree

Overall 2.46 Disagree

The table above showed the mean on the factors affecting improper waste

disposal among the respondents. As seen from the table the respondents strongly

agree on statement 3“Waste management is an environmental problem” With the

highest mean of 3.26. This is collaborated in the study of [Link](2012). His study

shows the results that the respondents have very high level of environmental

awareness and good practices on the overall environmental themes.

On the other hand, the respondents never practiced on the statement 5 which

has the lowest mean of 1.39 in statement 5 “We have a garbage collector in our area”.

This problem collaborated in the study of R.M. Flores et al., (2017). In their study, the

methods used by the residents in disposing their wastes are incinerating their garbage,

segregating it by its category, throwing it to a well, or they practice simple

25
composting. This is happening because of there was no one who will collect all their

garbages or no collection of garbage.

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter summarizes the findings of the study and presents the

conclusions and recommendations based on the findings.

26
Summary
This study was conducted to determine the common practices and factors

affecting improper waste disposal, and resident’s attitude towards disposing of wastes

in Barangay San Jose Sur. Furthermore, it determined and analyzes which among the

practices and factors are mostly affected by improper waste disposal of the residents.

Based on the data gathered by the researchers, the common practices of the

respondents is reusing of wastes. Most of the residents in Barangay were able to

perform proper “reuse” of old materials such as grocery bags, one way of

disposingmaterials which can also be used to lessen garbage wastes.

There are 3 factors affecting improper waste disposal. People were aware that

waste management is an environmental problem but they do not practice accordingly.

Though they were aware, they still throw their wastes however they want and

violating the rules in disposing their wastes.

Among all the factors, the main problem is the lack of garbage collectors

forcing the residents to dispose their wastes in a negative manner. In addition to that,

the lack of cooperation and violation of rules added the problem even more causing a

serious threat to the environment.

Findings
Based on the observation, analyzation and data gathered, the researchers found

out the common practices among the respondents. The most practiced way of

disposing is the “reuse” which had the highest mean of 2.66. It is stated there that

27
sometimes most people dispose their wastes properly showing a Good Practice by the

respondents. In addition, the least practiced on common practices is the segregation of

wastes with a lowest mean of 2.42. It shows that the residents rarely practiced

segregation properly resulting to poor practice and contributing to different impacts

on harming the environment which worsens the effects of Climate Change.

The factors affecting improper waste disposal which got the lowest mean

among the other factors is the lack of garbage collector, lack of cooperation, and

doesn’t prioritize the cleanliness of the environment. This factors shows that the

barangay is suffering from poor public services, and because of this factors it caused

negative actions towards disposing of waste materials resulting to a dirty

environment.

Above all, there is one factor which best influence improper waste disposal.

The lack of garbage disposal is the main problem that the researchers found out which

had the lowest mean of 1.39 stating that collecting garbages in the area was never

been practice means that the residents should throw their own waste. Unfortunately,

the irresponsible actions and behaviors of the residents came out because of the

absence of garbage collectors which is the main caused of improper waste disposal in

the barangay of San Jose Sur.

Conclusions

The practices such as segregation, reduce, recycle and disposalare rarely

practiceby the residents. The common practices of the respondents that is sometimes

practiced is the “reuse’ or reusing of old materials to lessen the wastes at

28
[Link] that the residents of barangay San Jose Sur practice reusing ofold

materials rather than buying a new one. The residents used old materials that are still

good and try restore the waste materials and used it again. It is one way of disposing

their wastes which is eco friendly

Thefactors affecting improper waste disposal has a huge impact on the

environment. These factors are the lack of garbage collector, lack of cooperation, and

violation or not following the rules and regulation in disposing wastes within the

barangay. Therefore, these problems are faced by the residents in Barangay San Jose

Sur that greatly affects the health, appearance and cleanliness of the barangay. These

attitudes and behaviors will not subdue the problem of waste disposal.

