BSP 323, PSB 603
UNIT – 2: Object Recognition
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Different people experience same information received
through nervous system in different way.
Our senses just transmit the information through nervous
system, and do not decide what we will experience.
Perception Perception is an active, creative process in which raw sensory
data are organized and given meaning.
One best purpose of perception is to inform us about what is
“out there” in the environment, it makes sense that
perception is built on a foundation of information from the
environment.
Brain process To create perception our brain carries out two different
type of processing function:
behind Bottom-up process: the system takes individual
perception elements of the stimulus and then combine them into a
unified perception.
Top-down process: sensory information is interpreted
in light of the existing knowledge, concepts, ideas, and
expectation
Aoccdrnig to a rscheearch at Cmabrigde
Uinervtisy, it deosn't mttaer in waht oredr
the ltteers in a wrod are, the olny iprmoetnt
tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer be at the
rghit pclae. The rset can be a toatl mses and
you can sitll raed it wouthit porbelm. Tihs is
bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey
lteter by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe.
Perception is the process of gathering information through
our senses from the outside world and interpreting it.
Most of the work in perception research has focused on
vision than auditory.
One of the important function of visual system is the
recognition of pattern.
Pattern recognition/Object recognition is the ability to
identify object in the environment.
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During object recognition or pattern recognition,
person identify a complex arrangement of sensory
stimuli, and you perceive that this pattern is separate
from its background.
When a person recognize an object, your sensory
processes transform and organize the raw information
provided by your sensory receptors.
Individual also compare the sensory stimuli with
information in other memory storage.
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❑Researchers have proposed many different
theories of object recognition
Templet Matching
Feature Analysis
Recognition by Component
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Visual system compares a stimulus with a set of
templates, or specific patterns that you have stored in
memory
Further brain notes which template matches the
stimulus.
A high degree of overlap between stimulus and
Template tamplat will produce recognition of an object.
Matching Every day we manage to recognize letters that differ
substantially from the classic version of a letter,
especially in handwritten text.
C’s in the word Cognitive are somewhat different in
terms of font. Still we can recognize letters even if we
view the letters from a different perspective.
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The template approach fares even worse in recognizing
the more complex objects that occupy your visual
world.
Perception requires a more flexible system than
matching a pattern against a specific template
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Several feature-analysis theories propose a
relatively flexible approach
Visual stimulus is composed of a small number of
characteristics or components.
Each visual characteristic is called a distinctive
Feature-Analysis feature.
Theory. We store a list of distinctive features for each letter.
e.g. R
The distinctive features for the letter R include a
curved component, a vertical line, and a diagonal
line
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When we look at a new letter, our visual system notes the
presence or absence of the various features.
It then compares this list with the features stored in memory
for each letter of the alphabet.
Feature-analysis theories are consistent with the
psychological research.
Letters P and R share many critical features, participants
made slow decisions about whether these two letters were
different.
O and L do not share any critical features, people decided
relatively quickly whether letter pairs like these were different
from each other.
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Neuroscience Support
Hubel and Wiesel focused on the primary visual cortex of
anesthetized animals
They presented a simple visual stimulus—such as a vertical
bar of light—directly in front of each animal’s eyes.
They recorded how a particular neuron in the primary
visual cortex responded to that visual stimulus.
Results showed that each neuron responded especially
vigorously when the bar was presented to a specific retinal
region and when the bar had a particular orientation.
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One specific neuron might respond strongly when the
bar has a vertical orientation.
Another neuron, when the bar is rotated about 10
degrees from the vertical.
Visual system contains feature detectors that are
present when we are born (Gordon, 2004).
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Feature-analysis theories were constructed to explain
the relatively simple recognition of letters. In contrast,
the shapes that occur in nature are much more
complex
Limitation How can you recognize a horse?
Recognizing these objects is far more complex than
recognizing letters.
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According to Biderman (1987) feature gathered
from a stimulus are recombined to form an object
Recognition-by- represeantation.
Components Basic assumption of recognition-by-components
Theory theory is that a specific view of an object can be
represented as an arrangement of simple 3-D
shapes called geons.
A geons has a basic volumetric shape (e.g. a cube
or a cylindric. )
Just as the letters of the alphabet can be
combined into words, geons can be combined to
form meaningful objects.
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Geons have three basic property:
1. View Invariance: geons can be identified
when viewed from many different
perspective.
2. Discriminability: One can tell one geon apart
from another no matter what the viewing
angel.
3. Resistance to visual noise: Geons can be
perceived even when many of the contours
that make them up are obscured.
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Letters of the alphabet can be combined to form words with
different meanings, depending upon the specific
arrangements of the letters.
e.g. no has a different meaning from on.
Similarly, geons can be combined to form different
meaningful objects.
Biederman’s recognition-by-components theory is essentially
a feature-analysis theory that explains how we recognize
three-dimensional objects.
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fMRI research conducted by Biderman et. al
revealed that areas of the cortex beyond the
primary visual cortex respond to geons Figure A
like those in Figure B.
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