District Survey Report - 2018

DEPARTMENT OF MINES AND GEOLOGY

Government of Andhra Pradesh
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT YSR KADAPA DISTRICT

Prepared by

ANDHRA PRADESH SPACE APPLICATIONS CENTRE (APSAC)

ITE&C Department, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh
2018

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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APSAC wishes to place on record its sincere thanks to Sri. [Link]

IAS, Secretary to Government (Mines) and the Director, Department of
Mines and Geology, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh for entrusting the work
for preparation of District Survey Reports of Andhra Pradesh. The team
gratefully acknowledge the help of the Commissioner, Horticulture
Department, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh and the Director, Directorate of
Economics and Statistics, Planning Department, Govt. of Andhra
Pradesh for providing valuable statistical data and literature. The
project team is also thankful to all the Joint Directors, Deputy Directors,
Assistant Directors and the staff of Mines and Geology Department for
their overall support and guidance during the execution of this work.
Also sincere thanks are due to the scientific staff of APSAC who has
generated all the thematic maps.

VICE CHAIRMAN
APSAC

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

[Link] Contents Page

1 Salient Features of YSR Kadapa District 1

1.1 Administrative Setup 1

1.2 Drainage 2

1.3 Climate and Rainfall 5

1.4 Transport and Communications 11

1.5 Population and Literacy 12

1.6 Important Places 14

1.6a Places of Tourist Interest 15

1.6b Places of Religious and Cultural importance 17

2 Land Utilization, Forest and Slope of YSR Kadapa District 20

2.1 Land Use / Land Cover Classification 21

2.2 Slope Map of the District 34

2.3 Forest Cover Distribution 37

3 Agricultural Resources in the YSR Kadapa District 39

3.1. Kharif Rice Estimation using SAR data 39

3.2. Soil Resource of Kadapa District 40

3.3 Horticulture Development in YSR Kadapa District 44

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Surface Water Resources and Irrigation Resources of YSR

4 52
District

4.1 Surface Water Resource of YSR Kadapa District 52

4.1.1 Major and Medium Irrigation Projects in YSR Kadapa

52
District

4.1.2 Major Irrigation Project 52

4.1.3 Medium Irrigation Project 53

4.1.4 Tank Information System 53

4.2 Ground Water Prospects of YSR Kadapa District 55

4.2.1 Geology of YSR Kadapa District 55

4.2.2 Mineral Resources of the YSR Kadapa District 59

4.2.3 Geomorphology of YSR Kadapa District 70

4.2.4 Landforms of fluvial Origin 71

4.2.5 Landforms of Pediplain 72

4.2.6 Landforms of Structural Origin 72

4.2.7. Landforms of Denudational origin 73

4.3 Structural Features of YSR Kadapa District 73

4.4 Ground Water Prospects in the District 76

4.4.1. Ground Water Level Scenario 77

4.4. 2 Ground Water Resources 79

4.4.3 Status of Ground Water Development 79

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4.5 Ground Water Quality of the District 81

5 Details of Major and Minor Minerals Their Production 83

5.1. Overview of Mining activity in the District 83

5.2. Mineral Resource of YSR Kadapa District 86

Reference 118

LIST OF FIGURES

[Link] Figure Page

1 Fig.1 Administrative Boundaries of YSR Kadapa District 2

2 Fig.2 Drainage Network and Surface Water bodies 5

3 Fig: 3 Automatic Weather Stations in YSR Kadapa District 6

4 Fig.4 Distribution of Rainfall in YSR Kadapa District 8

5 Fig.5 Transport Network of YSR Kadapa District 12

Fig: 6 Mandal wise Distribution of Scheduled Caste

6 Population and Types of Hostels and Residential Schools in 14
YSR Kadapa District, Andhra Pradesh

7 Fig: 7 Important Tourist places map in YSR Kadapa district 17

Fig.8 Land Use / Land Cover Map of YSR Kadapa District

8 22
during 2015-16

9 Fig. 9 General Slope of YSR Kadapa District 35

10 Fig. 10 Digital Elevation Model of YSR Kadapa District 36

11 Fig. 11 Forest covers map of YSR Kadapa District 38

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Fig: 12 (a) Ground truth data overlaid on multi-temporal RGB

12 image, (b) Rice cropped area and (c) Transplantation date- 40
wise rice cropped area over YSR Kadapa District

13 Fig: 13 Soil Resource Map of YSR Kadapa District 43

14 Fig. 14 Salt Affected Soil Map of YSR Kadapa District 43

15 Fig. 15 Major and Medium Irrigation Projects of 54

YSR Kadapa District

16 Fig. 16 Geology of YSR Kadapa District, Andhra Pradesh 57

Fig.17 Detailed Legend with Stratigraphic Sequence of YSR

17 58
Kadapa District
Fig.18 Geomorphology of YSR Kadapa District, Andhra
18 71
Pradesh
Fig.19 Structural Map of YSR Kadapa District, Andhra
19 75
Pradesh
Fig. 20 Ground Water Scenario in YSR Kadapa District,
20 Andhra Pradesh 76

21 Fig. 21 Depth to Water Level Pre-Monsoon May, 2012 77

22 Fig. 22 Depth to Water Level Post- Monsoon Nov, 2012 78

23 Fig: 23 Piezometer Observation wells in YSR Kadapa District 80

24 Fig.24 Ground Water Quality Map of YSR Kadapa District 82

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LIST OF TABLES

[Link] Tables Page

1 Table:1 Mandal wise Average Annual Rainfall (mm) 9

2 Table: 2 Category-wise Distributions of Land use/Land Cover 22

during 2015-16
3 Table: 3 Forest Cover Distribution of Kadapa District 37
Table: 4 Aerial Extent (Ha) of Fresh Fruits with Production
4
(MT) in Kadapa District(2017-18) 45
Table: 5 Aerial Extent (Ha) of Vegetables with Production (MT) 47
5
in Kadapa District(2017-18)
Table: 6 Aerial Extent (Ha) of Plantation with Production (MT) 48
6
in Kadapa District (2017-18)
Table: 7 Aerial Extent (Ha) of Spices with Production (MT) in
7
Kadapa District(2017-18) 49
8 Table: 8 Aerial Extent (Ha) of Flowerswith Production (MT) in 50
Kadapa District(2017-18)
9 Table:9 Aerial Extent (Ha) of Medicinal & Aromatic Plantswith
Production (MT) in Kadapa District(2017-18) 51
10 Table:10 Drainage System with Description of main rivers 55
11 Table:11 Salient Features of Important Rivers and Streams 55
12 Table:12 Mineral Resources of Y.S.R. District 84

13 Table:13 Mandal wise occurrence of Major Mineral in Y.S.R. 85

District

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1. Salient Features of YSR Kadapa District

1.1 Administrative Setup

Kadapa is one of the Districts in the Andhra Pradesh and in south-central part of

the State in India. The name of the District is originated from the Telugu word

“Gadapa” which means threshold or gate from the west to the sacred hill Tirumala

of Lord Venkatesvara Swami. The name of the district underwent a change and is

known as Kadapa. The district was re-named on 19 August 2010 as YSR District in

the name of Dr YS Raja sekhara Reddy who was the Chief Minister of AP from May

2004 to Sep 2009

The District is also considered to be one of the Districts endowed with rich history,

ore minerals, Flora & Fauna. Tipu Sultan, Haider Ali, Sivaji, Krishnadevaraya, Pratap

Rudra are some of the names associated with the history of this tract. The holy

names of the rivers that cut across the District give the land sanctity of their own.

The District is made up a series of beautiful valleys through which flow Papaghni

(the destroyer of sin), Chitravati (a Hindu Goddesses), Mandavya (a Rishi), Pennar

(Pinakini) / Penneru (Penna) which is the most important river flowing right

through the District has a legend which is incorporated in Sasanam (inscription)

at Gandikota. Y.S.R. District is the extreme south eastern district of Andhra Pradesh

situated within the geographical co-ordinates of 13 43’ and 15 14’ of northern

latitude and 77 55’ and 79 29’ eastern longitude. The altitude varies from 269 to

3787 meters above sea level. The District is bounded on north by Kurnool District,

on the south by Chittoor District, on the west by Anantapur District and on the east

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by Nellore District as shown in Fig.1. Total Geographical area of the District is

15,379 [Link]. with 3 Revenue Divisions, 51 mandals, 790 Gram Panchayats, 972

Revenue Villages and 4954 Habitations. As per the 2011 Census, the population of

the District is 2882469 of which the Rural Population is 1903337 and the Urban

Population is 979132. The density of population in the District is 188 per [Link].

The Scheduled Caste Population is 465794 and Scheduled Tribe Population is

75886 in the District.

Fig.1 Administrative Boundaries of YSR Kadapa District, Andhra Pradesh

1.2 Drainage

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The vital stream that channels through the region is Pennar which is lasting and

streams in NW-SE bearing. Its tributaries Chitravathi, Cheyyair, Papagni and

Kundair are discontinuous in nature. The drainage pattern is dendritic to sub-

dendritic and parallel. The drainage is also regularly parallel to sub parallel

demonstrating basic control. The game plan of streams in a vast framework

constitutes the seepage design, which reflects for the most part basic/or lithologic

controls of the fundamental rocks. The territory of the study incorporates a

randomness of waste examples; in any case, dendritic seepage design is the most

overwhelming and involves over 95% of the zone. Despite the fact that distinction

in stream lengths and point of association, yet they are when all is said and done

portrayed by a tree like spreading framework, which is a dendritic waste example

that shows homogenous and uniform soil and shakes. Spiral waste examples

likewise exist in the investigation territory. They seem either as one-set or two-

arrangements of Spiral seepage designs which are created encompassing zones

of high geography where drops rise from a focal high zone to encompassing low

regions.

The whole district fertile to one river , the pennar which runs from west to

east below the palakonda hills through the low country taluks and passes into

the Nellore District through the gap in the eastern gaps of Somasila. The

chief tributaries or streams of Pennar and several tributaries like the

Gunjana, Sagileru, or Sarigaleru, Cheyyaru or Bahuda, Papaghni, Chithravathi,

Kunderu or Kumudvathiwhich flow through the Badvel and Sidhavatam. All

the streams have their original sources outside the District. The Chitravathi and

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Pennar rise near Nandidurg hills in the Karnataka State and for most of its

courses run through Hindupur in Ananthapur District. It joins the Pennar River in

the north-west corner of Kadapa District in the Mailavaram (Jamalamadugu

Taluk). The Papagni also has its source in Mysore and enters Rayachoti taluk

at a point not far from the tri-junction of three districts of Kadapa, Chittor and

Anantapur. Piercing the Palakonda near Vempalli, it joins the Pennar about two

miles north – east of Kamalapuram. The Kunderu rises in Kurnool and drains the

great cotton soil plains which stretch between Nandyal (Kurnool district) and

Proddatur in Kadapa. The Sagileru springs from the higher peaks of the

Nallamala hills not in Kurnool district and follows in a deep channel along a

narrow valley. The Cheyyer rises within the Chittoor district under the name of the

Bahuda river and after being fed by several smaller streams the principal of which

is the Pincha river follows through the Sheshachalam hills and the rich valley falls

into the Pennar not far from the eastern limit of the district. None of these streams

is in any sense perennial (Lasting or active throughout the year or through

many years) .The Kadapa Kaifiyats refer to a good number of instances of

the channels and tanks, depending on these rivers going out of use, along

with agricultural lands, due to the deposits of sand on them brought by the

vagaries of the Nature. Despite such concerns, the local ruler, the shrotriamdars,

like the descendants of Tallapaka Annamacharya, the great saint-poet of the 16 th

century, and the local philanthropists had the grit of continuing the tradition

of digging or repairing the irrigation channels and tanks, to which water was

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drawn from the Papaghni and the Pinakini to sustain life with the pursuit of

agriculture shown in Fig.2

Fig.2 Drainage Network and Surface Water bodies of the District

1.3 Climate and Rainfall

The area of Kadapa is for the most part viewed as an upsettingly hot place is

presumably because of the early setting in of high temperatures. Kadapa has

a tropical wet and dry climate characterised by year round high temperatures. It

has a record of reaching more than 50 degree Celsius. Summers are especially

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uncomfortable with hot and humid climate. During this time temperatures range

from a minimum of 34 °C and can rise up to a maximum of 40 °C. Temperatures

are range in the mid thirties during the day. Humidity is around 75% during the

summer months. Monsoon season brings substantial rain to the area. Kadapa

gets rainfall from both the South west monsoon as well as the North East

Monsoon. June to October is usually the monsoon. Winters are comparatively

milder and the temperatures are lower after the onset of the monsoons. During

this time the temperatures range from a maximum of 25 °C and can rise up to a

maximum of 35 °C. Humidity is much lower during the winter season. Winter

season is the best time to visit the place. Yet, however Kadapa is accordingly

offensively hot for around four months. The automatic weather stations of Kadapa

districts are shown in Fig. 3.

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Fig: 3 Automatic Weather Stations in YSR Kadapa District

It ought to be said that Rayachoti taluk, the greater part of which lies at around

1000 feet higher than Kadapa appreciates a temperature somewhere in the range

of five degree cooler than that of the nation. The quickest advances are from

February to March when the air turns out to be extremely dry as the sweltering

climate sets in, and from May to June when dampness is again raised by the

south-west storm. It is amid the south-west storm that breezes achieve their most

noteworthy speed. However, in August and September when the precipitation is

the most successive, the general heading of the breeze is from the north – west. It

veers to north-east amid October when the second storm is built up and goes on

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for around two months. The normal breeze course in December is south-east and

it stays in this quarter till the later piece of the sweltering climate, when it again

takes after from the west or north-west shown in Fig.4.

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Fig.4 Distribution of Rainfall in YSR Kadapa District, Andhra Pradesh

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Table: 1
Mandal Wise Average Annual Rainfall (mm)
S No Mandal Name Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec TOTAL
1 B KODUR 0.35 2.70 3.09 10.03 27.96 58.80 71.00 96.13 69.90 147.59 89.49 13.10 590.13
2 ATLOOR 1.28 7.00 11.12 14.92 36.26 55.99 78.64 95.50 92.62 164.02 121.66 30.57 709.58
3 BADVEL 1.75 4.26 5.37 12.68 44.97 65.76 99.18 123.02 127.81 162.98 129.80 31.64 809.24
4 KODUR 4.46 7.44 7.25 14.16 49.67 71.39 80.40 103.52 112.00 182.04 227.19 82.45 941.96
5 OBULAVARIPALLI 1.50 5.53 5.79 11.38 41.87 65.16 79.75 112.92 98.97 185.79 195.17 81.50 885.34
6 BRAHMAMGARIMATTAM 0.59 5.18 4.26 10.24 24.85 61.65 91.48 101.13 86.36 143.26 77.17 13.77 619.94
7 CHAKNAYAPET 0.76 4.18 7.17 20.99 50.38 65.37 78.20 88.37 118.02 112.64 55.45 9.94 611.48
8 CHAPAD 0.37 1.62 4.07 12.07 33.11 61.90 111.50 166.25 151.69 165.34 45.10 13.25 766.26
9 CHENNUR 0.24 2.39 5.88 13.17 30.68 73.52 108.05 132.06 133.89 154.23 81.99 17.97 754.07
10 CHINNAMANDEM 0.48 11.86 12.70 32.39 64.23 77.94 81.81 115.85 116.55 144.68 87.04 37.76 783.28
11 CHINTHA KOMMADINNE 0.66 3.72 9.10 13.96 33.53 47.75 88.60 115.41 126.13 129.11 88.13 18.51 674.60
12 CHITVEL 2.61 6.13 6.02 10.54 33.28 62.78 92.13 100.86 113.48 186.75 192.49 75.35 882.43
13 CUDDAPAH 0.82 2.17 5.50 17.23 47.81 74.43 111.26 127.93 142.12 140.56 97.94 22.67 790.42
14 DUVVUR 0.00 0.92 4.54 13.21 33.30 71.36 103.42 138.10 129.16 127.65 42.16 8.26 672.08
15 GALIVEEDU 1.55 5.90 7.87 14.28 43.62 55.87 78.63 92.84 110.59 106.39 68.92 22.29 608.74
16 GOPAVARAM 1.81 3.82 3.22 14.24 39.66 66.02 98.77 117.50 108.14 179.32 130.12 26.92 789.54
17 JAMMALAMADUGU 1.39 2.75 4.09 20.61 45.94 68.50 82.03 111.83 133.96 119.89 47.79 8.59 647.37
18 KALASAPADU 1.82 2.46 6.49 17.32 31.24 76.88 98.80 128.19 95.70 180.08 87.06 22.90 748.94
19 KAMALAPURAM 0.65 1.69 7.03 14.23 36.09 70.95 86.43 113.95 127.90 121.95 68.07 13.41 662.35
20 KHAJIPET 0.48 1.84 5.19 22.61 36.41 67.42 118.12 138.54 134.07 151.63 68.23 16.99 761.52
21 KONDAPURAM 0.00 3.46 6.57 13.97 36.96 62.56 75.88 110.52 106.24 123.94 34.60 6.60 581.29
22 LAKKIREDDIPALLE 0.88 3.46 8.30 15.67 44.16 61.46 95.74 105.84 133.00 118.20 82.69 21.00 690.40
23 LINGALA 0.00 2.72 9.09 21.28 26.01 43.87 58.05 70.74 97.04 102.55 47.51 4.98 483.84
24 MUDDANUR 0.49 2.17 3.32 11.32 21.96 49.07 62.49 97.22 94.13 90.40 48.93 11.79 493.29
25 MYLAVARAM 1.06 4.79 3.24 19.64 30.79 65.39 70.70 89.78 114.57 93.81 35.84 5.67 535.29