Among all the factors the lack of garbage collector is the number one or the

main problem the researchers found out while conducting the study. Due to lack of

garbage collector the alternatives or the methods used by the residents in disposing

their wastes are incinerating their garbages. In addition to the data gathered by the

researchers, we asked some respondents of how they dispose their garbage by the

absence of garbage collector, and according to them incinerating or burning are the

common ways they normally practice every day which is bad and contributes to

environmental problems such as climate change and global warming. This is

happening because of there was no one who will collect all their garbages or no

collection of garbages.

Recommendations

The residents commonly practice only the reuse of waste materials. Aside

from reusing, the residents should also practice more on segregation, reduce, recycle

and disposal of wastes. This following practice should be improving by implementing

29
a policy. Policy on waste segregation that would be checked every month, a house

visit checking if the residents are reducing too much cause of wastes, a making of

recycled products monthly and can be sell off at the barangay, and a weekly or

monthly house visits to check where the residents dispose their wastes. If one violates

the policy or ignore the rules they will face a penalty like paying or a punishment of

public service which is keeping the barangays surrounding clean for the whole month.

The lack of garbage collector, lack of cooperation and not following of rules

and regulation by the residents regarding waste disposal are the factors affecting

improper waste disposal. These factors contribute a huge impact on the environment,

therefore it needs to be addressed by the barangay officials because these actions are

seriously damaging the earth. These are just small actions yet its consequences can be

a serious threat on the environment. The authorities should intensify the

implementation of rules in addressing this issue. They should create an organization

or a group assigned in maintaining the cleanliness of the barangay and they should

encourage the community to go on public meetings to cooperate in lessening the

impact of improper waste disposal.

On the whole, the researchers found out the main problem and it is the

“lack of garbage collector” which best influence improper waste disposal. The

researchers recommend some alternative to the absence of garbage collectors.

Composting or through the use of compost pit is more safe and natural way to reduce

wastes, that the residents will not only rely on the public services of the barangay but

also to make their own solution by making a compost pit at home, a place where to

dispose their own wastes that can be beneficial not only for the environment but also

for their selves. In addition, the use of compost pit help crops and plant grow, so the

30
researchers gladly recommend the use of compost pit at home in re reducing the

impacts of improper waste disposal.

References

31
Aalbers R. et al.,(2008). An economic analysis of mixing wastes. Environmental and
Resource
[Link]://[Link]/publication/5147026_An_economic_
analysis_of_mixing_wastes

Aranas, M.S. (2018). The Situation of Waste Disposal in Barangay Lalayat, San Jose,
Batangas: A Phenomenological Approach. Research Gate.
[Link]
e_Disposal_in_Barangay_Lalayat_San_Jose_Batangas_A_Phenomenological_
Approach

Cabalova I. (2011). The Effects of Paper Recycling and its Environmental Impact.
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Industrial
[Link]://[Link]/publication/288700460_The_Environm
ental_Impacts_of_Reuse_A_Review

Ejaz N. et al.,(2010). Environmental Impacts Of Improper Solid Waste Management

In Developing Countries: A Case Study Of Rawalpindi City. WIT Press.
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Fadhullah W. (2022). Household solid waste management practices and perceptions

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Barangay Mojon Tampoy. Research Gate.
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Hamzaoui-Essoussi L. etal.,(2010). New or recycled products: How much are
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Dar es Salaam City, Tanzania Sustainable Environment.
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Republic of The Philippines

Department of Education
Cordillera Administrative Region
Manabo, Abra

34
 Manabo National High School

September 21, 2022

Dear respondents,
We, the student researchers of Manabo National High School, are currently conducting a
research entitled “Common Practices and Factors Affecting Improper Waste Disposal
among the Residents of Barangay San Jose Sur”. In line with this, may we request you to
accomplish the given questionnaire. Rest assured that your answer in the questionnaire will be
kept confidential.
Thank you for your anticipated cooperation.

