UNIVERSITETI I PRISHTINËS ”HASAN PRISHTINA”
Fakulteti i Inxhinierisë Elektrike dhe Kompjuterike
Lënda: Sistemet Operative
Hyrje | Koncepte
Artan Mazrekaj
Prishtinë, 2023
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Literatura
➢ Operating System Concepts, 10th edition. Abraham Silberschatz,
Peter B. Galvin, Greg Gagne, 2018.
➢ Modern Operating Systems, 4th Edition. Andrew S. Tanenbaum,
Herbert Bos, 2015.
Të rekomanduara
➢ Survey of Operating Systems, 6th edition. Jane Holcombe, Charles
Holcombe, 2020.
➢ Linux Pocket Guide: Essential Commands, 3th edition. Daniel J.
Barrett, 2016.
➢ C programming: absolute beginner's guide, 3th edition. Greg
Perry and Dean Miller, 2014.
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Çka janë Sistemet Operative?
▪ An Operating System (OS) is an intermediary between users and
computer hardware.
▪ The purpose of an OS is to provide an environment in which a user
can execute programs in a convenient and efficient manner.
Abstract view of the components of a computer system
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Çka janë Sistemet Operative?
“An operating system is similar to a government. Like a government, it
performs no useful function by itself. It simply provides an environment
within which other programs can do useful work”.
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Çka janë Sistemet Operative?
▪ An operating system is software that manages a computer’s
hardware.
▪ OSes are everywhere:
✓ in cars
✓ home appliances that include “Internet of Things” devices,
✓ to smartphones,
✓ personal computers,
✓ enterprise computers, and
✓ cloud computing environments.
An operating system is large and complex, it must be created
piece by piece!!!
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Çfarë bëjnë Sistemet Operative?
▪ Depends on the point of view:
User View
▪ Users want convenience, ease of use and good performance.
✓ Don’t care about resource utilization.
System View
▪ Shared computer such as mainframe or minicomputer must
keep all users happy.
Operating system is a resource allocator and control program
making efficient use of hardware and managing execution of
user programs.
▪ Users of dedicate systems such as workstations have dedicated
resources but frequently use shared resources from servers.
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Çfarë bëjnë Sistemet Operative (vazhd.) ?
▪ Mobile devices like smartphones and tablets are resource poor,
optimized for usability and battery life:
✓ Mobile user interfaces such as touch screens, voice
recognition.
▪ Some computers have little or no user interface, such as
embedded computers in devices and automobiles:
✓ Run primarily without user intervention.
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Definicioni i Sistemeve Operative
▪ No universally accepted definition!!!
“The one program running at all times on the computer” is the
kernel, part of the OS.
▪ Everything else is either:
✓ A system program (ships with the OS, but not part of the
kernel) , or
✓ An application program, all programs not associated with the
OS.
▪ Today’s OSes for general purpose and mobile computing also
include middleware – a set of software frameworks that provide
addition services to application developers such as databases,
multimedia, graphics.
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Historia e Sistemeve Operative
▪ The first generation (1945–55): vacuum tubes
▪ The second generation (1955–65): transistors and batch systems
▪ The third generation (1965–1980): ICs and multiprogramming
▪ The fourth generation (1980–present): personal computers
▪ The fifth generation (1990–present): mobile computers
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Llojet e Sistemeve Operative
▪ Mainframe Operating Systems
▪ Server Operating Systems
▪ Multiprocessor Operating Systems
▪ Personal Computer Operating Systems
▪ Handheld Computer Operating Systems
▪ Embedded Operating Systems
▪ Sensor Node Operating Systems
▪ Real-Time Operating Systems
▪ Smart Card Operating Systems
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Organizimi i Sistemit Kompjuterik
▪ Computer-system operation:
One or more CPUs, device controllers connect through
common bus providing access to shared memory.
Concurrent execution of CPUs and devices competing for
memory cycles.
A typical PC computer system
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Interrupt-et
▪ Interrupts are a key-way in which hardware interacts with the
operating system.