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26 NANDALUR 1.51 5.57 7.58 23.45 34.33 60.80 96.49 102.76 109.05 146.65 138.94 40.69 767.82
27 NARSAPUR 0.26 3.65 6.18 10.00 11.98 55.76 88.86 113.91 69.60 136.94 70.45 12.74 580.32
28 PEDDAMUDIUM 2.03 3.09 7.67 18.39 38.97 58.30 100.71 146.27 147.69 129.56 33.89 2.29 688.85
29 PENAGALURU 1.42 4.16 4.21 9.94 23.79 52.21 91.85 84.93 89.38 159.33 147.63 52.32 721.17
30 PENDLIMARRI 0.45 5.02 4.06 16.29 29.74 43.69 73.02 95.54 94.53 111.15 66.88 9.93 550.31
31 PORUMAMILLA 1.24 2.53 6.44 22.74 35.48 67.56 110.25 138.79 86.54 184.29 105.30 15.32 776.49
32 PRODDUTUR 0.41 1.15 6.03 13.61 39.82 64.73 85.41 118.12 131.78 121.11 48.32 10.34 640.83
33 PULIVENDLA 0.40 4.71 5.98 16.48 51.70 57.63 74.36 79.97 121.07 127.41 63.06 12.05 614.82
34 PULLAMPETA 0.76 9.11 8.19 11.54 35.46 56.89 67.72 101.82 85.01 164.06 142.86 53.96 737.38
35 RAJAMPET 1.79 5.38 6.05 12.06 38.83 65.12 89.76 106.56 98.41 155.37 157.92 46.48 783.74
36 RAJU PALEM 0.49 1.14 6.27 11.69 34.11 66.16 102.16 143.03 141.68 119.15 41.62 6.93 674.43
37 RAMAPURAM 0.20 3.20 6.61 17.18 41.52 50.21 88.96 108.97 101.66 109.71 77.71 15.28 621.20
38 ROYACHOTI 0.78 3.70 8.08 12.42 38.97 58.65 80.04 103.15 107.26 122.55 86.03 26.32 647.94
39 S MYDUKUR 0.73 1.31 4.58 18.18 37.57 61.54 93.35 148.96 141.18 149.37 46.19 10.86 713.84
40 SAMBEPALLE 0.00 7.30 10.08 25.55 40.46 58.92 72.15 93.15 111.63 119.69 94.57 34.50 668.00
41 SIDHOUT 1.29 4.94 5.15 11.27 41.17 59.70 109.20 119.13 130.61 167.24 123.60 30.38 803.68
42 SIMHADRIPURAM 0.35 1.03 6.94 13.07 28.02 47.28 70.52 98.44 146.03 106.15 30.84 9.17 557.84
43 T SUNDUPALLE 0.30 3.20 5.54 18.11 41.97 66.68 84.64 113.39 123.19 117.52 91.99 30.85 697.38
44 THANDUR 0.00 1.41 4.26 21.74 28.58 46.45 69.08 96.03 108.02 99.26 38.78 8.27 521.88
45 VALLUR 1.04 1.67 14.78 15.18 27.26 52.76 83.52 117.60 117.64 131.59 70.05 12.20 645.29
46 VEERABALLE 0.26 3.04 2.81 18.64 38.30 70.11 84.29 102.43 105.51 116.01 77.15 23.71 642.27
47 VEERAPUNAYUNIPALLE 0.57 3.82 4.74 13.72 53.57 65.45 65.10 117.53 137.51 116.61 64.27 12.54 655.43
48 VEMPALLE 0.47 4.05 9.80 17.31 38.40 61.13 81.31 106.42 141.53 128.15 66.00 11.13 665.70
49 VEMULA 0.76 1.45 4.59 9.53 31.80 39.33 49.36 65.18 103.66 96.84 60.73 10.06 473.29
50 VONTIMITTA 0.26 5.20 4.02 9.96 25.00 36.80 70.33 74.31 87.95 125.28 113.39 30.90 583.39
51 YERRAGUNTLA 0.27 1.87 6.77 12.64 40.80 60.39 87.96 114.71 138.84 120.80 57.85 14.54 657.43
Total 0.86 3.78 6.35 15.55 36.71 60.51 85.72 109.90 114.73 135.62 85.62 22.78 678.12

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1.4 Transport and Communications

The District is served by expansive check railroad line running 195.13 Kms. There

are 24 railroad stations covering 13 Mandals. The District has 830.14 Kms of

Highway. All the 51 Mandal Head Quarters are served by pucca streets with

transport offices and the A.P. State High Way Project joins Kadapa and Renigunta,

and Tirupati. There are 460 miles of street in the sub-division which forms an entire

system over the nation. Except for the storage compartment street from Chittoor to

Kadapa and Chittoor to Ballary, every one of these streets has been developed

during the most recent 20 years. The majority of them are alleged "Starvation

Roads". But in 1998, the Government attempted the repairs of the streets and set

down four path National Highways which interface primary urban communities in

the state shown in Fig. 5. APSAC carried out a detailed study on Panchayat Raj

roads and the study revealed that there are 4708 habitations among them 3989

habitations are connected with BT and CC roads and 719 are unconnected

habitations. There are 3384 Panchayat Raj roads with a total length of 6004KM. The

breakup of these Panchayat Raj roads is 1043 KM BT roads, 146KM CC roads,

953KM WBM roads, 2112 KM Gravel roads and 1750KM is earthen roads (APSAC,

2017a).

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Fig.5 Transport Network of YSR Kadapa District, Andhra Pradesh

1.5 Population and Literacy

In 2001 census, YSR Kadapa had a population of 2,601,797 of which males were

1,318,093 and remaining 1,283,704 were females. YSR District population

constituted 3.41 percent of total Maharashtra population. There was change of

10.79 percent in the population compared to population as per 2001 census. YSR

District recorded increase of 14.78 percent to its population compared to 1991.

The initial provisional data released by Census India 2011 shows that density of

YSR district for 2011 is 188 people per sq. km. In 2001, YSR district density was at

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169 people per sq. km. YSR district administers 15,359 square kilometres of areas.

The District has been served by 3,009 Primary Schools, 589 Upper Primary

Schools, 832 High Schools, 207 Junior Colleges, 63 Degree Colleges and Yogi

Vemana University offering P.G. courses for general education. For Technical

education, the District has 12 polytechnics and 24 Engineering colleges, Rajiv

Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences-1, Dental college-1 Homoeopathic Medical

college-1 Veterinary college-1 and IIIT centre at Rajiv Knowledge Valley-1.

Average literacy rate of YSR in 2011 were 67.30 compared to 62.83 of 2001. If things

are looked out gender-wise, male and female literacy were 77.78% and 56.77%,

respectively. For 2001 census, same figures stood at 75.83% and 49.54% in YSR

District. Total literate in YSR District were 1,716,766 of which male and female were

994,699 and 722,067, respectively. In 2001, YSR District had 1,420,752 in its district.

Mandal wise Distribution of Scheduled Caste Population and Types of Hostels and

Residential Schools in YSR Kadapa District is shown in Fig. 6.

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Fig: 6 Mandal wise Distribution of Scheduled Caste Population and Types of

Hostels and Residential Schools in YSR Kadapa District, Andhra Pradesh

1.6 Important Places

Kadapa District is for all intents and purposes a heaven for the devoted traveller.

Kadapa, which implies `threshold' in the neighbourhood dialect, got its name from

being an advantageous outdoors put for the explorers who were headed to the

heavenly sanctuary of Lord Venkateswara at Tirupati. Kadapa is around 405 km,

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south of Hyderabad. Aside from its vital area, this land has likewise been honored

by the unstoppable force of life. Five major waterways, beautiful valleys, thick

timberlands, undulating slopes, shining cascades and profound puzzling hollows,

all give the nature darling much to become hopelessly enamoured with.

Additionally, it is likewise a store of a portion of the best structural and building

artful culminations that are articulate tributes to man's ability and resourcefulness.

1.6a Places of Tourist Interest

Gandikota Fort: The renowned fortification of Gandikota, which procured its name

because of the canyon shaped between the Erramalai scopes of slopes, is

accepted to have been worked amid the later 50% of the thirteenth century A.D. It

likewise assumed a noteworthy part amid the Chalukya, Kakatiya, Vijayanagara

and Qutub Shahi periods. Inside the fortress, there are numerous fascinating spots

worth seeing. The Ranganatha and Madhavaswamy sanctuaries, worked amid the

fifteenth - sixteenth hundreds of years, are embellished with models in a design

style reminiscent of the Vijayanagara time frame. The Juma Masjid, covering an

immense territory, remains beside a huge storage facility, used to stock

nourishment amid the season of an attack. An amazing 'Pigeon Tower' and a royal

residence with put improvements are likewise fascinating structures. Gandikota is

found 77 km from Kadapa and 219 km from Tirupati.

Tallapaka: Tallapaka is a town in Rajampet mandal of Kadapa locale. The town

has the qualification of being the origin of Saint Annamacharya. He was the well

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known arranger of reverential tunes on Lord Venkateswara, who made important

commitments to music and writing amid the fifteenth century. Dhyana Mandiram

was developed in memory of the extraordinary Saint Annamacharya, at Tallapaka.

The Chennakesavaswamy sanctuary situated close to the Annamacharya

sanctuary has numerous sanctuaries situated inside the premises. A special

sanctuary here is that of the Sudarshanachakra containing the icon of the

Sudarshanachakra of Lord Vishnu and in addition that of Lord

Santanagopalakrishna together. The sanctuary is the just one of its kind in South

India. Another sanctuary is that of Lord Hanuman, the steadfast fan of Lord Rama.

The uncommon sanctuary of Lord Garuthmantha additionally situated in the

premises of the Chennakesavaswamy sanctuary. The Siddheswaraswamy

sanctuary with Lord Siva as its directing divinity is likewise situated in Tallapaka.

Tallpaka is found 58.8 km from Kadapa, 91 km from Tirupati and 4 km from

Rajampeta. Closest Railway Stations are Rajampeta (4 km), Kadapa (60 km),

Renigunta (83 km).

Lankamalleswaram Wildlife Sanctuary: One of the reserved forests of Andhra

Pradesh, it covers an area of 464 sq km. The main habitat of the rare and

endangered species of a bird called Jerdon's Courser, Lankamalleswaram is a

verdant paradise with its thick tree cover, deep valleys, steep slopes and

picturesque waterfalls adding to the scenic beauty of the place. Red Sanders, an

endemic species of timber, grows in this area. To get a better glimpse of the

abundant wildlife, watch towers have been built to provide nature lovers a

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spectacular view. The animals found here include Panther, Sloth Bear, Wild Board,

Chital, Sambar, Chowsingha, Chinkara, Nilgai and Fox shown in Fig. 7

Fig: 7 Important Tourist places in YSR Kadapa district

1.6b Places of Religious and Cultural importance

Devuni Kadapa: Near Kadapa city, Devuni Kadapa is a place that is accepted to be

the doorstep of Tirupati. Before continuing towards Tirumala Tirupati, pilgrims stop

at this place to pay their praise to the presiding deity. The celebrated

Venkateswara Temple here highlights a special icon of the Lord which has on its

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invert, a picture of Anjaneya. Worked in the Vijayanagara style of design, it has a

great figure of the moving Vigneswara in the Mukha Mandapam, which is highly

appreciated.

Masjid-E-Azam: This impressive mosque has a Persian inscription in it, which

identifies it as being built in 1691 A.D, during the reign of Aurangazeb

Chand-Phira-Gumbadh: This mausoleum of Syed Shah Mohammed Hussian is

arranged in the core of Kadapa town. Worked in a square building, it has a vast

vault in the middle limited by tall dividers. The parapets of the building are

enhanced with arabesque boards in mortar

Vontimitta: Vontimitta is one of the mandal head quarters of Kadapa district on the

Kadapa-Chennai main road. The sanctuary of Sri Kodandarama here built by the

Cholas and Vijayanagara lords has a roomy yard and three Gopura doors and the

nonappearance of the Hanuman idol, which makes it a one-of-its kind in India. The

Vontimitta sanctuary is acclaimed for its architecture and art. Vontimitta is related

with the Telugu artist Bammera Pothana (AD.1405-1470), an awesome

Ramabhaktha, who translated Bhagavatham from Sanskrit to Telugu.

Brahmamgari Matham: It is the place where Sri Potuluri Veerabrahmam who was

famous for his preaching and mainly for his predictions about the future of the

world, stayed in Kandimallayapalli. Veerabrahmam is the only futurologist that the

East has produced. He entered Jeeva Samadhi in the year 1693. Brahmamgari

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Matham was built in Kandimallayapalli after the death of Veerabrahmam. The

Matham does not look like temple but has beautifully carved statues and its walls

are full of Veerabrahmendra Swamy's preaching and his predictions.

Sangameswara Temple: One of the most famous temples in the district built in the

14th – 15th Century A.D which is at the confluence of three rivers Vahini, Papagani

and Pavani. It stands in a serene valley surrounded by hills and forests which lend

it a calm and peaceful ambience. The sheer scenic beauty of the place leaves an

indelible impression on your mind.

An interesting feature is the fact that while in front of the temple, the river Vahini

flows in an easterly direction, at the rear, the Papagani and Pavani flow towards

the west. The temple has beautiful Gopurams, Mantapas and resting rooms, and is

adorned with wonderful sculptures of Shiva, Ganesha, Nataraja, Rama, Anjaneya,

the chariot of God, and many more dating back to the time of the Vizianagaram

rulers

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2. Land Utilization, Forest and Slope of YSR Kadapa District

The Land Use / Land Cover (LULC) pattern of any region is an outcome of various

physical and cultural factors, and their utilization by man in time and space. Land

use refers to the type of utilization to which man has put the land. It also refers to

the evaluation of the land with respect to various natural characteristics. But land

cover describes the vegetal attributes of land. Land use/land cover data is

essential for planners, decision makers and those concerned with land resources

management. For the proper understanding of the influence of the various human-

induced land use practices with regard to the environmental change, it is essential

to help simulate the land use changes. Remote sensing technology is considered

the most effective as it provides timely and authentic information about the spatial

distribution of land use/land cover, while Geographical Information System (GIS)

provides a flexible digital environment for collecting, storing, visualizing and

analyzing the spatial data. Remote sensing as a vital tool helps for rapid

assessment and monitoring of a natural resource. When combined with GIS, it

makes it possible to map land use/cover phenomena in detail for further planning,

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development, and decision-making, which is essential for meeting the increasing

demands and welfare of the ever-growing population.

The Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) pattern of any district is a result of different

physical, social variables and their utilization by man in time and space. Land

utilization alludes to the sort of usage to which man has put the land. It additionally

alludes to the assessment of the land for different normal attributes. Be that as it

may, arrive cover portrays the vegetal properties of land. Land use/land cover

information is basic for organizers, leaders and those concerned with land

resources management. The natural change, it is basic to help recreate the land

utilization changes. Remote detecting innovation is viewed as best as it gives

convenient and valid data about the spatial circulation of land utilization, while

Geographical Information System (GIS) gives an adaptable advanced condition to

gathering, putting away, envisioning and examining the spatial information.

Remote detecting as an indispensable apparatus helps for fast evaluation and

observing a characteristic asset. At the point when joined with GIS, it makes it

conceivable to delineate Land Use / Land Cover phenomena for additionally

arranging, advancement, and decision-making, which is essential for meeting the

increasing demands and welfare of the ever-growing population.

2.1 Land Use / Land Cover Classification

Various land use/land cover categories have been delineated by using 3 seasons

(Kharif, Rabi & Zaid) satellite data under level-3 classification. For on-screen

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digitization, visual image interpretation techniques (size, shape, color, tone, texture,

association and pattern) have been used for classifying the land use/land cover

map (NRSA, 2006). This information is used for general planning purposes at

district/mandal level. The broad categories are built-up, agricultural, forest,

wastelands, wetlands and water bodies. The spatial distribution of land use/land

cover of Kadapa district is shown in Fig. 8 and area statistics presented in Table-2.