Very respectfully yours,

SHEENA ALAIZA P. LLANES sgdDAVIS CHRISTIAN C. CAYOMBA sgd

Researcher Researcher

ZHAINE VENNETH B. BIARES sgd VLADIMERE JOHN C. CORTEZ sgd

Researcher Researcher

ABBY GAIL B. GUILLERMO sgdJARED DOMINIQUE D. GUERZON sgd

Researcher Researcher

ERIKA CURBI sgd

Researcher

Noted:
EDNA P. TRONGCO
Research Teacher

Republic of The Philippines

Department of Education
Cordillera Administrative Region
Manabo, Abra

35
 Manabo National High School

September 21, 2022

Rosendo Crisologo Jr.

Barangay Captain
San Jose Sur, Manabo, Abra

Sir,
We, the student researchers of Manabo National High School, are currently conducting a
research entitled “Common Practices and Factors Affecting Improper Waste Disposal
among the Residents of Barangay San Jose Sur”. In line with this, we would like to ask
permission from your office to allow the administration of the attached questionnaires to the
residents of Barangay San Jose Sur.

Very respectfully yours,

SHEENA ALAIZA P. LLANES sgd DAVIS CHRISTIAN C. CAYOMBA sgd

Researcher Researcher

ZHAINE VENNETH B. BIARES sgd VLADIMERE JOHN C. CORTEZ sgd

Researcher Researcher

ABBY GAIL B. GUILLERMO sgd JARED DOMINIQUE D. GUERZON sgd

Researcher Researcher

ERIKA CURBI sgd

Researcher

Noted:
EDNA P. TRONGCO
Research Teacher

Survey Checklist
Direction: Please check (/) and rate yourself honestly based on what you actually do given
the statement using the following scales: (4) Always Practice/ Strongly Agree; (3)
SometimesPractice/ Agree, (2) Rarely Agree / Disagree; (1) Never Practice/ Strongly
Disagree.

36
 A. SEGREGATION (4) (3) (2 (1)
)
1. I segregate biodegradable (paper, banana peels, cardboard, and vegetables) and
non-biodegradable (plastic toys, glass, steel, rubber) wastes at home.
2. I separate recyclable wastes (paper, cardboard, plastic bottles)from
non-recyclable (food wastes, leaves, twigs) wastes at home.
3. I separate non-harmful wastes from toxic and hazardous wastes such as
pentel pens, laboratory chemicals, ink, cell batteries and others.
4. I mix all the garbage in one garbage container.
5. I segregate recyclable items for collection.
B. REDUCE
6. I borrow, share, and/or rent things that are needed occasionally.
7. I buy only what I need so that I will not end up throwing away
extra food.
8. I pack my lunch in reusable lunchbox so that I can’t buy
wrapped/packed food.
9. I am responsible and cautious in every waste that I produce.
10. I bring water in reusable water bottles than buying water in one-used
plastic bottles.
C. REUSE
11. I reuse my old materials than buying a new one.
12. I keep those unfilled papers and used it as scratch.
13. I reuse grocery bags.
14. I reuse washable food containers.
15. I reuse scrap paper into memo pads.
D. RECYCLE
16. I convert or redesign waste materials into a new product.
17. I make decors out of plastic wrappers and other colorful waste
materials.
18. I ignore the importance of recycling.
19. I initiate generating-income out of waste materials.
E. DISPOSAL
20. I throw and left my garbage anywhere.
21. I burn waste materials.
22. I throw waste materials in common open dumps.
23. I dispose biodegradable wastes into a compost pit
24. I dispose hazardous/toxic/special wastes such as laboratory leftover
(chemicals) or electronic waste in any garbage container.
D. FACTORS
25. I am aware of the environmental impacts of improper waste disposal.
26. I know how to properly dispose my wastes.
27. Waste management is an environmental problem.
28. I follow rules and regulations in disposing garbages.
29. We have garbage collector in our area.
30. There are policies implemented in our barangay about waste
management.
31. We pay attention to waste management problems.
32. We are making actions to lessen the waste problem.
33. We cooperate and participate in every cleaning program.
34. Cleaning the environment is my priority.

37
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