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/n@ mapper The National Surveys, Mapping, and Resource Information Technology Quarterly Vol. I No. 1 October 1991 Ce en Sra Cray nl ocd eee oa a cory a Cae rer ry cor Brg i eu ata VAL GIS - A Breakthrough in ENR Mapping Editorial This the decade of increased environmen. tal awareness in the Philippines While aévancea countries are. now aggressively implementing meamuresto mitigate the deleterious fects of Gustrial pollution, unabated popolation increase ‘and unscrupulous exploitation of natural wealth, the Philippines has yet to fully grasp the sig nificance of conserving Ove nstoral resources 3 OF preserving an undefiled environment. Rapid Sefbresition, leg! fishing, destroction of Gut ‘oval eefs and other marine resources continue 10 intel Inthe escy 80s, environmental groups and oncemned individual inthe private sector token ‘active ole in disseminating fats and figures show. ing the deteriorating condition of our environ ment. Government policy, more pronounced in the late Bs than at ater times, has been moving towards a concerted effort to arrest the destroc= tion ofthe ation’ natural wealth Through legisla tion and'e mone actve puma of a soneeration and environment prvection program, Forits pat, te Department of Eavicosment an Natural Resavrecs 951 implementing an intense. Information, Education and. Com: tmaniation Program 0 make the public are of isvanogsconsenation and envionment projets. The National Mapping and Resoues information Author, an attached agen ofthe ceparment, fs foloned ths iniatve and has updated tn: nological innovationsin surveying remote sensing, ‘iappingand information management a applied ‘o various projects of NAMRIA willbe diaeussed by competent Technical personne who have had ‘Substantial stand experience in these elds hemp re ey ed yh tr rege pron eee ecto tetiees ele ptt ‘With the Infomapper Quarry, the NAM: RIA seeks to dill in thi information need, This publication will adequately explain these tech ologies in layman's terms. Mage ae wl fool in the wise" ulation and. management of ost satwrl resource willalsa be diseased. Otheren- Sironment and natral resoures data here and broad wil als be Featured a5 materias become sealable “The intial seu is poot of time wel spent ‘The ances within these pages were meticulously ‘died, sewrten and tant fe ferme which an be easly understood by the publistion’ ta setawene 1 is hoped. that with the. Infomay vars, the pubic wil be ‘made aware of Table of Contents 2 Editorial 3 Global Positioning Sys- tem - An Introduction 4Gis - A Breakthrough in ENR Mapping 6 Synthetic Aperture Radar, a Flexible Way 7 JICA, NAMRIA Embark on 3-year Cooperative Project 8 Photo Essay - Topo- graphic Map-making Process 10 Planimap - An initial Step Towerds Digital Mapping 11 Tides in the Philippines 12 NaMRIA develops Public Land Application Systems for LMB Levelling survey of earthquake-stricken areas completed 13 Reprographic process camera installed at NAM- RIA DORIS beacon project in NAMRIA 14 wamRiA conauets Tech- nical Forum 15 Technical Report - formation isemination program. One of the | yanous teconologies involved in the generation of Mapping of Shallow Reef Temper Quarry eke potrion at | dm ect tien of he en Areas in Support of farina potiéetion ce: ths te wil be eacouaged oon fo Hydrographic Surveys Siena born ane (Puerio Galera) conceal nal eoeeel ee ora juomtone 16 Glossary preparation of maps, State-ofehe-act and tech. Nas Einar eH «% Eaten eae SS SS Sen SAMS poutartare Rowe as penne | ee Sa cape Peete. 88 Sea rem anenen Exetrtest Ger fae oe a eee la Infomapper Global Posi Perhaps two of the least obvious, but nonetheless important, requisites to national development are mapping and surveying, It is a sad fact that maps and charts are not readily perceived to be the essential instruments for planning and decision-making that they are: Realizing the need for a more or- ganized system of map and chart production, government through the NAMRIA and industry are cooperating in the various stages of a total surveying and mapping program. In surveying and large areas, itis necessary to a grid of horizontal and vert cal control stations* which will serve as, a reference for all surveying and map- ping operations to ensure a coherent product, ‘The existing old geodetic control network? in the Philippines comprised of narrow chains of coastal triangulation extending from Luzon Datum® in Balanacan, Marinduque. This control network was established by the US Coast and Geodetic Survey during the period 1903-1946 primarily for the provision of controls for hydrographic survey and charting. Further develop- ment of the network to encompass land regions was limited and it was not feasible to use conventional surveying techniques due to the nature of the ter- rain, The establishment of the first- order Philippine Geodetic Control