Fig.8 Land Use / Land Cover Map of YSR Kadapa District during 2015-16

Table: 2 Category-wise Distribution of Land use/Land Cover during 2015-16

[Link] Land Use Categories Year 2015-16

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Area in
%
[Link]
1 Compact (Continuous) 45.35 0.30

2 Sparse (Discontinuous) 20.65 0.13

3 Vegetated / Open Area 18.97 0.12

4 Rural 159.29 1.04

5 Industrial 32.98 0.21

6 Industrial area-Ash / Cooling Pond 1.66 0.01

7 Mining - Active 8.69 0.06

8 Mining - Abandoned 0.47 0.00

9 Quarry 64.94 0.42

Built Up 352.99 2.30

10 Kharif Crop 1556.24 10.13

11 Rabi Crop 896.44 5.84

12 Zaid Crop 9.64 0.06

13 Cropped in 2 seasons 3086.16 20.09

14 Fallow 757.41 4.93

15 Plantation 249.61 1.63

Agricultural Land 6555.51 42.68

16 Deciduous (Dry/Moist/Thorn)-Dense 1813.04 11.80

17 Deciduous (Dry/Moist/Thorn)-Open 1580.94 10.29

18 Forest Plantation 8.10 0.05

19 Scrub Forest 1367.59 8.90

20 Tree Clad Area-Dense 34.79 0.23

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21 Tree Clad Area-Open 118.10 0.77

Forest 4922.58 32.05

22 Salt affected land 32.22 0.21

23 Ravinous land 10.19 0.07

24 Dense scrub 1058.80 6.89

25 Open scrub 1297.59 8.45

26 Riverine 0.68 0.00

27 Barren Rocky/Stony waste 232.82 1.52

Wastelands 2632.30 17.14

28 Inland Natural (Ox-bow lake, 3.83 0.02

waterlogged etc.)
29 River/Stream-Perennial 25.08 0.16

30 River/Stream-Non Perennial 294.27 1.92

31 Canal/Drain 35.07 0.23

32 Lakes/Ponds-Seasonal 0.48 0.00

33 Reservoir/Tanks-Permanent 162.62 1.06

34 Reservoir/Tanks-Seasonal 373.98 2.43

Water bodies 895.33 5.83

Grand Total 15358.71 100.00

Built-Up

Built–up land includes educational, health and socio-economic facilities like:

games/ sport viewing centres and shops etc. These features are identified with

their dark bluish green tone in the core and bluish tone on the periphery. They

have a typical coarse and molted texture. These areas are also associated with the

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network of canals, roads and railway lines. There is an urban centre found in the

central part of the study area. Some smaller settlements and tiny towns are also

found in the study area. The total area covered by the major and minor

settlements in the Kadapa district is 352.99 [Link] or 2.30 per cent of the area.

Built up - Sparse (Discontinuous)

Most of the land is covered by the structures like buildings, roads and artificially

surfaced areas associated with vegetated areas and bare soil, which occupy

discontinuous but significant surfaces. Between 10 and 40 % of the total surface

should be impermeable. Scattered blocks of residential flats, hamlets and small

villages are delineated under this category. It contributes an area of 20.65 sq. km,

which is found in peri-urban areas.

Vegetated / Open Area

These are vegetated areas within urban agglomeration (situated within or in

contact with urban areas). Vegetation cover of trees, shrubs, and herbs covers at

least 0.12% of the total surface area which has been delineated. Parks, sport and

leisure facilities, camping grounds, sports grounds, leisure parks, golf courses,

race courses, including formal parks etc are considered in this category. This

category occupies an area of 18.97 sq. km.

Built-Up – Rural

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These are the lands used for the human settlement of size comparatively less than

the urban settlements of which more than 30% of the people are involved in the

primary activity of agriculture and associated with non-commercial and with allied

classes are identified as built up (rural) category. The rural area contributed is

about 159.29 sq. km.

Industrial

Non-linear impervious surfaces are included in this class which is related to trade,

manufacturing, distribution and commerce. These are areas where the human

activity is observed in the form of manufacturing along with other supporting

establishments for maintenance. The industrial area occupies an area of 32.98 sq.

km, which is observed in and around towns.

Industrial area-Ash / Cooling Pond

These are the portions of industry which are used for temporary storage of ash,

contaminated soil, rubble, cooling of hot water or tailing pond associated with the

industry. The areas where industrial waste is permanently kept, categorized as

other waste which is delineated under this category. A stockpile of storage dump

of industrial raw material or slag/effluents or waste material or quarried/mixed

debris from earth’s surface is considered under this category. It is observed that

this category is found around the industrial areas with an area of 1.66 sq. km.

Mining – Active

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Mining areas encompass area under surface operations. The recognizable

impacts of these activities on the landscape are unmistakable giant pit mines

covering vast areas. The active mining areas are presently large-scale surface

operations of removal of economically important ores and presently going on. The

active mining area contributes an area of 8.69 sq. km.

Mining – Abandoned

These are the areas where large-scale surface operations of removal of

economically important ores are carried out in the past, but presently kept

abandoned due to various reasons like economic, operational, viability,

disturbances, etc. Only 0.47 sq. km has been contributed under this category.

Quarry

These are manifestations of surface mining operations wherein small-scale

excavation of land surface for sand, gravel, clay-phosphate mines, limestone

quarries etc. are taking place. They are mostly characterized by its nearness to

urban areas. It contributes an area is about 64.94 [Link].

Agricultural Land

The land use category primarily used for the production of food, fibre, and other

commercial and horticultural crops. It includes land under crops namely cropland,

fallow land, agricultural plantation and aquaculture. The agricultural category is

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found as the major category covering 6555.51 sq. km (42.68%) during 2015-16. It is

also found that double-cropped area is about 20% of the district total.

Kharif Crop

Agricultural area cultivated between June/July to September/ October coinciding

with SW monsoon season is considered Kharif crop. It is associated with rain-fed

crops under dryland farming with limited or no irrigation and areas of rain-fed

paddy and other dry crops. Kharif is found to be the second major agricultural

category with an extension of 1556.24 sq. km (10.13%).

Rabi Crop

These areas are cultivated between November/December to February/March. It is

associated with areas under assured irrigation irrespective of the source of

irrigation. However, Rabi cropped areas also occur in rain-fed regions, under

residual soil moisture conditions especially in black soil areas with high rainfall

during Kharif season. The extent of Rabi cropped area is about 896.44 sq. km

(5.84%).

Zaid Crop

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These are the areas that are cropped during summer (April – May) which are

mostly associated with irrigated areas with fertile soils, confined to plains/delta

areas. The areas are found in 9.64 sq. km during 2015-16.

Cropped in two seasons

These are the areas that are cropped during two cropping seasons that are often

seen associated with irrigated areas. Three combinations are possible in this

category viz., - Kharif + Rabi, Kharif + Zaid and Rabi + Zaid. It is found that this is the

major agricultural category with an extent of 3086 sq. km (20.09%).

Fallow land

The agricultural land which is being used for cultivation but is temporarily allowed

to rest or un-cropped for one or more seasons, but not less than a year and for not

more than five years is referred to as fallow land. The fallow land occupies an area

of 757.41 sq. km. (4.93%).

Agricultural Plantation

These are the areas under agricultural tree crops planted adopting agricultural

management techniques. These also include the areas of land use systems and

practices wherein cultivation of herbs, shrubs, and vegetable crops are

deliberately integrated with agricultural crops mostly in irrigated conditions for

ecological and economic reasons. These areas are separable from cropland,

especially with the data acquired during rabi/zaid season. Plantations appear in

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dark-red to red tone of different sizes with regular and sharp edges indicating the

presence of a fence around it. It is found that 32.05% of the land is/was under

plantation crops during 2015-16.

Forest

The term forest is used to refer to land with a tree canopy cover of more than 30

percent and area of more than 0.5 ha. Forest is determined both by the presence

of trees and the absence of other predominant land uses within the notified forest

boundaries. The trees should be able to reach a minimum height of 5 m within the

notified forest boundaries. The forest cover is occupied about 4922.58 sq. km

(32.05%).

Deciduous (Dry/Moist/Thorn)-Dense

This category is predominantly composed of species, which shed their leaves

once a year, especially during summer. These are mostly broad-leaved tropical

forests with a tendency to shed their leaves annually. This category includes all the

areas where the canopy cover/density is more than 11.80 % and contributed 1813

sq. km.

Deciduous (Dry/Moist/Thorn)-Open

This category is predominantly composed of species, which shed their leaves

once a year, especially during summer. These are mostly broad-leaved tropical

forests with a tendency to shed their leaves annually. This category includes all the

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forest areas where the canopy cover/density ranges between 20 and 60 percent.

An area of 1580 sq. km is attributed to this category.

Forest Plantation

These are the areas of tree species of forestry importance, raised and managed

especially in notified forest areas. Most of these are located in uplands, coastal

areas within notified areas. Many of these can be identified based on the sharp

boundary exhibited by them. The distribution of forest plantation is 8.10 sq. km.

Scrub Forest

These are the forest areas which are generally seen at the fringes of dense forest

cover and settlements, where there is biotic and abiotic interference. Most times

they are located closer to habitations. Forest blanks which are the openings

amidst forest areas, devoid of tree cover, observed as openings of assorted size

and shapes as manifested on the imagery are also included in this category. It is

attributed an area of 1367 sq. km (8.90%).

Tree Clad Area-Dense

Areas with tree cover lying outside the notified forest area with a woody perennial

plant with a single, well-defined stem carrying a more-or-less-defined crown and

being at least 3 m tall. Plants essentially herbaceous but with a woody appearance

(e.g. bamboos and ferns) are also classified as trees if the height is more than 5 m

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and as shrubs, if the height is less than 5 m. This category includes all the areas

where the canopy cover/density is more than 30%. It occupied an area of 34.79 sq.

km.

Tree Clad Area-Open

Areas with tree cover lying outside the notified forest area with a woody perennial

plant with a single, well-defined stem carrying a more-or-less-defined crown and

being at least 3 m tall. Plants essentially herbaceous but with a woody appearance

(e.g. bamboos and ferns) are also classified as trees if the height is more than 5 m

and as shrubs, if the height is less than 5 m. This category includes all the forest

areas where the canopy cover/density ranges between 20 and 60 per cent. It is

attributed to an area of 118.10 sq. km.

Wastelands

Wasteland is described as degraded land which can be brought under vegetative

cover with reasonable effort and which is currently underutilized and land which is

deteriorating for lack of appropriate water and soil management or on account of

natural causes. Wastelands can result from inherent/imposed disabilities such as

by location, environment, chemical and physical properties of the soil or financial

or management constraints. The area under this category is 2632.30 sq. km

(17.14%).

Salt-affected land

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These lands are containing an excessive concentration of salts (soluble salts or

exchangeable saline or both). Salinization can result from improper management

of canal irrigation water resulting in the rise of the water table and consequent

accumulation of salts in the root zone in arid, semi-arid and sub-humid (dry)

conditions and ingress of sea water in coastal regions and/or use of high-salt

containing ground water. They also become saline when soils have developed on

salt containing parent materials or have saline ground water. Coastal saline soils

may be with or without ingress or inundation by sea water. These lands are

accounted for 32.22sq. km only.

Dense scrub

The scrub is usually confined to topographically elevated areas, on the hill slopes

generally surrounded by agricultural lands. These areas possess shallow and

skeletal soils, at times chemically degraded, extremes of slopes, severely eroded

and lands subjected to excessive aridity with scrubs dominating the landscape. It

is found with varying sizes of small to large areas having a contiguous or

dispersed pattern. The dense scrub is mostly identified on the hills and occupied

an area of 10.19 sq. km.

Open scrub

This category has a similar description as mentioned in the dense scrub excepting

that they possess sparse vegetation or devoid of scrub and have a thin soil cover.

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The open scrub is found at foothills surrounded by agricultural lands with an

account of 1297.59 sq. km.

Riverine sand

Riverine sands are those that are seen as accumulations in the flood plain as

sheets which are the resultant phenomena of river flooding. The sandy areas

occurring within or in continuity to river course are to be excluded from this

category. These are found along the pennaru Nellore River and attributed only 0.68

sq. km.

Barren Rocky/Stony waste

The barren rock exposures are especially confined to hilly terrain with down slope

with rock outcrops, stony waste and fragments. The area under this category is

232.82 sq. km.

Water Bodies

This category comprises areas with surface water, either impounded in the form of

ponds, lakes and reservoirs or flowing as streams, rivers, canals etc. These are

seen clearly on the satellite image in blue to dark blue or cyan colour depending

on the depth of water. Water body category occupies an area about 895.33 sq. km

with 5.83% of the district.

River/Stream-Perennial

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Rivers/streams are the natural course of water flowing on the land surface along a

definite channel/slope regularly or intermittently towards a sea in most cases or a

lake or an inland basin in desert areas or a marsh or another river. These are the

rivers/streams that flow continuously throughout the year as considered perennial.

It contributes an area of 25.08 sq. km.

River/Stream-Non Perennial

The water covers the surface for less than nine months in each year considered

non perennial. This also includes the dry part of river generally characterized by

the presence of sand or exposed rocks. It is found that most of the streams under

non perennial category and contributes an area of 294.27 sq. Km (1.92%).

Canal/Drain

Canals and drains are artificial watercourse constructed for irrigation, navigation or

to drain out excess water from agricultural lands. It is found mostly in coastal

plains with an area of 35.07 sq. km.

Reservoir/Tanks-Permanent

The reservoir is an artificial lake created by the construction of a dam across the

river specifically for hydel power generation, irrigation, and water supply for

domestic/ industrial needs, flood control, either singly or in combination. Tanks are

small lakes of impounded waterways constructed on land surface for irrigation.

They are associated with croplands, low lands and reservoirs surrounded by hills

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without vegetation. This includes all reservoirs/tanks with water spread seen at

least during one season in a year is considered under the permanent category.

This category occupies an area of 162.62 sq. km.

Reservoir/Tanks-Seasonal

Dry reservoirs/tanks are those which do not have water spread throughout the

year are considered seasonal. It is found that many of the tanks are under

seasonal category with an area of 373.98 sq. km.

2.2 Slope Map of the District

The concept of measuring slope from a topographic map is a familiar one for most

professionals in the natural resources and landscape planning / management and

surveying professions. Slope is a measurement of how steep the ground surface

is. Steeper the ground surface is, greater the slope. Slope is measured by

calculating the tangent of the surface. The tangent is calculated by dividing the

vertical change in elevation by the horizontal distance. Slope is normally

expressed in planning as a percent slope which is the tangent (slope) multiplied

by 100. Percent Slope = Height / Base * 100 Reliable estimation of the stability of

slopes and foundations is very demanding because it is important for terrain

analysis to understand the natural process in the disciplines of topography,

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geology, soils, hydro-geology, infrastructure planning, hazard management both at

surface and subsurface

Fig. 9 General Slope of YSR Kadapa District, Andhra Pradesh

In view of this, slope plays an important role while doing decentralized planning at

grassroots level. Traditionally contour information from 1:50,000 or 1:25,000

topographic maps are used for preparation of slope by manual procedure based

contour value difference for unit horizontal distance. Slope data generated from

DEM using GIS techniques produces triangular nature slope polygon. To generate

meaningful slope layer, it is suggested to aggregate slope polygons by using

manual procedures. However, the slope generated from GIS analysis can be used

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directly for any decision-making planning purpose. The accuracy of the slope is

dependent on accuracy of the DEM used for slope generation.

Fig. 10 Digital Elevation Model of YSR Kadapa District, Andhra Pradesh

From Fig. 9 it is observed that majority of the mandals are covered with level to

nearly level slope of 0 to 1%. Gently sloping areas are observed in many places of

Kadapa district. Gently sloping areas are observed in parts of Kondapuram,

Pendlimarri, Chinthakommadinne, Obulavaripalle, [Link] and very steep

sloping and very steep sloping categories are found in western part of the Kadapa

district.

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2.3 Forest Cover Distribution

The forest cover in the district based on the interpretation of IRS R2 LISS III data

(2015-16) is 4922.58 sq. km which is 32.05% of the total geographical area (TGA) of

the district. As per the land use manual (NRSC 2016), the forests of the district can

be classified into 6 forest classes and class-wise areas are presented in Table-3.

The spatial distribution of forest cover in the district is shown in Figure-9.

Table: 3 Forest Cover Distribution of Kadapa District

S. Forest Category ( 2015 - 16) Area in sq. % TGA

No km.

1 Deciduous (Dry/Moist/Thorn)-Dense 1813.04 11.80

2 Deciduous (Dry/Moist/Thorn)-Open 1580.94 10.29

3 Forest Plantation 8.10 0.05

4 Scrub Forest 1367.59 8.90

5 Tree Clad Area-Dense 34.79 0.23

6 Tree Clad Area-Open 118.10 0.77

Total Forest 4922.58 32.05

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Fig. 11 Forest cover of YSR Kadapa District during 2015-16

3. Agricultural Resources in YSR Kadapa District

Remote sensing technology has been successfully used by APSAC during the last

two decades in the areas of agriculture both in spatial and temporal domain under

various projects. APSAC carried out in-season forecasting of acreage for major

crops i.e. Kharif rice, Rabi rice, cotton, groundnut etc, at state/ district level for the

last two decades in Andhra Pradesh to enable the administrators and planners to

take strategic decisions on import-export policy matters and trade negotiations.

Rice and Cotton is the most dominant crop in Andhra Pradesh in both Kharif and

Rabi seasons. In this connection, Department of Agriculture and Directorate of

Economics & Statistics are generating data on conventional methods for

estimation of crop area and production. In this regard, satellite remote sensing

plays a pivotal role with limited field visits for timely estimation and monitoring the

crops.

