Problems and Solutions
Source: The Mathematical Gazette, Vol. 11, No. 164 (May, 1923), pp. 321-323
Published by: Mathematical Association
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PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS. 321
PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS.
So many solutions of the Problem ill ote 644 have been sent in that the
Editor is tempted to reopen the column which was a prominent feature
in earlier days of the history of the Gazette. To discover if the interest in
"Problem-grinding" is sufficiently general, we shall first reprint only the
unsolved problems from the old list.
SOLUTIONS.
[K1.1. c.] Solutions to Note 644, Math. Gazette,xi. p. 173.
(i) FA/AC =sin 30?/sin 130?= 1/(2 cos 40?) =sin 40?/sin 80?
= sin BEC/sin ECB = CB/CE = FB/BE;
A A
and FAC = FBE;
A A
.. As FAC, FBE are similar, and BEF =ACF =30?.
J. L. BURCHNALL, S. INMAN, E. P. LEWIS, R. NETTELL,
A. V. RICHARDSON,C. W. M. SHERRIFF.
Mr. R. F. Davis, who gives a similar solution, notes the relation
8 sin 10?sin 50? sin 70? = 1,
which is derived at once from " my pet formula"
sin 30 =4 sin 0 sin (60?+0) sin 60? - 0),
continually suggested in the study of " Morley'sTheorem."
Mr. J. L. Burchnall obtains the relation from the substitution y+y-1 =2x
in y6+y3+1 =0, whence x =cos 40? is a root of 8x3 -6x+1 =0, and
3 -4 cos240? =- sec 400.
(ii) The following is simple, though not so neat as the officialsolution.
Take G in BA so that BG = BE.
Produce EG to H making GH = BC.
A A A'
Then AEH =60?; AGH =80?.
AG=AB-AE=-EC;
[Link]= --EBC; \
A A
.'. AHG = EBC =60?;
,'. AHE is equilateral.
.. EH=BG.
.. EG=GF. H
A A
.-. FEG=50? and FEB=30?.
The same problem appears in the En- G
trance Scholarship Examination, Peter- E
house and Sidney, Jan. 1916:
"On opposite sides of a base BC are
described two triangles ABC, BCD, such F
that A A
ABC =30?, ACB -80?;
A A
DBC =DCB=50?.
Show that, if AD is drawn, DAC=30?,
and find the other angles of the figure."
An interesting variation is to draw BE
and CF making angles of 60? and 50? B C
on the other side of BC to meet AC and
AB produced. The drawing of the perpendicular as in the official solution
of the original problem leads to a particularly neat solution.
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322 THE MATHEMATICAL GAZETTE.
In the course of a solution in Mathematicsfrom the EducationalTimes (New
Series, vol. xvii. p. 75) Mr.J. Blaikie takes a quadrilateralABCD with
A A A A
ABD=30?; DBC=20?; ADB=40?; BDC=60?,
A A
and proves that DAC =30?; ACD 50?, in both cases getting approxima-
tions by the use of logarithms. A slight rearrangementof the trigonometry
would have shown that the values were exact.
A geometricalproof is easy, but I have had to use a property of the circle.
G. N. BATES.
(iii) Solution by ElementaryGeometry.
Through B, C draw BD. CGparl. to CA, AB and meeting the par]. through
F to BC in H, G. Produce BH, CF to meet
A in D.
Join GD. Let GH cut CA in K.
Then each of the figs. BFGC, BHKC is a
rhombus,and hence symmetrical w.r.t. either
of its diagonals.
A A
DBC = 100?; GBC=40?;
A A
HBF =20 =FBE ............. (i)
A A
./. HBG =60 =CBE.
.'. BE and BD are symmetrical w.r.t. BK.
.,x,, l :E.. ?BE=BG.
'
", "7 --, "^ Again, DB, DG are symmetrical w.r.t. CF.
A A
.-. DGB=DBG =60?;
\ / \ ,> '~ J.'. ABDG is equilateral.
.. BD BG =BE, ...............(ii)
A
BDC =30?. .................(iii)
From (i) and (ii) D and E are symmetrical
w.r.t. BF. A A
'\/ \A, .?'. BEF = BDF =30?.
B C E. M. LANGLEY.