Network through the Australian - RP Natural Resources Management and Development Project (NRMDP) using the Global Positioning System (GPS) will achieve this objective ‘The Navigation Satellite Timing ‘and Ranging Global Positioning System (NAVSTARIGPS) is a state-of-the-art satelite* surveying technology. It is. a space-based radio positioning system that operates on two L- Band frequen- cies* of 1575.42 MHZ (L1) and 1227.6 MHZ (L2). Presently, the system consists of 18 satelites (which will eventually increase to 24) in six different orbital planes* or- biting the earth every 12 hours at an al titude of 20,200 km. and with an inclination of approximately 63 degrees to the equator. ‘The satellites, are arranged such that a minimum of four will be in view to a user anytime, any: where "in the world, The con- stellation of satel- lites are tracked from known earth stations to deter- mine the satellite orbits, which will then "be trans- mitted (0 satel lites for later transmission to the user. ook ‘The GPS system consists of three major segments: Space Segment - this constitutes the satellites in space which transmit signals together with their modulated naviga- tion message. Control Segment - ground-based rmonitor/control stations that track the satellites and update their signals User Segment - receivers that pas- sively acquire the satellite signals and interrogate them to obtain positioning and navigation information. This seg- ment also includes software for the reduction and analysis of observed data (eg. Trimble Model 4000 SLD GPS. ‘Surveyor). Like its predecessor, the TRANSIT Doppler System, GPS shifts the scene of surveying operation from ground+to- ground measurement to ground-to-sky. The major difference of GPS from ‘TRANSIT lies in accuracy and speed of operation. There are more satellites in the GPS constellation allowitig_con- tinuous tracking, whereas with TRAN- SIT there may be ninety (90) minutes between observations. GPS satellite or- bits are much higher than TRANSIT or- bits, so they are less affected by local gravity anomalies. They use higher fre- quencies, reducing the effect of ionos- heric propagation delays" The conventional ways of estab- lishing ground control points are through triangulation®, traverse” and trilateration*. These methods require ioning System - An Introduction Musvation shows the 24 satelites of the space-based NAVSTARIGPS In about three to four days utilizing about four personnel to establish a. single ground control point, while using the GPS receiver requires only one person and an hour of observation to do the same job. Because intervisibility be- tween stations is not required, there is no need for time-consuming traversing and the extensive cutting of trees that accompany conventional surveys. Another advantage of the GPS is that it is equivalent to a theodolite*, an ‘electronic distance meter (EDM)*, and a levelling instrument*, since it ac- quires precise and accurate three dimensional (%y,h, i.c., latitude, lon- gitude, height) ground control positions. ‘These are just a few of the many ad- vantages in using this. state-of-the-art technology (GPS) in conducting. sur veys, GPS instruments have a wide range of applications not only in geodetic con- trol surveys but also in land surveying, topographic mapping, nautical charting, photo control, boundary and cadastral surveys, positioning offshore structures, mineral explorations and control sur- veys for large-scale engineering works like harbors, highways, railroads, pipelines and irrigation projects. Certainly, the advent of the GPS has revolutionized surveying technology. Acquisition of these GPS receivers will greatly improve the mapping and sur- veying capabilities of NAMRIA. © By: LUG.g} Hernando R, Raposas, CCSD * Terms in bold type and marked with asterisks are defined in the Glossary of Terms on page 15. Infomapper GIS - A Breakthrough in ENR Mapping Still reeling from the catastrophic effects of the July 16, 1990 temblor, the Philippines was dealt with yet another blow with Mt. Pinatubo’s furious emis- sions and their long-term effects. Look- ing around us, at this point in time, it is hard to believe that this country was, in the not so distant past, a rich and beautiful land teeming ‘with nature's bounties. Already ravaged by the unappease- able wrath of Mother Nature, the wor- sening condition of our environment is ‘exacerbated by man and his wanton ox- ploitation ofits riches. Thus, before our country becomes a barren wasteland, we must appoint ourselves as. the stewards of nature to stem the tide of destruction and preserve it for our children and those of generations to come. Geographic Information Systems The need for more effective methods of protecting and caring for the environment and natural resources, (ENR) is being realized today more than ever, with information playing a vital role in ENR planning and