3.1 Kharif Rice Estimation using SAR data

Andhra Pradesh Space Applications Centre (APSAC) has carried out Kharif rice

crop acreage estimation over Kadapa district using Microwave Remote Sensing

(Sentinel-1A) data under FASAL project. Sentinel-1A Synthetic Aperture Radar

(SAR) VV polarization data (Spatial Resolution 20m) is used for the analysis. The

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rice acreage using sentinel-1 microwave remote sensing data for Kadapa district

was estimated at 25,852 ha.

Fig. 12 (a) Ground truth data overlaid on multi-temporal RGB image, (b) Rice
cropped area and (c) Transplantation date-wise rice cropped area over YSR
Kadapa District.
3.2 Soil Resource of Kadapa District

YSR district is supplied for the most part with red and dark soils going from poor to

prolific soils. Red soils involve 53% of the developed territory and are for the most

part arranged in L. R. Palli, Rayachoty, Rajampet, Pulivendla and Kodur Mandals.

Dark soils secured almost 47% of the developed area and are for the most part

connected with earth content situated in Muddanur, Jammalamadugu, Proddatur,

Mydukur, Pulivendla and Kamalapuram Mandals. The presence of the soil of the

extensive territory of square cotton soil found in the Jammalamadugu, Proddatur,

Kamalapuram, Pulivendula taluks. In the taluks of Pulivendula, Kamalapuram and

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Kadapa, the square cotton vanishes and we discover the regar (the rich dark

cotton soil) components less and less obvious in the eastern division of Kadapa

locale speaks to scarcely a fifth of the evaluated region, while in the upland taluk

of Rayachoti more than 90 percent is of red soil. There are three unmistakable

locales in which the square cotton soil is found. It accomplishes its best

improvement toward the North of Jammalamadugu and Proddatur, Towards the

Kovelakuntla outskirts, it is additionally of fantastic quality yet more slender as the

basic rocks continue trimming up to the surface. Next comes the wide plain round

Yerraguntla expanding south-west over the Pulivendula outskirts. A significant part

of the dirt here with less profundity, is barely second rate compared to that north of

the Pennar. Ultimately comes the south-western part of the Jammalamdugu taluk

on the Tadepatri plain. Here the cotton soils demonstrate a reasonably general

normal of ripeness instead of any stamped prevalence.

The qualities of this soil are well known. It is very retentive of moisture. In the hot

weather it crumbles into a fine dust on the top and cracks into adamantine blacks

beneath, the fissures often being of great depth. Theories as to its origin differ, but

the curious way in which in places it laps round the rocks when exposed,

penetrating even to little nooks and crevices certainly goes to support the view

that it is largely an aqueous deposit of lacustrine origin. Next in importance are the

alluvial soils, which vary in texture and colour as the regar soil is more or less

impregnated with other elements brought down by the rivers. As to the origin of

other block soils, it is unnecessary here to particularise. Loams largely

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predominate throughout the tract especially in Kadapa and Pulivendula, where

such land when commanded by wells is often very valuable. Turning to the red

soils in Jammalamadugu taluk, they are almost entirely confined to the villages on

and about the Gandikota range of hills, from the Quartzite of which they are

derived. They are mostly shallow soils and of poor quality. In Proddatur and more

especially in the Kadapa taluk, the red soil are more important as they often stretch

for a considerable distance from the foot of the hills into the plain where they are

not beneficially affected by the alluvial deposits of the Pennar. In the eastern

division of the district where red soils predominate, the best and worst sorts are

found .The stretches of good soil are very extensive but mention may be made of

light red clay lands in the neighborhood of Kottakota in the north of Badvel taluk,

and there is also an excellent red loam in the village of Vontimitta and

Mantapumpalle under the palakonda hills smaller Patches of fair quality are also

to be found in parts of the Pullampet taluk, notably in the Chitvel valley. The vast

uneven expanses of course red soil often present a harsh and monotonous

appearance as shown in Fig 13 and 14.

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Fig: 13 Soil Resource Map of YSR Kadapa District

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Fig: 14 Salt Affected Soil Map of YSR Kadapa District

3.3 Horticulture: Andhra Pradesh is the second largest producer of horticulture
crop. The state is giving special thrust to the sector under various schemes. The
annual Growth rates have been estimated for different sub-sectors like fruits,
vegetables plantation, spices, and flowers. The following Tables have clearly
shown the area and production for each horticulture crop in YSR Kadapa District.

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Table:4 Aerial Extent (Ha) of Fresh Fruits with Production (MT) in

Kadapa District (2017-18)
[Link] Name of the Fresh Fruit Statistics
1 Amla Area 37
Production 740
2 Banana Area 15171
Production 834405
3 Ber Area 225
Production 4163

3 Lemon (Lime & Other Citrus Fruits) Area 3712

Production 59392

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4 Orange & Batavia Area 16622

Production 398928

5 Custered Apple Area 49

Production 692
6 Grapes Area
Production 0
7 Guava Area 176
Production 6688
8 Jack Fruit Area 0
Production 0
9 Mango Area 24819
Production 347466
10 Papaya Area 5034
Production 495849
11 Pineapple Area 0
Production 0
12 Pomegranate Area 326
Production 5216
13 Sapota Area 511
Production 6955
14 Muskmelon Area 2500
Production 84075
15 Watermelon Area 1426
Production 42894.08
16 Other Fruits Area 58
Production 1508
Total Fresh Fruits Area 70666
Production 2288970.29

Table:5 Aerial Extent (Ha) of Vegetables with Production (MT) in

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Kadapa District (2017-18)

[Link] Name of The Vegetables Statistics

1 Beans Area 1261
Production 19797.7
2 Bitter Guard Area 454
Production 8172
3 Bottle Gourd Area 0
Production 0
4 Brinjal Area 911
Production 27057
5 Cabbage & Knol-Khol Area 0
Production 0
6 Capsicum Area 0
Production 0
7 Carrot Area 0
Production 0
8 Cauliflower Area 0
Production 0
9 Cucumber Area 0
Production 0
10 Chillies Green Area 3483
Production 97524
11 Garlic Area 0
Production 0
12 Elephant Foot Yam Area 0
Production 0
13 Bhendi Area 569
Production 9673
14 Onion Area 4483
Production 112075

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15 Parwal / Ponted Gourd Area 0

Production 0
16 Peas Area 0
Production 0
17 Potato Area 0
Production 0
18 Radish Area 0
Production 0
19 Pumpkin Area 0
Production 0
20 Sweet Potato Area 87
Production 1827
21 Tapioca Area 0
Production 0
22 Tomato Area 7512
Production 1065093
23 Other Vegetables Area 2077
Production 49848
Total Vegetables Area 20837
Production 1391066.4

Table:6 Aerial Extent (Ha) of Plantation with Production (MT) in

Kadapa District (2017-18)

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[Link] Name of The Plantation Statistics

1 Arecanut Area 0
Production 0
2 Cashew Area 6
Production 7
3 Cocoa Area 0
Production 0
4 Coconut Area 120
Production 12
5 Oilpalm Area 0
Production 0
6 Coffee Area 0
Production 0
Total Plantations Area 126
Production 6.54

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Table:7 Aerial Extent (Ha) of Spices with Production (MT) in Kadapa

District (2017-18)
[Link] Name of The Spices Statistics
1 Ajwan Area 411
Production 411
2 Betelvine Area 681
Production 11612412
3 Pepper Area 0
Production 0
4 Chillies (Dried) Area 1671
Production 10026.3
5 Coriander Area 10544
Production 21088
6 Ginger Area 0
Production 0
7 Tamarind Area 63
Production 693
8 Turmeric Area 5418
Production 57598
9 Others Spices Area 0
Production 0
Total (Spices) Area 18788
Production 89816.3

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Table:8 Aerial Extent (Ha) of Flowers with Production (MT) in Kadapa

District (2017-18)
[Link] Name of The Flowers Statistics
1 Chrysanthemum Area 1213
Production 24260
2 Jasmine Area 209
Production 1317
3 Marigold Area 290
Production 3190

Rose (Lakhs. of Flowers) Area 32

4
Production 192
5 Tuberose Area 115
Production 1380
6 Crossandra Area 132
Production 436
7 Other Flowers Area 369
Production 3321
8 Total Flowers Area 2360
Production 33903.3

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Table:9 Aerial Extent (Ha) of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants with

Production (MT) in Kadapa District (2017-18)

Name of The Medicinal & Aromatic Plants

[Link] Statistics
1 Cholorophytum Area 0
Production 0
2 Palma Rosa Area 0
Production 0
3 Annota Area 0
Production 0
4 Lemon Grass Area 0
Production 0
5 Coleus Area 0
Production 0
6 Ashwagandha Area 0
Production 0
7 Citronella Area 0
Production 0
8 Other Medicinal Plants Area 0
Production 0
Total Medicinal & Aromatic Plants Area 0
Production 0

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4. Surface Water and Irrigation Resources of YSR Kadapa District

4.1 Surface Water Resource of Kadapa District

4.1 .1 Major and Medium Irrigation Projects in Kadapa district

Irrigation has assumed an increasing significance in agriculture in the context of

new technology, where high yielding varieties and multiple cropping is being

practiced. The main reasons for low yields are inadequate rainfall, uneven and

uncertain rains during the period of crop growth. It is generally found that the

introduction of irrigation is associated with changes in the cropping pattern. The

shift from traditional cropping pattern to the most advantageous cropping pattern

is possible only in the presence of irrigation facilities. The new agricultural

technology is highly based on sufficient moisture conditions. Thus, the

development of irrigation is crucial for increasing agricultural production. The

irrigation projects are classified as major, medium and minor irrigation projects

shown in fig. 16.

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4.1.2 Major Irrigation Project

The major irrigation projects covering kadapa district are Kurnool-kadapa canal,

Tunghabhadra Project High level canal, Pulivendula Branch Canal. The Kurnool-

kadapa canal, an extent of 92,001 acres ayacut, Tunghabhadra Project High level

canal is 75, 000 acres ayacut and Pulivendula Branch Canal is 55, 239 acre

ayacut covered. The total completed ayacut of irrigation projects was 2, 22,239

acres that fall under eight assembly segments which are Jammalamadugu,

Kadapa, Kamalapuram, Mydukur and Proddatur. The ongoing major irrigation was

Telugu Ganga Project, Chitravathi Balancing Reservoir right canal, Galeru Nagari

Sujala Sravanthi Project, Ananta Venkata Reddy Hundri Niva Sujala Sravanthi

Scheme and Poola Subbaiah Veligonda Project. The Telugu Ganga Project is

1,86,832 acres, Chitravathi Balancing Reservoir right canal is 60,000 acres, Galeru

Nagari Sujala Sravanthi Project is 1,55,000 acres, Ananta Venkata Reddy Hundri

Niva Sujala Sravanthi Scheme is 37,500 acres and Poola Subbaiah Veligonda

Project is 27,200 acres was being covered. The total ongoing major irrigation

project is 4, 66.532 acres which covered the assembly constituencies of Mydukur,

Pulivendla, Jammalamadugu, Kamalapuram, Kodur, Pulivendla, Rajampet and

Rayachoti.

4.1.3 Medium Irrigation Project

The completed medium irrigation projects are Lower and Upper sagileru Project,

Pincha project, Buggavagu Project and Annamayya Project. The Lower and Upper

sagileru Project is 19,303 acres ayacut and two assembly segments are covered.

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 District Survey Report - 2018

Pincha project is 3,776 acre ayacut, Buggavagu Project is 9,700 acre ayacut, and

Annamayya Project is 22,500 acre ayacut and two assembly segments are

covered. The total completed irrigation project ayacut is 55,280 acres. The ongoing

medium irrigation project is veligallu project covered in 24,000 acre ayacut shown

in fig. 16

4.1.4 Tank Information System

Andhra Pradesh Space Application centre developed a Web Portal GIS for Tank

Information System (TIS) in Andhra Pradesh. In the said web portal, minor

irrigation tanks are classified as more than 40 ha, 10 to 40 ha and less than 10 ha

command. Information pertaining nearly to 15,000 tanks in Andhra Pradesh has

been published in APSAC website ([Link] The tank-wise

information like location details, hydrological details and other standard

information related to the tanks have been published

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fig. 15 Major and Medium Irrigation Projects of YSR Kadapa District

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Table: 10 Drainage System with Description of main rivers

[Link] Name of the River Area Drained % of Area Drained

([Link]) in the District
1 Penna River 15354 100

Table: 11 Salient Features of Important Rivers and Streams

[Link] Name of the Total Length Place of Origin Altitude at
River or in the District Origin
Stream (in Kms)
1 Penna River 167 Nandi Hills, 1478m
Chikbullapur,
Karnataka
2 Papagni 84 Nandi Hills, 914m
Chikbullapur,
Karnataka
3 Kunderu 63 Vempenta, 250m
Andhra
Pradesh
4 Cheyyeru 109 Chittoor 1300m
District,
Andhra
Pradesh
4.2 Ground Water Prospects of YSR Kadapa District

4.2.1 Geology of YSR Kadapa District

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The YSR District (Kadapa) is underlain by various rock types that belong to Late
Archaean or Early Proterozoic era which are succeeded by rocks of Dharwarian
Age and both are traversed by dolerite dykes. The older rocks are overlain by rocks
of Cuddapah Super group and Kurnool Group belonging to Middle and Upper
Proterozoic Age. The Cuddapah Sedimentary Basin, which is a huge depression
formed over the denuded surfaces of older rocks extending into neighbouring
districts occupies the major part of the district. The major rock types are quartzites,
shales, limestones, phyllites, granites, granodiorites and granite gneiss. The
Archaean comprises the Peninsular Gneissic Complex, represented by granite,
granodiorite, granite-gneiss and migmatite. These rock types occur in the south-
western part of the district. Both the Archaean and Dharwar are traversed by
dolerite dykes and quartz reefs. Alluvium consisting of gravel, sand, silt and clay
occurring along the river courses in the district is shown in Fig. 16 and 17.

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Fig.16 Geology of YSR Kadapa District, Andhra Pradesh

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Fig.17 Detailed Legend with Stratigraphic Sequence of YSR Kadapa District

4.2.2 Mineral Resources of Kadapa District

The Kadapa district was denuded of the superficial deposits which so largely from

the surfaces of its great plains and basins, it would be seen to be devisable into

two well and basins. It would be seen to be divisible into two well marked areas of

very different kinds of rocks. All that part of the country lying to the south and west

of the Guvvalacheruvu and Yerraguntla hill ranges with their extensions

northwards to Parnapalle and southwards to the Tirupati hills is made up of rocks

of the gneissic series or as it is otherwise termed the metamorphic or crystalline

series. The remainder of the district, viz., that lying to the eastward of, and

including, the hill ranges just mentioned, consists of a succession of salts,

quartzite, limestone and volcanic rocks with their accompaniments, all which have

been classified into two series called Kadapa and Kurnool formations.

Mineral resources in the YSR district, in geological parlance, are widely distributed

in time and associated with rocks from Achaean to Kurnool Group of rocks.

Barytes, chrysotile asbestos, clays, cement grade limestone black granites and

Kadapa slabs/Napa slabs are some of the well known workable mineral deposits

associated with Proterozoic sedimentary rocks belonging to Cuddapah Super

group and Kurnool Group in YSR district. Mining in all the mineral deposits except

chrysotile asbestos are essentially open cast operation. Base metals (copper, lead

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and zinc), diamond, gold, iron ore, dolomite, steatite, magnesite, yellow ocher,

quartz and granite/black granite (dimensional stone) are some of the other

minerals occurred in the district. Besides, the district has extensive reserves of

building material in quartzites, limestones granites and granite gneisses which are

quarried throughout the district. In the ancient time (before 1900), exploratory work

for minerals is evident from many scattered, abandoned old workings for base

metals (copper, lead and zinc) along Zangamarajupalle - Varikunta zone of Badvel

Mandal, for placer diamond along the terraces of Penner river around Chennur,

Kondapetaa and Olavampalle of Kadapa Mandal, for iron around Chabali of

Vempalli Mandal and Yerraguntla kota of Koduru Mandal. The underground works

are in the form of narrow drives, cross cuts and winzes. A diamond recovered from

Olavampalle is said to have been sold for Rs 1,450/- in 1839. Diamonds are

reported to have been obtained also at Indur and Pinchetgapadu to the west of

Chennur and at Galagurita, Gasapur and Hassanapur near Chennur. During the

period from 1900-1950, YSR district is well known for the occurrence of chrysotile

asbestos, barytes and steatite in the dolomites of Vempalli Formation of Cuddapah

Super group in the Pulivendula taluk. The following table reflects the availability of

mineral reserves and resources in the District

Limestone:

The term limestone is applied to any calcareous sedimentary rock

consisting essentially of carbonates. The Narji Formation of Kurnool group

constitutes the main repository of limestone in Kadapa District. There are in all 11

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mining leases over a cumulative extent of 3375.38Hec (622.86 hectors in Govt.

Land and 2752.52 Hec. in Patta land) in Kadapa District. The Mining leases fall in

Peddamudiyam, Jammalamadugu, Mylavaram, Yerraguntla, Kamalapuram,

Pulivendula, Lingala, Vemula, Vempalli, Rajupalem mandals of Kadapa District.