A
(iv) Draw EL IIBC. Then LEB=60?, AE=EB, BF=BC.
LE/EB =LE/EA = BC/AC =2 cos 80?;
LF/FB =(LB - BC)/BC =(EC - BC)/BC =(BC sin 60?/sin 40? - BC)/BC
=2 cos 80? (on reduction).
A A
.. EF bisects LEB, and AEF=30?. W. MACKAY.
(v) Let BC =one unit of length. Then BF =one unit of length, and
BE =sin 80?/sin 40? =2 cos 40?.
In ABEF,
EF-E 2cos40?-1
tan 2 =2 4?+cot 10? =tan 50? (on reduction);
2 ? 2 cos 40'0
A
.-. F-E=100?; F+E=160?. .. E=30?.
J. W. MERCERand A. S. L. K (per S. LISTER).
(vi) Draw BG at 20? to BC, cutting CA in G. Then
A A A
GBF =60?; BGC=80? = BCG. BC =BG.
A A
Also BCF = BFC =500; .'. BF = BG and A BFG is equilateral.
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PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS. 323
A A
But GBE =40? =BEG. .'. BG=GE. .'. GF=GE.
A A A
And FGE =40?. .. GEF=70? and BEF=30?.
J. W. MERCER.
A A
(vii) BFC =50? = BC. BF = BC. Take C' in BE so that BC'= BC, and
let I be the incentre of A BEC. Then A BCC' is equilateral.
A A A A
C'CE =800 -600=20 =CEI, and CEC'=40? =ICE;
.'. AC'EC-A ICE.
IE=CC'= BC=BF; .'. IE | BF and FE I BI;
A A
whence FEB = IBE =30?. R. NETTELL.
PROBLEMS.
171 [I. 2. b.], I. p. 89. If any number of consecutive integers from 2 onwards
be expressed in prime factors, the sum of the indices of the factors will be
more often odd than even.
275 [R. 4. c.], I. p. 217. Two light rods AB and AC freely jointed at A,
rest in a vertical plane; B and C are in contact with a smooth horizontal
plane. Two other light rods DE, EF are rigidly connected at E, and hang
with a heavy body supported at E, their ends D and F carrying smooth rings
sliding on AB and AC respectively. Requiredthe stress at A, and the tensions
in the rods DE and EF. (C.)
279 [J. 1. b.], I. p. 217. m points are taken on each of n straight lines,
and all the points are joined by straight lines. Find the total number of
intersections of lines in the figure. (C.)
283 [J. 1. b.], I. p. 233. A and B are two squads selected from n soldiers,
so that (1) A is not to contain fewer soldiers than B, nor more than a;
(2) B is not to contain more than b soldiers, b a. If the men are indistin-
guishable, find the number of arrangements. P. A. MACMAHON.
326 [I. 2. b.; J. 2. a.], I. p. 280. A product of two given numbers is
tested by " casting out the nines," and the result fails to show that the
product is wrong. What is the chance of its being right ? J. F. HUDsoN.
336 [L1.5. d.], I. p. 281. Find by polar coordinatesthe locus of intersection
of two normals, the inclinations of which to the axis are 4, 2t.
A. S. TURNER.
337 [A.1. c.], I. p. 281. If the greatest coefficient in the expansion of
(1 + x) be a multiple of n and of n - 2, then n is of the form 6p +1 or 6p + 3.
H. R. TYLER.
370 (M1.6. h. a.], I. p. 371. (i) A circle is described on a variable chord
PQ through the cusp of a cardioide. Find the locus of the centres of
similitude of this circle and the director circle of the cardioide.
[M1.5. c. /.], (ii) In a right cissoid, find a relation between the area of
the generating circle and the areas of the first and second pedals with
respect to a cusp. E. N. BARISIEN.
373 [I. 1.], I. p. 372. (i) Assuming that -1 has two square roots, prove
(if possible) that it has no other square roots. (ii) Assuming that -1
has two and only two square roots, prove that the same is true of any number,
real or complex. F. S. MACAULAY.
374 [L1.3. a.], I. p. 372. Find the equation to the axis of a parabola
touching an ellipse at the extremities of a normalchord. E. M. RADFORD.
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