decision-making, This is answered with the advent of computer and other in- novative information technologies such as Geographic Information Systems or GIs. GIS can best be described as a computer-based technology which in- tegrates textual or attribute data and geographic information from various sources into a system which makes possible to store, retrieve, analyze, ‘manipulate, and present these data for different user purposes. GIS Through the Years ‘The precursor of GIS in the 1960s and 1970s was the overlaying of resource maps on light tables to identify common attributes of the different map layers. This was later adapted to com- puter technology through a grid-cell or raster* system, During the late 70s, rapid advance- ments in computer technology as well as, in surveying, photogrammetry, and remote sensing paved the way for the linking of spatial information obtained from these different fields into a multi- purpose system, ‘The 80s saw the emergence of GIS as a sophisticated information technol- ‘ogy for resource assessment and plan- ning. GIS is not a totally unheard of con- cept in the Philippines. One or two decades ago, various government agen- cies such as the Natural Resources Management Center (NRMC) of the DENR, the Task Forces on Human Set- tlements and on Cartography, and the Bureau of Soils and Water Management have already made usc of a raster- based GIS and map overlays for plan- ning and mapping activities. Gi ‘omponents and Structure ‘The major components of GIS as wwe know it today are computer hard- ware, software, and human resources) organizations. A. Hardware Previously requiring larger com- puter systems such as mainframes and tminicomputers, GIS now works on microcomputers (PCs) and_worksta- tions. A typical set-up consists of a Central Processing Unit (CPU) as the brain of the system; input devices such as keyboards, digitizers* and scan- ners*; primary and secondary storage devices such as disk drive units, high capacity hard disks and floppy disks for storing data and programs, tape drive units and magnetic tapes for storing additional data; and outputidisplay devices such as video display units or monochrome and colour monitors, Tine printers, plotters, and film re- corders. B. Software GIS software consists of technical modules which enable the system to perform the following functions: 1. Data Input - refers to the con- version of data from maps, field ob- servations, satelite images, and aerial photographs into compatible digital form. It includes data capture wi involves a mixture of manual and automatic digitizing operations; data cleaning, and editing, and. geometric correction which involves the main- tenance of geometric consistency be- tween all data planes included in the database 2. Data Storage and Database ‘Management - concerns the structure tem, and handling of the data in the com- puter and how they are assessed and perceived by the system user. 3. Manipulation - typical operations in- clude the overlaying of different thematic maps; computation of areas and distances; obtaining statistical data ‘on attributes; changing legends, scale and projection of maps; creation of 3-D perspective views of certain areas using elevation data, ete. 4. Data Output-and Presentation - ‘consists of the ways in which the system presents the information to the users through visual displays (soft copies) and printed maps and reports (hard copies). 5, User Interface - a function which handles user queries through features such as menu-driven command systems, icons, multi-windows, online help mes: sages, mouse pointers, etc. ‘Some of the more popular commer- I GIS software used locally are PC ‘C/Info, TYDACISPANS, CRIES, and RASTA, among others. C. Human Resources| Organizations With the increasing availability of sophisticated hardware and software, fone tends to overlook the human resources aspect which is vital to the ‘The overlay concept of Geographis iformation Sys Infomapper operation of the system. It is important to know and understand the informa- tion requirements of potential users, and to ensure adequate staff training, planning, organization, and supervision to maintain the integrity of outputs. General Characteristies and Capabilities GIS may be considered as a revolu- tionary technology for the simple reason that it can provide, at a single glance, different forms of information. about specific locations. Conventional ENR management methods require the manual comparison and combination of attribute data (in the form of statistics or written text contained in tables or lists) with geographic data (from maps or satellite images) to discover relation- ships between a certain geographic location and its particular attributes or characteristics. This would normally ‘mean sifting through sheaf upon sheaf of documents and records, poring over kilometric statistical tables and lugging voluminous map sheets