Narji Limestone exposed in Vaddirala, Yerraguntla areas of Jammalamadugu

division provides good reserves of cement grade limestone in Kadapa District. A

total reserve of 4078Million tonnes with all categories are estimated in the District.

Cement Grade Limestone:

Limestone containing 45% (min) CaO and above is usually preferred in the

manufacture of cement. Magnesia, sulphur and phosphorus are regarded as

deleterious elements. Limestone should have less than 3% magnesium oxide

(MgO), maximum tolerance being 5 percent. The presence of P as P2O5 more

than 1% slows down considerably the setting time of Portland Cement. Indian

cement manufacturers prescribe that the limestone should have CaO 42% (min),

Al2O3 1 to 2%, Fe2O3 1 to 2%, SiO2 12 to 16% and MgO 4% (max).

The growth of cement industry primarily depends on the availability of cement

grade limestone, the chief raw material for cement manufacture. India is bestowed

with huge resources of limestone, geologically ranging from Archaean to recent in

the stratigraphic sequence and geographically occurred in almost 23 states of

India, though the distribution is not uniform. The objective of National Inventory of

Cement Grade Limestone is to plan the strategy for the growth of cement industry

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by updating the availability of limestone resources and to bring into focus the

limiting factors affecting the availability of limestone.

Chrysotile Asbestos:

Chrysotile asbestos occurs in the zones of serpentinization between

dolomite sills and magnesian limestone invariably at the upper contact of Vempalli

Formation of Papaghni Group of Cuddapah Super group along 15 km long belt

from Brahmanapalli – Lopatnutala of Pulivendula Mandal. It is cross fiber type and

range in thickness from a few millimetres to about 10 cm and estimated reserve of

2.5 lakh tonnes up to a depth of 200 m. It is of underground mining developed

along the inclines which are sub-parallel to the bedding planes. Chrysotile

asbestos is the most important commercial variety of asbestos for spinning into

yarn and woven into fabrics based on properties like fibrous nature, spin ability,

incombustibility, resistance to heat, acids and alkalies, filtration property, terrible

strength and property to absorb cements. The other occurrence of asbestos is at

the upper contact of dolerite sill in Vempalli dolomite near Rajupalem.

Barytes:
Andhra Pradesh is the leading producer of barytes and contributes about 90% of

the total country's production. APMDC exploiting the Mangampeta deposit under

public sector producing about 3.0million tonnes per annum and intends to

increase the production level to 5.0 Million tonnes in the coming years. One of the

largest barite deposits in the world occurs at Mangampeta with a resource of 37

Mt with an estimate reserve of 74 million tons. Huge reserves of barytes are found

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in Kadapa, Prakasam and Nellore districts. Mangampeta barytes with grade 92-

94% BaSO4 and an average specific gravity of 4.21 is used in oil & gas well drilling.

The other grades are catering to the needs of Chemical and Paint industries.

Barytes occurs in Vempalli dolomite and associated basic igneous rocks as veins

in Pulivendula, Kamalapuram and Kadapa taluks. On average, the veins are one

meter in thickness. Quartz and calcite occur associated with barites. Pyrite,

chalcopyrite and malachite are found disseminated in barytes. The barite is white,

buff or pink in colour. It was estimated that there were reserves of the order of

about 45million tonnes of barytes of all grades within depth of 30 m to 218m from

the surface in the mineralized belt extending for about 100km from Velidandla in

the west to Mittamindapalle in the east. With the discovery of world’s largest

bedded barytes deposit of volcano genetic origin at Mangampeta, Koduru mandal,

YSR district during the year 1970-1975, YSR district is well known not only in the

country but also in the world.

Grey Barytes:
One of the largest barite deposits in the world occurs at Mangampeta and with the

discovery of world’s largest bedded barytes deposit of volcano genetic origin at

Mangampeta, Koduru mandal, Kadapa district.

The Barite deposit is unique because of its purity, high grade and

volcanogenic origin, confined to tuffaceous sequence of Pullampeta Formation of

Nallamalai Group of Cuddapah Super Group. APMDC exploiting the Mangampeta

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deposit under public sector is producing about 5 to 6 lakh tonnes per annum and

intends to increase the production level to 1 Million tonnes in the coming years

Conventional Barytes:

Barytes occurs in Vempalli dolomite and associated basic igneous rocks as veins

in Pulivendula, Kamalapuram and Kadapataluks. On the average the veins are one

meter in thickness. Quartz and calcite occur associated with Pyrite, chalcopyrite

and malachite. The barite is white, buff or pink in colour. It was estimated of

700,000 tonnes of barytes in the mineralized belt extending for about 100km from

Velidandla in the west to Mittamindapalle in the east.

Fullerene:

Fullerene is a pure carbon molecule composed of at least 60 atoms of carbon and

exhibits a Bucky ball structure. The discovery of C60, C70, the carbon cage

molecules popularly known as fullerenes, named after the famous Architect,

Buckminster Fullerene (Kroto et al 1985), opened new and vast vistas in

understanding these curious molecules. The fullerenes, like artificial diamonds,

can be synthesized from Carbon.

Synthesis of fullerene from Carbon in the laboratories is complex and expensive,

while the reported occurrences of fullerene in nature are rather scanty. The natural

fullerenes when they were detected first during early eighties were originally

thought to be brought from space since these were found to constitute an

important carrier phase for noble gases in Carbonaceous Chondrite meteorites.

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Though the natural fullerenes were thought to be mainly of extra-terrestrial origin,

subsequent studies showed their existence in the terrestrial rocks as well. Its first

reported occurrence in natural terrestrial rocks was in “shungite”, a ~2.0 Ga. Old

Proterozoic Formation from Karelia, Russia, containing highly Carbonified

carbonaceous matter (Buseck et al 1992). This paved the way for subsequent

studies on natural fullerenes (Buseck 2002, Jan Jehlicka et al., 2003, etc.).

Occurrence of Fullerene in Cuddapah Basin

Number of black Tuff samples from the Mangampeta area of the

Cuddapah Basin, analyzed at the Stanford University (Sreedhar Murty 2005)

indicated presence of C60, C70 and C84, suggesting the presence of naturally

occurring fullerenes in this part of the world. Fullerenes, their derivatives and

Carbon nano tubes have a number of interesting properties due to their unusual

structures and sizes. The size of the individual fullerene molecules makes them

ideal building blocks for use in designing molecular units that find application in

nanotechnology. The fullerene family of carbon molecules possesses a range of

unique properties. A fullerene nano-tube has tensile strength, about 20 times that

of high-strength steel alloys, and a density half that of aluminum. Carbon nano-

tubes demonstrate superconductive properties, for commercial applications,

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including computer memory, electronic wires. Fullerenes can be used in the

construction of aerospace vehicles because of the substantial performance gains.

Uranium:
Uranium exploration in the Cuddapah basin was initiated in the late

1950’s to search the quartz-pebble-conglomerate type uranium mineralization,

which had dominated the world uranium supply at that time. However, the basal

Gulcheru conglomerates at the base of Cuddapah basin were found to be

thoriferous. Subsequent exploration in the late 1980’s brought out significant

uranium mineralization in dolostone. A significant breakthrough was achieved in

early 1990’s when uranium mineralization was located along the unconformity

between Srisailam Formation of Cuddapah Super Group and the basement

granites, thereby establishing in India, for the first time, the presence of

unconformity related uranium mineralization - a category considered the most

potential world over (Sinha et al., 1995). The systematic and intensive exploration

programme conducted by the Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and

Research (AMD) within the Cuddapah basin led to the recognition of three distinct

types of uranium mineralization, viz., 1. Strata bound, 2. Fracture controlled (both

basement granite and sediment hosted) and 3. Unconformity -related. Out of this

unconformity- related uranium occurrences are in close proximity with the

unconformity between the Srisailam quartzite/ Banganapalle quartzite and the

basement granite.

Clay:

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 District Survey Report - 2018

Superior grade clay useful in ceramic ware and sanitary wares occurs in

Hastavaram, Tallapaka and Gadela villages of Rajampeta Mandal and

Obulavaripalle Mandal. The clay deposits are confined to Pullampeta formations

of Nallamalai Group of Cuddapah Super group. Inferior grade clay occurs in

Chinna Orampadu, Anantarajupet, Nandalur, Chitvel and Koduru. A variety of clay

(Fuller’s earth) useful in detergent industries occurs in Venkanarri, Midamala,

Chennakesavapuram and Iruvegalapuram along Sagileru River.

Iron Ore:
Haematite is one of the most important ores for extraction of iron. Mining of

Iron ore is essentially a manual Open cast operation extending over vast spreads

in space and limited by the depth factor. The total reserves are estimated as 30.52

Million tonnes in Kadapa district as in 2010 (source: IBM). There are in all 11

mining leases over a cumulative extent of 1011.543 Hec in Govt. Land in Kadapa

district. The Mining leases are in Pendlimarri, Kamalapuram, Veerapunayunipalli

and Chitvel mandals of Kadapa District. The local geology of the area incorporates

quartzite, highly ferrogenus shale, iron rich mud stone, brittle banded hematite iron

ore bearing rocky terrain along with laterite, the product of leaching action of iron

rich rocks in the area. The iron ore is concentrated at elevated areas at southern

side and western side. The banded hematite and quartzite area is highly disturbed

and multi fractured zone, the ferrugenus shale is mixed with hematite. The banded

hematite quartzite is having about 50% Iron ore.

Yellow Ochre:

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Ocheres are naturally occurring mineral pigments in various shades i.e., red,

brown etc. They are also called ‘colored earths’. Hydrous iron oxide present in it

imparts colour. Iron oxide present in ochres which varies between 20% and 70%.

Yellow Ochere is very common containing yellow hydrated iron oxides. Yellow

Ochere occurs associated with Vempalle and Pulivendula Formations of

Cuddapah Super group in Cuddapah district. There are no serious environmental

issues involved in Ochre mining as it is a simple, manual operation.

Any earthy looking material that has intrinsic iron and manganese oxides in

it and capable of imparting coloration is considered an ochrous material. In view

of its increasing utility, it is worth combing the weathered mantles of all litho-units

capable of yielding ochrous material.

Dolomite:

Dolomite is a double carbonate of calcium and magnesium (CaCO3,

MgCO3), theoretically contains CaCO3 54.35% and MgCO3 45.65% or CaO 30.4%,

MgO 21.9% and CO2 47.7%. However, in nature, dolomite is not available in this

exact proportion. Hence, in commercial parlance, the rock containing 40 - 45%

MgCO3 is usually called dolomite. Deposits of Dolomite occur from SE of

Guvvalacheruvu to the west of Mutssukota including Nandimandalam and

Vempalle. Flux and other grades of Dolomite are known around Parnapalle,

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 District Survey Report - 2018

Ippatla, Middipendtla and Vempalli. There are in all 11 mining leases over a

cumulative extent of 460.429 hectors (Govt. Land) in Kadapa district. The leases

come under the jurisdiction of Vemula, Lingla, Vempalli, Raupalem vontimitta,

Rajampeta and Pendlimarri mandals of Kadapa District.

Lead and Zinc:

Lead and Zinc are strategic metals which have uses in non-ferrous and ferrous

industries. Battery sector is known for prime lead consumption while galvanizing is

the most important zinc consumer. Most of the Indian lead-zinc resources are

confined to Proterozoic fold belt and Precambrians of the western part of the

country.

Galena (PbS) is by far the most important ore of lead. Other commonly occurring

minerals are Anglesite (PbSO4) and Cerusite (PbCO3). The principal ore of zinc is

sphalerite (ZnS). Other important minerals are Calamine (ZnCO3) and

Hemimorphite (2ZnOSiO2 - H2O).The lead-zinc ore resources are classified based

on the total metal content (Pb+Zn) into three grades namely:i) Ore with (+) 10% Pb

+ Zn

ii) Ore with 5-10% Pb + Zn

iii) Ore with (-) 5% Pb + Zn

The expert group observed that the deposits located in the remote areas requiring

new infrastructure would need an average grade of (+) 10% Pb + Zn for economic

mining. The deposits within close proximity of the existing mining areas should

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have grade between 6 to 8% Pb+Zn and the deposits likely to be mined through

open cast method should have an average grade of 5 to 7% Pb + Zn.

In the 50Km long N-S trending Zangamrajupalle-Varikunta belt in the south-central

part of Cuddapah Basin, Lead-zinc mineralization associated with copper is found

at several places such as Zanjamrajupalle, Gollaplle, Karredukuppa, Varikunta,

Chinnarampadu, Gadageribodu, Gavulabhavi, Andkireddibhavim Ambavara,,

Nagasanapalle, Kotluru and Hulurukonda. The mineralization is with the dolomite

intercalations and brecciated dolomite enclosed within the N10°E -S 10°W to N25°

W-S25°E trending Cumbum slate. The Zanjamrajupalle deposit is the most

prominent one in this belt. Mineralization is the form of Galena and Sphalerite with

subordinate pyrite and chalcopyrite occurs as cavity filling and breccias fillings, for

over a length of 2Km. There are five lodes in the area. The entire mineralized zone

was initially explored by GSI and subsequently in detail by MECL. The reserves

estimated by GSI up to 100m and 150m depths in two sections over a cumulative

length of 1350 m of the order of 3.07 Mt with a grade of1.08% to 4.21% and 0.86 to

2.91% Pb. A possible reserve of 1.42 million tonnes with 4.55 percent Zn, and 2.95

percent pb, at cut of 3 percent and 1.54 million tonnes with 1.08 percent Zn and

0.88 percent pb between 1 percent to 3 percent is estimated up to a vertical depth

of about 100 to 150 meters in Zangamrajupalli base metal mineralized zone by

Geological Survey of India, Southern Region, Hyderabad

4.2.3 Geomorphology of YSR Kadapa District

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Geographically the territory contained kadapa Super gathering of rocks of upper

Proterozoic age. The investigation territory is primarily made out of Pullampet
arrangement and alluvium of late age. Pullampet development, which is the south
eastern out harvest of kadapa basin, includes a lower purple shale with dolomitic
groups prevailing by quartzites and a calcareous succession of dolomitic
limestone and shale. The beds indicate delicate dunks and variety in strike
heading Groundwater in the investigation region happens in weathered and
cracked zone. Event and development of groundwater is essentially controlled by
the land, geomorphological and basic set up of the territory are shown in Fig. 18.

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 District Survey Report - 2018

Fig.18 Geomorphology of YSR Kadapa District, Andhra Pradesh

4.2.4. Landforms of fluvial origin

Terraces alluvium was produced along Pennar River, Buggavanka and streams

around these spots. It frames a level land shape without calculable advancement

of characteristic level. The width of Alluvial plain fluctuates from 1 meter to few

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 District Survey Report - 2018

meters. At Siddavatam, thick dark cotton soils are produced. The alluvium is either

caramel or rosy shading shaping level patios. The alluvium contains top mud and

base sandy soils. Groundwater potential in this locale is great

4.2.5 Landforms of Pediplain

It is delicately slanting incline of 2-50 slant began by impact of a few pediment

lastly converged with significant tributary streams surge fields along Pennar

waterway. Pediment is the major landform with the zone grew broadly numerous

minor valleys slicing the pediplain to frame seepage work weathered zones are in

Apparajupalli, Cuddapah and Kottapalli. Most of the area under this Unit is

agricultural land. Groundwater prospects in this zone are moderate to good.

4.2.6 Landforms of Structural Origin

Structural hills are shaped by a complex of erosional processes

predominantly by erosion, weathering and mass-wasting. The dip of strata

controls the rate of the denudation process in these structural hills.

Structural hills are linear to arcuate hills exhibiting definite trends composed

of varying lithology. They mostly covered the western, northern and

eastern part of the study area. They are mainly composed of Pullampet

formations. The structural trend of the hill ranges is in a north-west to

south- east direction . The tectonic features are the result of structural

deformation aided by superficial processes. Slope angles are very steep

along the fault scarps. Generally groundwater potential is very poor in

structural hills owing to their poor permeability where surface runoff is

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greater , and only limited groundwater potential is expected along the

faults, joints and fractures present in the structural hill ranges. Costa hill is

a gently sloping hill surface of hard and compact Nagari quartzite running

parallel to the dip of the bedding planes with an escarpment in the opposite

direction cutting across the bedding planes. This type of landform, with a

limited horizontal area is observed in the south -western part of the study

area. In general, the groundwater prospects in the cuesta hill region are very poor.

Better groundwater prospects can be expected along the dipward side of a

cuesta.

4.2.7 Landforms of denudational origin

These include pediplain, pediment- inselberg complex. Piedmont zone and

residual hills. The ground water prospects are limited in shallow weathered

pedipline and pediment inselberg complex, where as ground water prospects are

moderate in moderately weathered pediplain.

4.3 Structural Features of Kadapa District

Lineaments are the linear features of tectonic origin then are identified as

long narrow and relatively straight tonal alignments visible in satellite

images. A lineament may be a fault, fracture, master joint, a long and linear

geological formation, the straight course of streams, vegetation served may be the

result of faulting and fracturing and hence, it is inferred that they are the areas and

zones of increased porosity and permeability in hard rock areas. These have more

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significance in the ground water studies. Remote sensing data provides useful

information to identify structural features and lineaments.

