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Root Hair Cell Structure and Function

Root hair cells have a large surface area and many mitochondria, allowing them to absorb water and minerals from the soil. Water enters the cells through osmosis down the concentration gradient. The water is then transported through the xylem to all parts of the plant. An increase in humidity would slow transpiration, keeping more water in the plant.

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73 views4 pages

Root Hair Cell Structure and Function

Root hair cells have a large surface area and many mitochondria, allowing them to absorb water and minerals from the soil. Water enters the cells through osmosis down the concentration gradient. The water is then transported through the xylem to all parts of the plant. An increase in humidity would slow transpiration, keeping more water in the plant.

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13 Fig. 13.1 is a diagram of a root hair cell.

cell membrane cell wall

vacuole

cytoplasm
nucleus

Fig. 13.1

The function of a root hair cell is to absorb water and mineral ions into the plant.

(a) Describe how root hair cells are adapted for their function.

They have a large surface area and have lots of


...................................................................................................................................................

mitochondria
...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[2]

(b) Describe, in detail, how water enters the root hair cells.

It enters by Osmosis. This is also known as the


...................................................................................................................................................

net movement of molecules down the water


...................................................................................................................................................

concentration gradient.
...............................................................................................................................................[2]

(c) Describe how water is moved from the roots to the leaves in a plant.

After being absorbed by the root hair cells,


...................................................................................................................................................

water is pushed up to the xylem which transport


...................................................................................................................................................

it to every part of the plant.


...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[3]

(d) Suggest and describe how an increase in humidity would affect the movement of water
through a plant.

The increase in humidity would slow down


...................................................................................................................................................

transpiration, which means that there would be


...................................................................................................................................................

much more water in the plant, and less going out


...............................................................................................................................................[2]
of it.
28

13 Fig. 13.1 is a photograph of a cross-section through a leaf as viewed through a light microscope.

Fig. 13.1

(a) Using Fig. 13.1, identify the parts labelled P and Q.

Epidermal cell
P ...............................................................................................................................................
Spongy cells
Q ...............................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) The part labelled V in Fig. 13.1 contains two tissues. One of these tissues is responsible for
translocation.

(i) Name one substance transported by translocation.


Sucrose
.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Name the two tissues contained in part V in Fig. 13.1.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]
29

(c) The leaf contains many palisade cells.

The boxes on the left show some parts of a palisade cell.

The boxes on the right show the function of parts of a palisade cell.

Draw four lines to link each part of a palisade cell with its function.

part of palisade cell function

cell membrane strengthens the cell

controls substances entering


cell wall
and leaving the cell

contains water and supports


chloroplast
the cell

vacuole site of photosynthesis

[3]
9 Green plants are living organisms that carry out photosynthesis and respiration.

(a) (i) State the balanced symbol equation for photosynthesis.


6CO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O6 + 6O2.
.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) State the substances needed for respiration.


Oxygen and glucose
.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) The graph in Fig. 9.1 shows the volume of oxygen produced per hour by a plant over a period
of 24 hours.

250

200

volume of 150
oxygen
produced
100
/ cm3 per hour
50

0
00:00 04:00 08:00 12:00 16:00 20:00 24:00
time / hours

Fig. 9.1

(i) State the time when the fastest rate of photosynthesis occurs.
12:00
................................ [1]

(ii) A plant also produces carbon dioxide.

Explain why carbon dioxide is produced constantly but oxygen is only produced at certain
times of the day.
during ...........................................................................................................................................
the day, the amount of carbon dioxide released is not
enough...........................................................................................................................................
for photosynthesis. So, plants take in carbon dioxide
from the atmosphere for preparing food. At night, photosynthes
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
does not occur hence they take in oxygen and give out carbo
(iii) Suggest and explain why the rate of oxygen production increases rapidly between 05:00
and 12:00 hours. dioxide.
That’s...........................................................................................................................................
when photosynthesis rate is the highest,
because it’s the most sunny time of the day.
...........................................................................................................................................
During photosynthesis plants take in carbon
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
dioxide and give out oxygen

Common questions

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Part 'V' of the leaf cross-section contains the phloem and xylem tissues. Phloem is responsible for translocation, which involves transporting nutrients like sucrose, while xylem is important for water transport .

Increased humidity reduces the rate of transpiration by decreasing the water vapor gradient between the inside and outside of the leaf. This reduced transpiration rate results in increased water retention within the plant, potentially impacting its water balance and nutrient transport .

Water absorbed by root hair cells is moved upwards to the xylem vessels, which then transport it to every part of the plant. This upward movement is facilitated by cohesion and tension forces within the xylem .

Root hair cells are structurally adapted to absorb water and mineral ions effectively by having a large surface area and possessing numerous mitochondria .

The rate of oxygen production increases rapidly between 05:00 and 12:00 because this period coincides with increasing sunlight intensity, which enhances photosynthetic activity, thus producing more oxygen as a byproduct .

Water enters root hair cells through osmosis, where there is a net movement of water molecules from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration across a semi-permeable membrane .

An increase in humidity would slow down the process of transpiration, leading to more water being retained within the plant as compared to the amount that exits it .

The fastest rate of photosynthesis occurs at 12:00, likely because this is typically the sunniest part of the day, providing optimal light intensity for photosynthesis .

Carbon dioxide is constantly produced by plants through respiration, regardless of time, as it is a metabolic process necessary for energy production. Oxygen, however, is produced during photosynthesis, which occurs primarily during daylight when sunlight is available to drive the reaction .

Daylight variations dictate the occurrence of photosynthesis, as light intensity directly influences the rate of the process. During daylight, especially with optimal light conditions, photosynthesis maximizes, increasing oxygen production as a byproduct. At night, the absence of light curtails photosynthesis, thus halting oxygen release and shifting focus to respiration, which continues to produce carbon dioxide .

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