from libraries 10 work areas and vice-versa in order to obtain ENR information for a specitic purpose. While GIS does not guarantee the total elimination of this tedious paper ‘chase, it can assure the user that there are lesser chances of him going through the same backbreaking process should these information be needed once more, but this time for another purpose. This is because GIS utilizes computers to store different types of data from di ferent sources, converts them into a consistent internal format and scale within the system, and integrates them to produce entirely new information ac- cording tothe desired use. GIS also facilitates the ENR manager's use of various types of infor- mation since it can “convert maps into a computer-usable digital format and allow the simultaneous manipulation of both the geographie spatial data and re- lated attribute data” (GIS in FAO, 1988). Thus, a combination of maps and their corresponding tabulated attribites are more rapidly produced. The use of GIS has opened up new avenues in the field of mapping. It al- lows data operations and manipulations not previously possible and feasible to do. One important operation possible with GIS is overtaying. In overlaying, the real world is portrayed by a series of layers representing various aspects of reality, GIS overlays or arranges these layers containing various types of infor- mation (ic., topography, soil. types, roads, rivers, vegetation) on top of each other to produce a new map which in- {grates all the features found in the in- dividual layers, Another important function associated with GIS is the generation of buffer or proximity zones around certain features of interest in a map such as strects, barangays, ec. GIS can be used for the calculation of area which in effect reduces or even climinates the use of manual overlays and planimetric procedures. ‘Thus, GIS is capable of answering the following types of questions: 1, What is the total area within a 30 ‘km. radius of Votcano P that is settled? (buffer, calculation) 2, What arcas of land in Buy. K are ‘A & D and susceptible to soil erosion? (overlaying) 3. Identify the total number and exact’ location of business. estab- lishments engaged in X line of business within 20 km, of Main Street B, The Alexbilty of the system is also manifested in its capability for spatial analysis of resource data. Apart from the identification of nature’s attributes, it also describes these in terms of their position and relation to a known coor- inate system, and in terms of ¢opology (the position of an object in relation to another which is unaffected by changes in an object's shape or size). ‘The analysis of spatial relationshi portant because an accumulation of un- related digital data is worthless without any form of referencing, GIS also functions as a means of in- tegrating and updating/revising maps made of diferent scales, projections, or legends. Appl The international scientific com- ‘munity has found multifarious appli tions of GIS in natural resources management and planning, geographic data collection and production, resource allocation, route and flow op: timization, facility’ and asset inventory, ‘map and chart publishing, site location planning, and many others, ‘The Philippines has not lagged be- hind in the application of GIS. Among, other public and private organizations using this technology, the NAMRIA is, ‘one that fas found this information sys- tem useful in many of its undertakings. One of NAMRIA's projects utiliz- ing this system is the “Research on the Application of GIS to Land-based Statistics” which makes use of spatial and statistical data for moni building and business permits, tax map- ping, and establishing street information systems. Under this project, a GIS for Makati was developed, and its major ‘outputs are: a query and report genera- tion system for lots, buildings, business establishments and’ streets; plotted tax ‘maps and street maps classified by type of jurisdiction and type of accessibility. Other NAMRIA projects utilizing this technology are the "Determination of Suitable Upland Agricultural Areas Using, GIS" which aims to produce maps showing the conditions and suitability of upland areas for agricul- ture, agroforestry, and other farming purposes and the "Application of GIS to Soil Erosion. Susceptibility Mapping” whose objective is to analyze through GIS erosion-susceptible lands in Palawan, NAMRIA js also involved in the Natural Resources Management and Development Project (NRMDP), an Australian-assisted project whose primary goal is to contribute to better ‘economic and social conditions through the improved management of natural resources and land utilization, One of the project's sub-components, the Natural Resources Management Infor- mation System (NRMIS), illustrates the effective use of GIS in creating a model under which the flow, dissemination, quality, and