The Cuddapah basin is a major synformal structure with minor antiforms and

synforms. There are some trend lines showing the strike directions of the

rocks in the area. Many lineaments trend NE-S W and are rough parallel to

the trends of geological formations, other lineaments run either in a ENE-

WSW or E-W direction .

Lineaments are the main features that control the occurrence of groundwater.

Secondary porosity is imparted by joints and fractures in the areas of

higher values of lineament density. The lineament density map reveals

the variations of ground water potentiality in the basin. The high lineament

density is noticed as isolated patches with small areal extent in the central

and western parts of the basin indicating high groundwater potential especially

associated with shale with dolomitic limestones. Medium lineament density

patches with limited areal extent indicate a moderate groundwater potential

distributed mostly in the central and in the western parts of the basin. A large

part of the basin area is occupied by low lineament density indicating a

poor groundwater potential shown in Fig.19.

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Fig.19 Structural Map of YSR Kadapa District, Andhra Pradesh

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 District Survey Report - 2018

4.4 Ground Water Prospects in the District

Kadapa developments comprise shales, quartzites, limestones/dolomites. Ground

water happen in submerged table conditions in weathered segment of the

arrangement and the thickness of the weathered portion is around 10 m bgl.

Ground water is developed in weathered elixir through vast distance across

burrowed wells (6m).

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 District Survey Report - 2018

Fig.20 Ground Water Scenario in YSR Kadapa District, Andhra Pradesh

4.4.1. Ground Water Level Scenario

Ground water levels are checked from a system of 29 hydrograph stations in the

region which are being observed four times in multiyear i.e. in the long stretches of

January, May, August and November. These perception wells, tapping the phreatic

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 District Survey Report - 2018

aquifer, incorporate burrowed wells and Piezometer wells. The recorded water

levels of ground water behaviour and over exploitation and fluctuations of water

levels and quality changes with time and in space, impacts of surface water on

ground water, precipitation (Pre monsoon and post monsoon recharge, chemical

and other anthropogenic activities on the ground water administration. The

profundity to water level circulation maps arranged for May, 2012 (Pre- monsoon)

and Nov, 2012 (Post monsoon) were appeared.

Fig. 21 Depth to Water Level Pre-Monsoon May, 2012 (source CGWB, 2013)

Pre-monsoon water levels are shown in Fig. 21 and the depth at which water level

gets maintained during pre-monsoon (2012) ranges from 3.13 m to 17.35 m bgl.

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 District Survey Report - 2018

The shallow water levels of 2 to 5 m are observed in north east and north western

part of the district. The depth to water levels between 5-10 m is observed in

majority of the area. Deeper water levels of more than 10 m bgl are observed in

the north-western and south eastern parts of the district.

Fig. 22 Depth to Water Level Post- Monsoon Nov, 2012 (source CGWB, 2013)

Post-monsoon water levels shown in fig. 22 the depth to Water level range from

0.85 to 12.27m bgl during the post monsoon period (2012). The shallow water

levels of less than 5 m are observed in northern and southern part of the district.

The depth of water levels between 5-10 m is observed in major part of the area.

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 District Survey Report - 2018

The depth to water levels 10 -20 m are observed in north western and south

eastern part of the district.

4.4.2. Ground Water Resources

Based on the Ground Water Estimation Committee (GEC 97) norms, ground water

assessment was done in 2008-09. The net ground water availability is 1, 62,783

ha.m in command area and 9,634 ha.m in non-command area and total ground

water resources available in the district 1,72,417 ha.m. The existing gross ground

water draft for all uses in the district is 31,933 ha.m, which is 27,604 ha.m in

command area and 4,329 ha.m in non command area. The net ground water

availability for future irrigation is 1, 28,445 ha.m and 4,137 ha.m in command and

non-command areas, respectively. The stage of ground water development in

command area is 17%, while it is 45% in non command areas and 19% in the

entire district. All the mandals fall under safe category.

4.4.3 Status of Ground Water Development

In the olden days, the ground water development is through dug wells. Over a

period of time, due to increase in population, the stress on ground water has

increased. Consequently, the water levels were lowered and the dug wells are

replaced by dug-cum-bore wells, shallow bore wells and presently by deep bore

wells. The dug wells are generally circular or rectangular in shape and generally

down to 10 m depth. The shallow bore wells for hand pumps are generally down

to 60 m. Deep bore wells with 162 mm diameter were drilled down to 300 m in

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 District Survey Report - 2018

non-command areas and down to 100 m in command areas. The dug wells are

fitted with centrifugal pumps of 5 to 7.5 HP whereas the shallow bore wells where

water levels are shallow are fitted with hand pumps for drinking and domestic

purposes. The irrigation bore wells are fitted with submersible pumps ranging

from 5 to 20 HP.

There are 1243 P.W.S. schemes, 5443 bore wells and 210 open wells for meeting

the demands of domestic needs. Most of the open wells are in Atloor, Chapadu, B.

Mattanur, Kalespadu, Tandur and Srihardipuram mandals. Most of the irrigation is

through ground water in the district. Around 86% of the total irrigation is through

ground water of which 81% is through bore wells and filter points and 5% through

dug wells indicating the role of bore wells and filter points in the district shown in

Fig. 23

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 District Survey Report - 2018

Fig: 23 Piezometer Observation wells in YSR Kadapa District

4.5. Ground Water Quality of the District

The District is underlain by varied geological formations ranging from Archaean to

Recent age. The entire area of the District is underlain by hard rocks belonging to

the Peninsular Gneissic Complex. Granites, Granodiorites and Granite Gneiss,

Dharwar of Archaean to Lower Proterozoic Age, Meta sediments of Cuddapah and

Kurnool Group belonging to Middle Proterozoic age. A small portion of the District

is occupied by Recent Alluvium. The predominant soils in the District are black

soils, red loams, and red sandy soils.

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 District Survey Report - 2018

Ground water samples were collected from 3461 habitations out of 4708

habitations representing for two seasons i.e., post monsoon and pre monsoon in

December 2012 and June 2014 for the entire District. The water samples were

collected from Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Department (RWS & S) and

analyzed for physico-chemical parameters like TDS, TH, Cl, NO3, pH, F, Fe, TA and

SO4 using standard techniques in the laboratory and compared with the BIS

(10500-2015), in terms of desirable, permissible and non potable classes. Blue,

yellow and red colours indicate pre monsoon quality and + , - , . Symbols

indicate post monsoon quality for desirable, permissible and non-potable classes,

respectively shown in Fig. 24.

From the analysis, it has been observed that the ground water is polluted

in pre monsoon and post monsoon about 30% of the area is under non potable

category due to high concentration of Nitrate, Fluoride and Iron. About 40% of the

area is potable category while remaining 30% of the area is covered in hills and

water bodies of the entire District. The occurrence and movement of groundwater

in an area is governed by several factors such as topography, lithology, and

geological structure, depth of weathering, extent of factures, drainage pattern, and

climate conditions and inter relationship between these factors.

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 District Survey Report - 2018

Fig. 24 Ground Water Quality Map of YSR Kadapa District

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[Link] of Major and Minor Minerals Their Production

5.1 Overview of Mining activity in the District

Geologically, the Kadapa District forms a part of south-western and

southern part of Cuddapah Basin which is named after the town “Kadapa” where

the Cuddapah Systems of rocks were best developed. The rocks exposed in the

district belonging to Archaean (oldest rocks) or early Proterozoic Era, Cuddapah

Super group and Kurnool Group of middle to upper Proterozoic age. Gneisses and

granites with Veligallu, and Tsundupalli schist belts constitute the main rock types

of the Archaean. The Cuddapah Super group of rocks unconformably overlie the

Archaeans and consists of Gulcheru and Vempalli Formations of Papaghni Group,

Pulivendula, Tadipatri and Gandikota Formations of Chitravathi Group,

Bairenkonda (Nagari) and Cumbum (Pullampeta) Formations of Nallamalai

Group. The next younger groups of rocks are the Kadapa’s which comprise

Banganapalli Quartzites, Narji Limestone, Ouk Shale, Paniam Quartzite, Koilakuntla

Limestone and Nandyal Shale. The town “Kadapa” is situated over the Nandyal

Shale of Kurnool Group.

Mineral resources in the Kadapa district, in geological parlance, are widely

distributed in time and associated with rocks from Archaean to Kurnool Group of

rocks. Barytes, chrysotile Asbestos, clays, limestone and Kadapa slabs/napa slabs

are some of the well known workable mineral deposits associated with

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Proterozoic sedimentary rocks belonging to Cuddapah Super group and Kurnool

Group in Kadapa district. Iron ore, dolomite, steatite, magnesite, Yellow ocher,

Quartz and Granite/black granite (dimensional stone) are some of the other

minerals occurred in the district. Besides, the district has extensive reserves of

building material in quartzites, limestones granites and granite gneisses which are

quarried throughout the district.

The following table reflects the availability of mineral reserves and resources

in the District

Table: 12 Mineral Resources of Y.S.R. District

Total
Sl. Mineral Remaining
Mineral Mineral
No. unit reserves resources
resources
1. Asbestos tons 14782 41749 56531

2. Barytes tons 29431329 32519325 61950654

3. Calcite tons 1000 11000 12000

4. Clay 000tons 3889 5354 9243

5. Dolomite 000tons 1578 579 2157

6. Feldspar tons 27 117140 117161

7. Fire clay 000tons ---- 4934 4934

8. Iron Ore 000tons 20042 10478 30520

9. Lead and 000tons ---- 4310 4310

Zinc ore

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 District Survey Report - 2018

10. Laterite 000tons 3484 306 3790

11. Limestone 000tons 697201 3381081 4078282

12. Magnesite 000tons 80 80

13. Ochere tons 1758682 911905 2670587

14. Pyrophyllite 446916

15. Quartzite 000tons 1245 --- 1245

16. Shale 000tons 217 498 715

17. Steatite 000tons 407 227 634

18. Quartz & 000tons 2535 6130 8665

Silica Sand

19. Granite 000cu. 265 265

* Source: Nation Mineral Inventory – An Overview as on 01-04-2010 by Indian Bureau of Mines.

** Average Value of the Mineral from different grades of minerals.

Table: 13 Mandal wise occurrence of Major Mineral in Y.S.R. District.

[Link]. Mineral Name of the Mandals

1 Iron Ore Chitvel, Pendlimarri, Muddanur, Verapunayunipalli

2 Pyrophyllite Chakrayapeta, Galiveedu, L.R. Palli, T. Sundupalli,

Sambepalli,

3 Asbestos Pulivendula, Lingala

4 Barytes Obulavaripalli, Kalasapadu, Siddavatam, Kamalapuram,

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 District Survey Report - 2018

Muddanur, Pulivendula, Lingala, Vemula, Vempalli,

Verapunayunipalli

5 Dolomite Vontimitta, Rajampeta, Pendlimarri, Kamalapuram,

Kondapuram, Pulivendula, Lingala, Vemula, Vempalli,

Verapunayunipalli, Rajupalem

6 Laterite Pendlimarri, Chitvel, Duvvuru, Peddamudiyam,

Kamalapuram, Muddanur, Verapunayunipalli

7 Limestone Peddamudiyam, Jammalamadugu, Mylavaram,

Yerraguntla, Kamalapuram, Pulivendula, Lingala, Vemula,

Vempalli, Rajupalem

8 Ochere Penagaluru, Rajampeta, Ontimitta, Pendlimarri,

Muddanur, Simhadripuram

9 Quartzite Mylavaram, Proddatur, Kamalapuram, Muddanur,

Kondapuram, Tondur,

10 Shale Muddanur

11 Steatite Pendlimarri, Lingala, Vempalli

12 Clay Penagaluru, B. Kodur, B. Mattam, Rajampeta, Rayachoty,

Duvvuru, Simhadripuram, Pulivendula,

13 Quartz & Silica Rayachoty, Badvel, Chakrayapeta, Galiveedu, L.R. Palli, T.

Sand Sundupalli,

14 Calcite Pulivendula

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 District Survey Report - 2018

In the District, 25 number of Major minerals (Limestone, Iron ore) and 293 numbers

of minor minerals (Dolomite, Yellow Ochere, Quartz etc.,) are existing.

5.2. Mineral Resource of YSR Kadapa District

Mineral resources in the YSR district, in geological parlance, are

widely distributed in time and associated with rocks from Achaean to Kurnool

Group of rocks. Barytes, chrysotile asbestos, clays, cement grade limestone black

granites and Kadapa slabs/Napa slabs are some of the well known workable

mineral deposits associated with Proterozoic sedimentary rocks belonging to

Cuddapah Super group and Kurnool Group in YSR district. Mining in all the mineral

deposits except chrysotile asbestos are essentially open cast operation. Base

metals (copper, lead and zinc), diamond, gold, iron ore, dolomite, steatite,

magnesite, yellow ocher, quartz and granite/black granite (dimensional stone) are

some of the other minerals occurred in the district. Besides, the district has

extensive reserves of building material in quartzites, limestones granites and

granite gneisses which are quarried throughout the district. In the ancient time

(before 1900), exploratory work for minerals is evident from many scattered,

abandoned old workings for base metals (copper, lead and zinc) along

Zangamarajupalle - Varikunta zone of Badvel Mandal, for placer diamond along

the terraces of Penner river around Chennur, Kondapetaa and Olavampalle of

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Kadapa Mandal, for iron around Chabali of Vempalli Mandal and Yerraguntla kota

of Koduru Mandal. The underground works are in the form of narrow drives, cross

cuts and winzes. A diamond recovered from Olavampalle is said to have been

sold for Rs 1,450/- in 1839. Diamonds are reported to have been obtained also at

Indur and Pinchetgapadu to the west of Chennur and at Galagurita, Gasapur and

Hassanapur near Chennur. During the period from 1900-1950, YSR district is well

known for the occurrence of chrysotile asbestos, barytes and steatite in the

dolomites of Vempalli Formation of Cuddapah Super group in the Pulivendula

[Link] following table reflects the availability of mineral reserves and resources

in the District.

Limestone:

The term limestone is applied to any calcareous sedimentary rock

consisting essentially of carbonates. The Narji Formation of Kurnool group

constitutes the main repository of limestone in Kadapa District. There are in all 11

mining leases over a cumulative extent of 3375.38Hec (622.86 hectors in Govt.

Land and 2752.52 Hec. in Patta land) in Kadapa district. The Mining leases fall in

Peddamudiyam, Jammalamadugu, Mylavaram, Yerraguntla, Kamalapuram,

Pulivendula, Lingala, Vemula, Vempalli, Rajupalem mandals of Kadapa District.

Narji Limestone exposed in Vaddirala, Yerraguntla areas of Jammalamadugu

division provides good reserves of cement grade limestone in Kadapa District. A

total reserves of 4078Million tonnes with all categories are estimated in the District.

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Cement Grade Limestone:

Limestone containing 45% (min) CaO and above is usually preferred in the

manufacture of cement. Magnesia, sulphur and phosphorus are regarded as

deleterious elements. Limestone should have less than 3% magnesium oxide

(MgO), maximum tolerance being 5 percent. The presence of P as P2O5 more

than 1% slows down considerably the setting time of Portland Cement. Indian

cement manufacturers prescribe that the limestone should have CaO 42% (min),

Al2O3 1 to 2%, Fe2O3 1 to 2%, SiO2 12 to 16% and MgO 4% (max).

The growth of cement industry primarily depends on the availability of cement

grade limestone, the chief raw material for cement manufacture. India is bestowed

with huge resources of limestone, geologically ranging from Archaean to recent in

the stratigraphic sequence and geographically occurred in almost 23 states of

India, though the distribution is not uniform. The objective of National Inventory of

Cement Grade Limestone is to plan the strategy for the growth of cement industry

by updating the availability of limestone resources and to bring into focus the

limiting factors affecting the availability of limestone.

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View of Zuari cement in Yerragutla

Mining is essentially open cast and captive ones and are all mechanized. At

present (5) cement plant are established with annual capacity of 11.238 MT per

annum. The following cement plants are established in Kadapa District. Kadapa is

the one of largest producers of cement in Andhra Pradesh with an annual rated

capacity of 11.238 Million tonnes per annum due establishment of (5) cement

plants. The details are as follows.

Name of the unit Capacity in

MTPA
M/S Dalmia Cement Ltd Chinnakommerla 1.6

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 District Survey Report - 2018

(V),Mylavaram (M), Kadapa – 516434

M/S Bharathi Cements 3.3
Nallingayapalli (V), Kamalapuram (M), Kadapa(dt)
M/S India Cement Ltd, Yerraguntla 0.61
M/S India Cement Ltd, Chilamkur (V), Yerraguntla 1.38
M/S Zuari Cement Ltd, Yerraguntla 4.30
M/s Lanco Industries 0.045
Total 11.238

Mining operations in Niduguvvi limestoneine of M/s ICL, Yerraguntla

Uses of Cement Grade Limestone:

The growth of cement industry primarily depends on the availability of

cement grade limestone, the chief raw material for cement manufacture. Other

important uses are as flux in metallurgical processes; in glass, ceramic, paper,

textile and tanning industries.

Available areas for future exploitation:-

The following table reflects the available free hold areas in the district

for future exploration and exploitation of Limestone mineral in Kadapa District.