▪ A hardware device triggers an interrupt by sending a signal to
the CPU to alert the CPU that some event requires attention.
▪ Device controller informs CPU that it has finished its operation
by causing an interrupt.
▪ Each device controller has a local buffer.
▪ Each device controller type has an OS device driver to manage it.
▪ The interrupt is managed by the interrupt handler.
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Funksionet e Interrupt-ave
▪ When the CPU is interrupted, it stops what it is doing and
immediately transfers execution to a fixed location.
▪ Interrupts must be handled quickly, as they occur very
frequently.
▪ Interrupt transfers control to the interrupt service routine
generally, through the interrupt vector, which contains the
addresses of all the service routines.
▪ A trap or exception is a software-generated interrupt caused
either by an error or a user request.
An operating system is interrupt driven!
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Computer Startup
▪ Bootstrap program is loaded at power-up or reboot:
✓ Typically stored in ROM or EPROM, generally known as
firmware:
→ BIOS (Basic Input/Output System)
✓ Initializes all aspects of system.
✓ Loads OS kernel and starts execution.
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Storage Structure
▪ Main memory (RAM) – only large storage media that the CPU can
access directly.
▪ Secondary storage – extension of main memory that provides
large non-volatile storage capacity:
→ Hard Disk Drives (HDD) – rigid metal or glass platters covered
with magnetic recording material.
→ A Solid-State Drive (SSD) - store data using flash-based
memory, which is much faster than the traditional hard disks.
→ Non-volatile memory (NVM) devices– faster than hard disks:
- Various technologies
- Becoming more popular as capacity and performance
increases
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Storage-Device Hierarchy
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How a modern computer works
A von Neumann architecture
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Computer-System Architecture
▪ Single-Processor Systems
✓ Most systems have special-purpose processors as well.
▪ Multiprocessor Systems
✓ On modern computers, from mobile devices to servers,
multiprocessor systems now dominate the landscape of computing.
✓ Also known as parallel systems.
Advantages include:
1. Increased throughput.
2. Economy of scale.
3. Increased reliability – fault tolerance.
Two types:
1. Asymmetric Multiprocessing – each processor is assigned a special task.
2. Symmetric Multiprocessing – each processor performs all tasks. 18
Computer-System Architecture (cont.)
Symmetric Multiprocessing Architecture
Definitions…
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Computer-System Architecture (cont.)
A Dual-Core Design
▪ Multi-chip and multicore
▪ Systems containing all chips
✓ Chassis containing multiple separate
systems.
▪ Blade Servers
✓ Are systems in which multiple
processor boards, I/O boards, and
networking boards are placed in the
same chassis.
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Clustered Systems
▪ Like multiprocessor systems, but multiple systems working together
✓ Usually sharing storage via a Storage-Area Network (SAN).
✓ Provides a high-availability service which survives failures:
▪ Asymmetric clustering has one machine in hot-standby mode.
▪ Symmetric clustering has multiple nodes running applications,
monitoring each other.
✓ Some clusters are for High-Performance Computing (HPC)
▪ Applications must be written to use parallelization
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Multiprogramming and Multitasking
▪ Multiprogramming needed for efficiency:
Single user cannot keep CPU and I/O devices busy at all times
Multiprogramming organizes jobs, so CPU always has one to execute
One job selected and run via job scheduling
When it has to wait (for I/O for example), OS switches to another job
▪ Timesharing (multitasking) is logical extension in which CPU switches jobs so
frequently that users can interact with each job while it is running, creating
interactive computing
Response time should be < 1 second
Each user has at least one program executing in memory process
If several jobs ready to run at the same time CPU scheduling
If processes don’t fit in memory, swapping moves them in and out to run
Virtual memory allows execution of processes not completely in memory
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The slides are adapted from: Abraham Silberschatz, Peter Baer
Galvin, and Greg Gagne, “Operating System Concepts”, Tenth
Edition
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Pyetje dhe Diskutime ?
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