effectiveness of resource formation in the DENR is improved. The project is implementing an In- tegrated Resource Management Process Pilot (IRMPP) on two water- shed areas in Regions 2 & 7 respective ly. The IRMPP is divided into the following phases: a) Land Classification Phase; b) Resource Use Framework Planning Phase; ¢) Subclassification Phase; and d) Resource Use Priority Planning Phase. The staff is now on the third phase. A downstream project for the “nationwide establishment of the NRMIS is also being designed. As of 1990, the NRMIS ‘has already com- pleted @ preliminary database design, converted satellite data to PC ARCJINFO, conducted GIS training courses in Manila, and sent some of its Top. 14 GIS- A Breakthrough infomapper Synthetic Aperture Radar, a Flexible Way The July 16 earthquake which focused the attention of the world on the Philippines may now be just a vague memory to most people, but its effects are difficult to ignore. Suddenly, people have become conscious of earthquakes and the severity of the aftermath. Literally, the earth moved. Its surface and structure was altered, its “face’ changed. Another disaster of such mag- nitude will be, to say the leas, tragic. ‘The government, realizing the enor- rity of the disaster, has taken active steps towards recovery through its Earthquake Rehabilitation Program. NAMRIA, as an attached agency of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), has been tasked to assess the extent of damage not only to properties but to. the mament in general. One of the ac- tivities being undertaken towards tl goal is the conduct of aerial photog: raphy of the stricken areas. Being a tropical country, the Philip- pine skies are consistently cloud- covered, making it difficult for remote sensing systems such as Landsat and SPOT satellites to collect timely data sets of high quality. This is where the Synthetic. Aperture Radar (SAR), which has been included as a com- ponent to NAMRIAS's P15,000,000.00 Acrial Photography Project, comes in, Certeza Aerophoto Systems, Incor- porated, a local affiliate of Intera Tech nologies Ltd, of Canada won the contract to undertake the survey of 9:3, hectares in Luzon, the hardest hit arca. Intera will utilize the STAR-I Synthetic Aperture Radar System. STAR-I is the only commercial digital airborne syn- thetic aperture radar system in the world and has been operational since 1983. It is a lightweight, digital, Fully- focused X-Band SAR carried in a twin prop-jet Cessna Conquest aircraft. Data collection using SAR is car- ried out by imaging a swath to one’ side of the aircraft, called a “side-looking’ mode, while flying at approximately 9,000 meters above sea level. During ac- quisition, SAR data are recorded on board the aircraft in digital form using High Density Digital Tapes or HDDT, while being displayed in real time on dy silver paper. Using the real time dis- play, the radar operator monitors the image quality in flight and makes chan- es to the mission plan if so required. ‘The data then are later transcribed into computer compatible tapes (CTS). From these, analogue or digital products are created. STAR-I data may be carried in two modes: standard resolution* and. high resolution. Standard resolution allows data acquisition over a large area ina cost-effective manner at a lower resolu- tion level using a wider swath. The high resolution mode provides increased resolution, but using a narrower swath, thus having more flight lines. Several fight lines can be digitally assembled ina mosaic t0 show a regional view of the area, The large area covered by a mosaic allows regional analysis of geological structure and provides a base map_for organizing ‘other information required in the early phases of an evaluation, One advantage of SAR data is its flexibility to be com- bined with other sensors such as acromagnetics and satellite imagery be- cause of its digi tal format. This combination provides a more complete pic- ture of the structure governing earthquake ac- tivity in the sur- veyed area. Radar” data have been used for over f two decades to provide detailed infor mation on land surface fea tures. Because of the high sun angie in tropical areas, optical (\isibie) sensors (satellite and airborne) are restricted by limited shadow causing the ter- rain to appear “flat”. SAR sol- ves this impedi- ficial shadowing, enabling the detec- dion of faults, strikes and subile geologic structures otherwise not obvious or even visible in other data sets due to high sun angles. ‘The primary effect of damage from earthquake activity is ground shaking. The farther an area is from the fault zone, the lesser the degree and length of shaking, Loosely compacted, water- saturated sediments, specially in land fill, have a tendency to liquefy during cearth-quakes. This results in the loss of cohesion, which in turn causes sub- sidence*, fracturing