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Probable free
[Link]. Villages Covered Mandal hold area In
hec.
1 Dhannawada –
Chinaventurla-Vaddirala Mylavaram 259.120
Block:
2 Bestavemula – Kallutla – 1464.620
Mylavaram
[Link] - Block
3 Dommarnandyala - Block Mylavaram 809.720
4 Gundlakunta – Papayapalli – 3884.310
Diguvakalutla – Peddamudiyum
Nagireddypalli
5. Niduzuvvi – Potladurthy – 2477.550
Yerraguntla
Malepadu
6 Chinnakomerala – Kanneleru 3909.23
– Goriganeru –
Dharmapuram – Jammalamadugu
Gundlakunta – S.
Uppalapadu
7 Machunur, Konayapalli and 2200.000
Pendlimarri
Vallur villages

Major Producers of Cement Grade Limestone

[Link]. Name of the lease holder Remarks

1 M/S Dalmia Cement Ltd

2 M/S Bharathi Cement Captive
3 M/S India Cement Ltd, Yerraguntla Consumption
4 M/S India Cement Ltd, Chilamkur (V), Yerraguntla

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5 M/S Zuari Cement Ltd, Yerraguntla

6 M/s Lanco Industries

Chrysotile Asbestos:

Chrysotile asbestos occurs in the zones of serpentinization between

dolomite sills and magnesian limestone invariably at the upper contact of Vempalli

Formation of Papaghni Group of Cuddapah Super group along 15 km long belt

from Brahmanapalli – Lopatnutala of Pulivendula Mandal. It is cross fiber type and

range in thickness from a few millimeters to about 10 cm and estimated reserve of

2.5 lakh tonnes up to a depth of 200 m. It is of underground mining developed

along the inclines which are sub-parallel to the bedding planes. Chrysotile

asbestos is the most important commercial variety of asbestos for spinning into

yarn and woven into fabrics based on properties like fibrous nature, spin ability,

incombustibility, resistance to heat, acids and alkalies, filtration property, terrible

strength and property to absorb cements. The other occurrence of asbestos is at

the upper contact of dolerite sill in Vempalli dolomite near Rajupalem.

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 District Survey Report - 2018

The total reserves are estimated of about 56531 Tonnes in Kadapa District

as on 1.4.2010(Source: National Mineral Inventory – an Over view of IBM). Now

there is no mining lease in force and mining operations were stopped due to the

ban imposed as per the Orders of National Green Tribunal

Uses of Chrysotile asbestos:

Its commercial use owes to its remarkable and unique properties like

spinnability, incombustibility, resistant to heat, acids and alkalies, filtration property

tensile strength and property to absorb cements. It is used in making yarns, paper

blocks, cement products, brake lining, and other automobile spare parts, special

packing gaskets, insulating materials, paints, roofing etc.

Barytes:
Andhra Pradesh is the leading producer of barytes and contributes about

90% of the total country's production. APMDC exploiting the Mangampeta deposit

under public sector is producing about 3.0million tonnes per annum and intends

to increase the production level to 5.0 Million tonnes in the coming years. One of

the largest barite deposits in the world occurs at Mangampeta with a resource of

37 Mt with an estimate reserve of 74 million tons. Huge reserves of barytes are

found in Kadapa, Prakasam and Nellore districts. Mangampeta barytes with grade

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 District Survey Report - 2018

92-94% BaSO4 and an average specific gravity of 4.21 is used in oil & gas well

drilling. The other grades are catering to the needs of Chemical and Paint

industries. Barytes occurs in Vempalli dolomite and associated basic igneous

rocks as veins in Pulivendula, Kamalapuram and Kadapa taluks. On the average,

the veins are one meter in thickness. Quartz and calcite occur associated with

barites. Pyrite, chalcopyrite and malachite are found disseminated in the barites.

The barite is white, buff or pink in colour. It was estimated that there were reserves

of the order of about 45million tonnes of barytes of all grades within depth of 30 m

to 218m from the surface in the mineralized belt extending for about 100km from

Velidandla in the west to Mittamindapalle in the east. With the discovery of world’s

largest bedded barytes deposit of volcano genetic origin at Mangampeta, Koduru

mandal during the year 1970-1975, YSR district is well known not only in the

country but also in the world.

White Barytes heaps White Barytes

Barytes deposits of this district can be divided into two types, 1) Grey Barytes and

2) Conventional Barytes.

Grey Barytes:

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 District Survey Report - 2018

One of the largest barite deposits in the world at Mangampeta with the

discovery of world’s largest bedded barytes deposit of volcano genetic origin at

Mangampeta, Koduru mandal, Kadapa district.

The Barite deposit is unique because of its purity, high grade and

volcanogenic origin, confined to tuffaceous sequence of Pullampeta Formation of

Nallamalai Group of Cuddapah Super Group. APMDC exploiting the Mangampeta

deposit under public sector is producing about 5 to 6 lakh tonnes per annum and

intends to increase the production level to 1 Million tonnes in the coming years

An over view of Mangampet barites mine operated by M/s APMDC

Major Producers of Grey Barytes

[Link]. Name of the lease holder Remarks

Non-Captive
1 M/s APMDC Limited, Mangampet
Consumption

Conventional Barytes:

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Barytes occurs in Vempalli dolomite and associated basic igneous rocks as

veins in Pulivendula, Kamalapuram and Kadapataluks. On the average, the veins

are one meter in thickness. Quartz and calcite occur associated with Pyrite,

chalcopyrite and malachite. The barite is white, buff or pink in colour. It was

estimated of 700,000 tonnes of barytes in the mineralized belt extending for about

100km from Velidandla in the west to Mittamindapalle in the east.

Major Producers of Conventional Barytes

[Link]. Name of the lease holder Remarks

1 Amarnath
2 M/s. Sri Sai Lakshmi Narasimha Mines &
Minerals
3 [Link] Reddy Non Captive
4 V. Nagaraju Consumption
5 M/s Pavan Micro Minerals
6 M/s A.K. Minerals

Uses of Conventional Barytes:

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 District Survey Report - 2018

The uses of Barytes can be broadly put under four categories:

 Barytes also known as “heavy spar” is mainly used in Oil g gas well drilling

as a weighting agent in heavy drilling muds which is the principal use.

 As filler in a number of plastic, paper, leather, textile and asbestos products

 As filler or extended in paints and varnishes and in the manufacture of

lithopone paint.

 In the manufacture of barium chemicals which further find utility in a large

number of industries. Minor quantities are used as an additive in the

manufacture of two types of glass, viz, container wares and flat glass. Due

to its natural properties of high specific gravity, inertness and absorption of

X-ray and gamma radiation, barites as aggregate is used for shielding work

in the preparation of high density concrete, plaster and floor screens for use

in building works in nuclear power plants, hospitals, X-ray units, research

stations and laboratories

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Fullerene:

Fullerene is a pure carbon molecule composed of at least 60 atoms

of carbon and exhibits a Bucky ball structure. The discovery of C60, C70, the

carbon cage molecules popularly known as fullerenes, named after the famous

Architect, Buckminster Fullerene (Kroto et al 1985), opened new and vast vistas in

understanding these curious molecules. The fullerenes, like artificial diamonds,

can be synthesized from Carbon.

Synthesis of Fullerene from Carbon in the laboratories is complex and expensive,

while the reported occurrences of fullerene in nature are rather scanty. The natural

fullerenes, when they were detected first during early eighties were originally

thought to be brought from space since these were found to constitute an

important carrier phase for noble gases in Carbonaceous Chondrite meteorites.

Though the natural fullerenes were thought to be mainly of extra-terrestrial origin,

subsequent studies showed their existence in the terrestrial rocks as well. Its first

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reported occurrence in natural terrestrial rocks was in “shungite”, a ~2.0 Ga. Old

Proterozoic Formation from Karelia, Russia, containing highly Carbonified

carbonaceous matter (Buseck et al 1992). This paved the way for subsequent

studies on natural fullerenes (Buseck 2002, Jan Jehlicka et al., 2003, etc.).

An association football is a model of the Buckminster fullerene C 60.

Occurrence of Fullerene in Cuddapah Basin

A Number of black Tuff samples from the Mangampeta area of the

Cuddapah Basin, analyzed at the Stanford University (Sreedhar Murty 2005)

indicated presence of C60, C70 and C84, suggesting the presence of naturally

occurring fullerenes in this part of the world. Fullerenes, their derivatives and

Carbon nano tubes have a number of interesting properties due to their unusual

structures and sizes. The size of the individual fullerene molecules makes them

ideal building blocks for use in designing molecular units that find application in

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nanotechnology. The fullerene family of carbon molecules possesses a range of

unique properties. A fullerene nano-tube has tensile strength, about 20 times that

of high-strength steel alloys, and a density half that of aluminum. Carbon nano-

tubes demonstrate superconductive properties, for commercial applications,

including computer memory, electronic wires. Fullerenes can be used in the

construction of aerospace vehicles because of the substantial performance gains.

Uranium:
Uranium exploration in the Cuddapah basin was initiated in the late

1950’s to search the quartz-pebble-conglomerate type uranium mineralization,

which had dominated the world uranium supply at that time. However, the basal

Gulcheru conglomerates at the base of Cuddapah basin were found to be

thoriferous. Subsequent exploration in the late 1980’s brought out significant

uranium mineralization in dolostone. A significant breakthrough was achieved in

early 1990’s when uranium mineralization was located along the unconformity

between Srisailam Formation of Cuddapah Super Group and the basement

granites, thereby establishing in India, for the first time, the presence of

unconformity related uranium mineralization - a category considered the most

potential world over (Sinha et al., 1995). The systematic and intensive exploration

programme conducted by the Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and

Research (AMD) within the Cuddapah basin led to the recognition of three distinct

types of uranium mineralization, viz., 1. Strata bound, 2. Fracture controlled (both

basement granite and sediment hosted) and 3. Unconformity -related. Out of this

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unconformity- related uranium occurrences are in close proximity with the

unconformity between the Srisailam quartzite/ Banganapalle quartzite and the

basement granite.

Strata bound Uranium mineralisation:-

The strata bound uranium-mineralisation in south-western part of the

Cuddapah basin is unique in the sense that no such strata bound uranium deposit

hosted by carbonate rocks is reported in the world. Uranium mineralisation is

hosted by impure phosphatic dolostone of the Vempalle Formation of the Papagni

Group. It extends from Chelumpalli in the northwest to Maddimadugu in the

southeast over a belt of 160 km with promising mineralisation at Tummalapalle,

Racha kuntapalli and Gadankipalli in the central part of the basin. Mineralisation

occurs along the bedding plane, mainly in the form of ultra-fine vanadium-bearing

pitchblende and U-Si-Ti complex. An essentially syngenetic origin is contemplated

for this dolostone hosted mineralisation. A deposit containing over 15,000 tonnes

of U3O8 has been estimated for the explored blocks at Tummalapalle,

Rachakuntapalle and Gadankipalle and further potential exists in this setting. Since

these deposits are of low grade (0.042% U3O8) and associated with dolostone,

their exploitation depends on the development of economically viable carbonate

leaching technology.

Fracture/Shear controlled uranium mineralization:-

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 District Survey Report - 2018

Fracture controlled uranium mineralisation is both basement granite

hosted as well as sediment hosted (Gulcheru Formation, the oldest member of the

Cuddapah Super Group) and occurs along the southern margin of the Cuddapah

basin.

(a) Basement granite-hosted fracture controlled:

Rayachoti – LakkireddiPalli of Kadapa district has over 50 uranium-

mineralized fracture zones in desilicified and deformed granitoid. The exploration

of these zones has led to identification of fracture controlled, lensoid hydrothermal

uranium mineralisation (Sinha, 1995). The intensely fractured area between

Mulapalli and Konampeta of Kadapa district holds promise for locating deposits of

this type.

(b) Sediment (Gulcheru Formation)-hosted fracture-controlled:

Fractured Gulcheru quartzites have indicated high uranium contents

(up to 1.00% U3O8) at several localities spread over 40 km stretch between

Madyala Bodu to west of Racha-kuntapalle (Jayagopal et al., 1996).

(c) Unconformity-related Uranium mineralisation in Cuddapah basin:

Workable deposits of unconformity-related type have been

established at Lambapur-Peddagattu, Nalgonda district (Telangana state) and

Koppunuru, Guntur district in Andhra Pradesh, along NW margin of the Cuddapah

basin. Recent investigation in the northern part of Palnad sub-basin has resulted in

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locating uranium mineralisation in Rallavagu Tanda. In this area, mineralisation

occurs along the unconformity between the basement granite and the

Banganapalle quartzite. Pitchblende and coffinite are the main uranium minerals

and associated sulphide minerals include pyrite, chalcopyrite and galena (Sinha et

al., 1994).

M/s Uranium corporation of India Limited, a Government of India

undertaking has mining lease for Uranium, over an extent of 2010.53 acres in

various survey numbers of Velpula and Medipental village of Vemula Mandal. At

Tummalapalle, the U-mine is the most modern underground mine and the

processing plant is fully mechanized. This project would treat 3,000 tonnes of U-

ore per day.

Uses of uranium mineral

Uranium is a very important element because it provides us with

nuclear fuel used to generate electricity in nuclear power stations. Naturally

occurring uranium consists of 99% uranium-238 and 1% uranium-235. Uranium-

235 is the only naturally occurring fissionable fuel (a fuel that can sustain a chain

reaction). Uranium fuel used in nuclear reactors is enriched with uranium-235. The

chain reaction is carefully controlled using neutron-absorbing materials. The heat

generated by the fuel is used to create steam to turn turbines and generate

electrical power. In a breeder reactor, uranium-238 captures neutrons and

undergoes negative beta decay to become plutonium-239. This synthetic,

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fissionable element can also sustain a chain reaction. Uranium is also used by the

military to power nuclear submarines and in nuclear weapons.

Major Producer’s of uranium mineral

[Link]. Name of the lease holder Remarks

1 M/s UCIL, Thummalapalli, Y.S.R. Dist Captive Consumption

Steatite:
Talc and Steatite are finding a great demand in the ceramic industry

because they impart the required properties and the desirable qualities to the

ceramic articles. Many electrical, chemical and laboratory articles are made of

steatite and talc. In situ reserves of talc/steatite in Andhra Pradesh are estimated at

2.1 million tonnes of which 1.6 million tonnes are considered recoverable reserves.

Anantapur, Chittoor, Kurnool and Khammam districts contribute the total reserves

in the state. Minor occurrences of poor quality steatite were recorded within

Vempalli dolomites near the contact of basic sill near Nagayapalle, 3 km west of

Tangedupalle, 1.5 km south of Lingala and 1.5 km west of Rajupalem. A low grade

crystalline magnesite body occurs at the base of Vempalli Formation, 3 km west of

Vempalli town and 2.5 km south east of Kummarampalle.

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Major Producers of Steatite

[Link]. Name of the lease holder Remarks

1 Sri A. Ramachandra Non-Captive Mine

Clay:
Superior grade clay useful in ceramic ware and sanitary wares occurs in

Hastavaram, Tallapaka and Gadela villages of Rajampeta Mandal and

Obulavaripalle Mandal. The clay deposits are confined to Pullampeta formations

of Nallamalai Group of Cuddapah Super group. Inferior grade clay occurs in

Chinna Orampadu, Anantarajupet, Nandalur, Chitvel and Koduru. A variety of clay

(Fuller’s earth) useful in detergent industries occurs in Venkanarri, Midamala,

Chennakesavapuram and Iruvegalapuram along Sagileru River.

Major Producers of clay

[Link]. Name of the lease holder Remarks

1 M/s. K.T. Mines, Tallapaka (V), Rajampeta (M)
M/s. Durga Minerals, Hastavaram (V),
2
Nandaluru (M) Non – Captive Mines
Sri O. Eswar Reddy, Gadela (V), Obulavaripalli
3
(M)

Kadapa Slabs:

Napa slabs/ Kadapa slabs are black coloured limestone belonging to

Koilakuntla Limestones of Kurnool Group. They occur in the area of Niduzivi,

Koduru, Valasapalli areas of Yerraguntla Mandal and Sugumanchupalli areas of

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Jammalamadugu Mandal. Due to the development of perfect basal cleavage

planes, this rock can be extracted with a thickness ranging from 10mm to 20mm

and any size up to 8 feet length. There are about 150 polishing industries in the

district and these polished slabs are mainly utilized for flooring.

Major Producers of Kadapa slabs

[Link]. Name of the lease holder Remarks

1 M/s Lakshmi Sujatha
2 V. Pal Reddy Non Captive
3 C. Ramanjaneyula Reddy Consumption
4 Karthik Kumar Reddy

Iron Ore:
Haematite is one of the most important ores for extraction of iron. Mining of

Iron ore is essentially a manual Open cast operation extending over vast spreads

in space and limited by the depth factor. The total reserves are estimated as 30.52

Million tonnes in Kadapa district as in 2010 (source: IBM). There are, in all, 11

mining leases over a cumulative extent of 1011.543 Hec in Govt. Land in Kadapa

district. The Mining leases fall in Pendlimarri, Kamalapuram, Veerapunayunipalli

and Chitvel mandals of Kadapa District.