and/or horizontal sliding of ground surface material. This is common in very steep, rugged and heavily vegetated mountainous areas with moderate to high annual rainfall These areas are susceptible to landslides, rock falls and mud-flows, oc- curences” that are common with earthquake-related faulting. Through the use of SAR imagery, surface fracture lineaments which may Trnage of Baguio Gly showing structural ment through Mosaleofhigh resolution SAR Gl jis “side-look- features such as faults and fracture lineaments. ing” radar which creates Inlomapper be expressive of near surface extensions related to deeper seated faults may be effectively imterpreted and evaluated. Arcas of unconsolidated alluvial and unstable landfill may: also be identified. Though the sources of earthquakes are deep, surficial extensional features along with ground checking can identify areas hazardous to human habitation and activities. Using SAR imagery inter- pretation, the following surficial expres- sions indicative of faulting related to ccarthquake activity can be identified: 1. Local slumping and land scours, 2. Rock falls, rock and soil slides; 3. Mudflows through liquefaction of muds on high slopes; 4. Large scale sand boil features; 5. Lateral spreading of stream course or increase in stream gradient; and 6. Offsets” in lithologic units, geologic structures, geomorphic landforms and cultural features such as roads, railroad tracks, and others, Intera has developed its radar im- aging capability to produce resolution im- agery which allows for more ver- satility in the enlargement of the digital radar data. Thus, radar imagery is not only useful as a tool for damage _as- sessment, but also as a tool for planning and re development in regions with unstable structure. As of April this year, the Project has been 100% accomplished ‘with the survey of the damaged 9.3 hee~ tares in the Luzon area, Mosaics, which ‘are necessary in the construction of a base map and allow the analysis of geologic structures and other informa- tion for evaluation have also been par- tially delivered:@ By: Jocelyn P. Salus, IMD JICA, NAMRIA Embark on 3-year Cooperative Project ‘The Japan International Coopera- tion Agency (JICA) and the NAMRIA drew the blueprint of a joint project en- tled the "Mini-Project- Type Technical “ooperation on Hydrographic Survey- ing and Nautical Charting in the Republic of the Philippines,” or simply, the JICA-NAMRIA Project. Before the inception of the Project, Japan has been giving assistance to the Coast and Geodetic Surveys Depart- ment (CGSD) of NAMRIA through ex- per's, group training courses in hydrographic surveying, nautical chart- ing and equipment. From such under- takings, the CGSD personnel have benefited immensely, but because of the scarcity of modern equipment, they hhave had little opportunity to’ apply what they have learned. In July 1989, during a seminar on "Hydrographic Sur- veys and Tide and Tidal Currents" held at the CGSD, it was keenly felt that an Oncthe Job-Type Training should sub- sequently bé conducted to substantiate the transfer of technology, Thus, the project was conceived by the Govern- ment of the Republic of the Philippines ‘and proposed to the Government of Japan, Im response to the Philippines’ re- ‘quest, a series of meetings was held last year by the resident representative of the Philippines and a visiting lized into the 3- year period of coopera- tion between the two governments from May 1, 1991 to April 30, 1994, ‘The highlight of the project is the development of human resources in the field of hydrography by imparting niodern techniques in hydrographie sur- eying and nautical charting to. the CGSD personnel, ‘This will be done through the production of updated nautical charts of the port of Puerto Princesa and its approaches. These are located near the international shipping oute off Palawan Island and used as a shelter from typhoons. Updated large- scale nautical charts with more ace curate bathymetric and other information obtainable from modern survey equipment and techniques will become available. This will greatly con- tribute to navigational safety measures for vessels, as well as economize ship- ping operations in harmony with the Philippine Master Plan on Maritime Safety. Japan will provide at its own ex- pense machinery, equipment and other materials, and the training of one or two Filipino counterpart staff in Japan an- nally, The Philippines, for its part, will provide land, transportation and other facilities for the use of the experts, meet running expenses necessary for the im- plementation of the projects, assign counterparts, and other measures. ‘The projéct was offically started with the arrival on July 15. of four Tapanese experts in. hydrographic sur- veving. Repairs have been done on the Puerto Princesa pier and harbor surveys were made as preliminary activities, The RPS Arinya, one