The local geology of the area incorporates quartzite, highly ferrogenus shale, iron

rich mud stone, brittle banded hematite iron ore bearing rocky terrain along with

laterite. The product of leaching action of iron rich rocks is in the area. The iron ore

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is concentrated at elevated areas at southern side and western side. The banded

hematite and quartzite area is highly disturbed and multi fractured zone, the

ferrugenus shale is mixed with hematite. The banded hematite quartzite is having

about 50% Iron ore.

Major Producers of Iron Ore

[Link]. Name of the lease holder Remarks

1 M/s. Benita Industries Ltd., Pendlimarri
2 Sri K. Raja Mohan Reddy, Pendlimarri Non Captive
3 M/s. IBC Ltd., Pendlimarri Consumption
4 Sri E.V. Ranga Reddy, Pendlimarri

Uses of Iron Ore

Iron ore is the basic raw material mainly used in the making of pig

iron, sponge iron, steel and alloy steel. Iron & steel industry is the major consumer

of iron ore in the country. This industry uses iron ore in lumps as well as fines after

pelletization, sintering or briquetting. Sponge iron is another major consumer of

iron ore. Sponge iron is used as a substitute in place of scrap in electric arc

furnaces and in mini-steel plants.

Available areas for Future Prospects:

The following table reflects the available free hold areas in the district

for future exploration and exploitation of Iron ore mineral in Kadapa District.

[Link]. Name of the block Mandal Probable free hold

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 District Survey Report - 2018

area In hec.
Gondipalli, Ganganapalli, chabali,
1 chinnadasarlapalli and Pendlimarri 1105
Pagadalapalli villages

 Scope for establishment for beneficiation plants for up gradation of mineral

quality. Scope for establishment for Sponge Iron plants

Yellow Ochre:
Ocheres are naturally occurring mineral pigments in various shades i.e., red,

brown etc. They are also called ‘coloured earths’. Hydrous iron oxide present in it

imparts colour. Iron oxide present in ochres varies between 20% and 70%. Yellow

Ochere is very common containing yellow hydrated iron oxides. Yellow Ochere

occurs associated with Vempalle and Pulivendula Formations of Cuddapah Super

group in cuddapah district. There are no serious environmental issues involved in

Ochre mining as it is a simple, manual operation.

Any earthy looking material that has intrinsic iron and manganese oxides in

it and capable of imparting coloration is called an ochrous material. In view of its

increasing utility, it is worth combing the weathered mantles of all litho-units

capable of yielding ochrous material.

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The total reserves are estimated at about 2.6 Million Tonnes in Kadapa District as

on 1.4.2010(Source: National Mineral Inventory – an Over view of IBM). There are in

all 11 mining leases over a cumulative extent of 62.084 Hec in Govt. Land in

Kadapa district. The Mining leases fall in Velpula, Vemula, Simhadripram, mandals

of Kadapa District.

An over of Yellow Ochere mining of M/s Bharat Minerals in Velpula village

Uses of Yellow Ochre

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 District Survey Report - 2018

 The principal use of ochre is as tinting colours. It is used for colour washes,

distemper and oil paints.

 It is also used in making coloured paper. It is also used in ceramic and tiles

industries.

Available areas for Future Prospects:-

The following table reflects the available free hold areas in the district

for future exploration and exploitation of Ochre mineral in Kadapa District.

Sl. Villages covered Mandal Probable free

No. hold area In hec.
1 Gollaguduru Vemula 361.711
2 Kamasamudram Lingala 82.350
3 V.N. Palli V.N. Palli 16.250
4 Alavalapadu Vempalli 20.970

Major Producers of Ocheres

[Link]. Name of the lease holder Remarks

1 M/[Link] Kumar Mines & Minerals
2 M/[Link] Mines &Minerals Non Captive
3 M/[Link] Maruthi Mines & Minerals Consumption
4 M/s. Bharath Minerals

Quartzite, Quartz and Silica Sand:

Quartz, quartzite, and silica sand are the various forms of silica. The

chemical composition of silica is SiO . These forms of silica are used in a number
2

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 District Survey Report - 2018

of industries, the important being glass, foundry, sodium silicate, silicon alloys: iron

and steel, refractory and ceramic industries.

An overview of Quartzite deposits in Chintakunta Village of Muddanur Mandal

The total reserves (Quartzite, quartz and Silica sand) are estimated at about

9.9 Million Tonnes in Kadapa District as on 1.4.2010 (Source: National Mineral

Inventory an Over view of IBM). There are in all 32 mining leases over a cumulative

extent of 878.255 Hec in Govt. Land in Kadapa district. The Mining leases fall in

Mylavaram, Muddanur, Kondpauram,tondur, Rayachoty, Galiveedu, chkrayapeta ,

[Link] and [Link] mandals of Kadapa District. The production and revenue

for the last five years on Quartz, Quartzite and silica sand are tabulated below:

Uses of Quartzite, Quartz and Silica Sand

 Quartz is mainly used in silicon alloys and ceramic industries, though at times

it is also used in the manufacture of glass. Quartzite is used in the

manufacture of silica refractories and as a flux in iron and steel industry; silica

sand is mostly used in the glass, sodium silicate industries and foundries.

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 Quartz suitable for ferro-silicon production should have more than 98% SiO , 2

less than 0.4% Al O and not more than 0.2% each of Fe O , CaO and MgO.
2 3 2 3

 Quartzite is used in the manufacture of acid silica bricks as it was high

refractoriness.

 Quartzite is added to the blast furnace charge in Iron and Steel industry to

correct silica alumina ration. The size of quartzite chips ranges from 10 to

80mm. The silica content should be 94% minimum and alumina 1%

maximum. Some steel plants also use banded hematite quartzite in place of

quartzite.

 In cement industry, silica sanded crushed sandstone are used as an additive

to make for silica deficiencies in the raw mill. The silica content should be 65

– 98%, Fe O –0.5- 6% Al O : 3.58 a0%, MgO: 1-105%.

2 3 2 3

 Silica sand is used in fertilizer industry as filler to balance the fertilizer grades.

 Quartz is used in ceramic industry to reduce shrinkage in drying and firing

and to impart rigidity to the body.

 Silica sand and quartz are used in the manufacture of silicon carbide grains.

 Silica sand with +95% SiO is used as a carrier in the insecticide industry. The
2

size of silica sand granules needs to be –15 + 30 mesh. However, the

specifications for this industry are not very rigid.

Available areas for Future Prospects:

The following table reflects the available free hold areas in the district for

future exploration and exploitation of Quartzite mineral in Kadapa District.

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Probable free
[Link]. Name of the block Mandal hold area In
hec.
1 Mangapatnam – Penikalapadu –
Uppaluru – Velupucherla – Muddanur 2380.943
Chintakunta – Bondalakunta
2 P. Anantapuram Kondapuram 107.640

 There is a scope of establishment of Glass and ceramic industries in Kadapa

district.

Major Producers of Quartz, quartzite, and silica sand

[Link]. Name of the lease holder Remarks

1 M/s. Mangalore Mineral Traders
2 Sri G. Chinna Pulla Reddy
3 Smt G. Sree Anjani Non Captive
4 Sri S. Mahaboob Basha Consumption
5 M/s. Rayalaseema Quartz Pvt. Ltd
6 Sri Shaik Khader Basha

Dolomite
Dolomite is a double carbonate of calcium and magnesium (CaCO3,

MgCO3), theoretically contains CaCO3 54.35% and MgCO3 45.65% or CaO 30.4%,

MgO 21.9% and CO2 47.7%. However, in nature, dolomite is not available in this

exact proportion. Hence, in commercial parlance, the rock containing 40 - 45%

MgCO3 is usually called dolomite. Deposits of Dolomite occur from SE of

Guvvalacheruvu to the west of Mutssukota including Nandimandalam and

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Vempalle. Flux and other grades of Dolomite are known around Parnapalle,

Ippatla, Middipendtla and Vempalli.

In all, there are 11 mining leases over a cumulative extent of 460.429

hectors (Govt. Land) in Kadapa district. The leases come under the jurisdiction of

Vemula, Lingla, Vempalli, Raupalem vontimitta, Rajampeta and Pendlimarri

mandals of Kadapa District.

Uses Dolomite

 Dolomite is used in iron and steel industry as refractory raw materials and a

flux. High-grade dolomite with as low content as possible is required by the

glass industry. Dolomite for use in fertilizer industry must have CaCO + 3

MgCO 90% (min.) and SiO 5% max.

3 2

 Inferior grade dolomite limestone of 15 – 20% MgO can be used as soil

conditioner. The dolomite for the manufacture of lime should contain

CaCO 58 – 75%, MgCO 28-48% and other constituent should be less than
3 3

3%.

 Calcined dolomite of 200mesh size is used in the extraction of magnesium

metal. Dolomite is also used as filler in paint and varnishes.

 High-grade dolomite with as low content as possible is required by the

glass industry

Major Producers of Dolomite

[Link]. Name of the lease holder Remarks

1 R. Varalakshmi Non Captive

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2 P. Nagaraju Consumption

3 S. Gangi Reddy
4 Smt A. Amaravathi

China Clay:

Superior grade clay useful in Ceramic ware and sanitary wares

occurs in Hastavarm village of Rajampet. Huge deposits of White clay occur within

the pullampet formation in Gadela, Anantharajupet, Mangampet, Kodur, Nandalur

and Chitvel.

The total reserves are estimated at about 9.2 Million Tonnes in Kadapa District as

on 1.4.2010(Source: National Mineral Inventory – an Over view of IBM). There are

15 mining leases over a cumulative extent of 436.968 Hec (401.341 hectors in Govt.

Land and 35.627 Hec. in forest Land) in Kadapa district. The Mining leases fall in

Penagalureu, Rajampeta, Rayachoty, Duvvuru, Simhadripuram and Pulivendula

mandals of Kadapa District.

Uses of China Clay

China Clay is used manufacture of ceramic products, good quality china clay

is required which should have water elasticity of 32%, shrinkage after drying

should not be more than 7%, and total shrinkage after firing at a temperature

of 1300o C not more than 10-14%, Grit should be low. For the manufacture of

ordinary crockery and ceramic wares, presence of grit up to 2% is tolerated.

But for the manufacture of high-class crockery, grit below 1% is generally

preferred. In the manufacture of high-class ceramic products, China clay is

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utilized in textile industry and as a sizing and packing material. China lay is

used for paper coating purpose in order to provide a smooth, even surface and

to impart a glaze. In rubber industry, china clay is used as filler and as a

reinforcing and stiffening agent. For these purposes, lightweight clay having a

specific gravity 2.5 is tolerated. China clay is used as an extender of

suspending agent in the manufacture of while paints. Superfine china clay is

utilized for the manufacture of products like power, adhesives, surgical plaster,

lotion and ointment for external use, porcelain for dental preparation. Inferior

grade china clay may be used in the manufacture of brown paper, newsprint,

hardboard paper and straw paperboard

Future prospects:

 Establishment of ceramic industry in Kadapa district.

Lead and Zinc:

Lead and Zinc are strategic metals which have uses in non-ferrous

and ferrous industries. Battery sector is known for prime lead consumption while

galvanizing is the most important zinc consumer. Most of the Indian lead-zinc

resources are confined to Proterozoic fold belt and Precambrians of the western

part of the country.

Galena (PbS) is by far the most important ore of lead. Other

commonly occurring minerals are Anglesite (PbSO4) and Cerusite (PbCO3). The

principal ore of zinc is sphalerite (ZnS). Other important minerals are Calamine

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(ZnCO3) and Hemimorphite (2ZnOSiO2 - H2O).The lead-zinc ore resources are

classified based on the total metal content (Pb+Zn) into three grades namely:

i) Ore with (+) 10% Pb + Zn

ii) Ore with 5-10% Pb + Zn

iii) Ore with (-) 5% Pb + Zn

The expert group observed that the deposits located in the remote areas

requiring new infrastructure would need an average grade of (+) 10% Pb + Zn for

economic mining. The deposits within close proximity of the existing mining areas

should have grade between 6 to 8% Pb+Zn and the deposits likely to be mined

through open cast method should have an average grade of 5 to 7% Pb + Zn.

In the 50Km long N-S trending Zangamrajupalle-Varikunta belt in the south-

central part of Cuddapah Basin, Lead-zinc mineralization associated with copper

is found at several places such as Zanjamrajupalle, Gollaplle, Karredukuppa,

Varikunta, Chinnarampadu, Gadageribodu, Gavulabhavi, Andkireddibhavim

Ambavara,, Nagasanapalle, Kotluru and Hulurukonda. The mineralization is with

the dolomite intercalations and brecciated dolomite enclosed within the N10°E -S

10°W to N25° W-S25°E trending Cumbum slate. The Zanjamrajupalle deposit is the

most prominent one in this belt. Mineralization is the form of Galena and

Sphalerite with subordinate pyrite and chalcopyrite occurs as cavity filling and

breccias fillings, for over a length of 2Km. Width of the mineralized zone varies

from a few centimeters to 3.3.0cm. There are five lodes in the area. The entire

mineralized zone was initially explored by GSI and subsequently in detail by MECL.

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The reserves estimated by GSI up to 100m and 150m depths in two sections over

a cumulative length of 1350 m of the order of 3.07 Mt with a grade of1.08% to

4.21% and 0.86 to 2.91% Pb.

A possible reserve of 1.42 million tonnes with 4.55 percent Zn, and 2.95

percent pb, at cut of 3 percent and 1.54 million tonnes with 1.08 percent Zn and

0.88 percent pb between 1 percent to 3 percent is estimated up to a vertical depth

of about 100 to 150 meters in Zangamrajupalli base metal mineralized zone by

Geological Survey of India, Southern Region, Hyderabad

At present there are no existing mining leases for Lead and Zinc in the

District. Further no applications are received in the office for further processing.

Pyrophyllite:

Pyrophyllite (Al2O3.4SiO2.H2O) is a hydrous silicate of aluminium. It

resembles talc in many physical and optical properties. The total reserves

estimated are about 0.44 Million Tonnes in Kadapa District as on 1.4.2010(Source:

National Mineral Inventory – an Over view of IBM). There are, in all, 7 mining leases

over a cumulative extent of 250.35 Hec in Govt. Land and 1.21 Hec. in patta land in

Kadapa district. The Mining leases fall in Lakkireddypalli, Galiveedu and

Chakrayapet mandals of Kadapa District.

Uses of Pyrophyllite

Pyrophyllite imparts thermal shock resistance to ceramic bodies. It is mainly

used in high grade ceramic products, electric insulators and refractories. In glass

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 District Survey Report - 2018

industry, pyrophyllite is used instead of feldspar as a source of aluminium. It is also

used as a minor ornamental stone for carvings and sculptures.

Black and Colour Granites

Black and Colour Granites occur in [Link], Rayachoti, Galiveedu,

Veeraballi and Chakrayapet Mandals and limestone/marble occurring in Pulluru

and putturu of Khajipet mandal is being used as dimensional stone because of its

aesthetic appearance after cutting and polishing.

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 District Survey Report - 2018

References
 APSAC (2017a) Project Report on A.P. Road Information System, 26p.
 APSAC (2017b) Identification of potential sites for aquaculture development
in coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh using high resolution satellite data,
Project Report, 191p.
 APSAC (2017c) Ground Water Quality Mapping of Andhra Pradesh,
Technical Report, 40p.
 Buseck P.R., Tsipursky S.J. and Hettich R. 1992. Fullerenes from the
geological environment. Science 257, pp. 215-217.
 Buseck, P. R. (2002). Geological fullerenes: Review and analysis. Earth and
Planetary Science Letters, 203(3-4), pp781-792.
 CGWB (2013) Ground Water Brochure, KadapaDistrict, Andhra Pradesh,
Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India pp.25
 DES (2015) Hand Book of Statistics, Kadapa District, Chief Planning Officer,
Krishna, Machilipatnam, 284p.
 District Census Handbook (2011), YSR Kadapa District, Directorate of
Census Operations Andhra Pradesh, serious 29.
 Geological Survey of India (GSI) (2000) District Resource Map, Nellore
District, Andhra Pradesh
 Jan Jehlicka, Ales Svatos, Ota Frank and Filip Uhlik. 2003. Evidence for
fullerene in soiled bitumen from pillow lavas of Proterozoic age from Mitov
(Bohemian Massif, Czech Republic). Geochemica cosmochemica Acta,
Vol.67, pp.1495-1506.
 NRSA (2006) Manual of National Land Use Land Cover Mapping Using
Multi-Temporal Satellite Data. National Remote Sensing Centre, Department
of Space, Government of India, Hyderabad.
 NRSA (2007) Ground Water Prospects Mapping Using Remote Sensing
Techniques and Geographic Information System, Rajiv Gandhi National
Drinking Water Mission Project, Phase-III, Manual, 222p.

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 District Survey Report - 2018

 NRSC (2009) Space Based Information Support for Decentralized Planning

(SIS-DP), Manual, 214p.
 NRSC (2011) Ground Water Quality Mapping (RGNDWM), Methodology
Manual, 75p.
 Sreedhar Murthy. 2005. A report on the analysis of Mangampeta shale
samples at the Stanford University, USA.

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