of the three hydro- graphic survey vessels of the CGSD will be utilized, Through this project, a new era of ‘200d relation between the hydrographic authorities of the two countries is en- visioned, as well as the enhancement of the capabilities of the CGSD personnel as they put into practice the technical know-how that will be transferred through Japanese experts and group training courses. © Infomapper Topographic Map- MAP-MAKING PROCESS How is an ordinary map made? The map-making process involves more than just drawing, coloring and printing. It is so much more than merely making copies of existing maps and of the actual terrain. The map-making process isa whole series of technical activities that involves: 1. Planning - i the fist step towards map- srl aks nts canieaton he wo y bbe mapped, the methods) to be used. the cs 3. Control Survey - Aeral photographs, being fat size and ‘scale of the map, the acouracy ‘epresentatons ofthe terrain, have to undergo con desived, the detals to be shown, the cost in- faking photographs ofan area to be mapped tel survey. Contol suey invohes the dtermenation voted, the length of time to finish the map. roman arplane fying along staigh paraial ofthe horizontal positon (ocation) ard the elevation the prospective usrs and other relevant infor: {Soren eal Tight ines. Tees lites ane _ of & systrnaticalycitiouted ae of poms: These ration Spaced at sucha distance that pictures taken points, identifiable in the photographs, are. Geter Aa shor intervals completely cover the areain mined using ground survey methods, ‘manner suitable for mapping purposes. Ground survey is the act or operation of making ‘measurements for determining the relative BIW postions of paints on, above, or beneath the earth's surface. 4, Aerial Trlangulation - Proves the fastest ‘way of densitying contol points, iis done the XY, and Z coordinates of a dense network of ‘mathematically withthe use of computers and points, hence showing a three-dimensional (30) model software programs, Al models are corected Tho DTW are prosasbed using computers to generate since during the exposure photographs may automatic contour lines and 30 model, aswell 8 have been ‘tited or shifted relaive to the automatically dive te onhoprojecter curing scanning ‘ground, This is due tothe inability of the pik presentations ofthe ferrin containing 29 the plane steady and on course. The 6, Ditforential Rectiication -Recitication ie process provides the adjusted coordinates on the process of projecting a photographic fade! points Image to a horlontal plane in order to remove displacements due to, Difarontia recitication is used when the df feronose in area are relatively large. Kentale the production of a photograph wherein the effects of tit and relief dlgplacement, which are inherent qualities of an ordinary aerial photo, are etfminates. The reeult is an or {hogorally or vertically projected. photo- ‘graph having the qualites of a planimetric ‘map. Contours and other map information fare added to complete the” topagraphic mep. Infomapper Se 7. Simple Reciication - This Ts used for project areas which are flat or ware the differences in elevations are Telatvely smal provides every rapid ‘ears of producing a photo map for development planning and for other purposes in which accuracy of meas: Urements ts not of primary impor. fance. The output is caled a rectified photograph the map through the use of stereopot ters to graphically represene tal Stereopioters are used for ploting 2 map by abserving an overlgpping pale of aerial photos. Panimetre. features are represented by appropriate ines, Symbols end annotations while reli is Tepresented by contour lines an spot heights. The output is called the map manuseript. making Process ‘AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY PHOTOGRAMMETRIC COMPILATION MODEL (DTM) picttat-TerRAIN | [ simpueRecrimcanon | [srexco RESTTTUNON GENERATION DITERENTIAL, RECTIFICATION ewwepmne [4 ‘CARTOGRAPHIC COMPILATION REPROGRAPHY PRINTING 9. Flald Editing - Aller a Gra haz been made, accuracy of tne map manuscript = ouble-checked trough fel edling. Survey teams go to the aren for a veriicaton cf hydrographic, vegetative and actual features, especially those of doubtul interpretation, ‘hiss the process of checking the complete- ness and accuracy of the map manuseript a the fils 41, Reprography - This involves the eriarge- mentor reduction ‘of map reproducibles Using the eamera tech: nique and. contact Printer for roprecuction at equal scales. i in ‘ludes pletomaking tor input fo final printing. 10. Cartographic Compilation This process deals with transforming the. com: piled manuscript into a format that ie ca {ographically and ssientcaly eomformable, ‘as woll a6 aesthetically acceptable and un perple: 7) Mangroves ~ datk greens 3) Fine gravel snd coral (back corals) = let: 9) Decpicn portion = pesch nd 10) Land = ted CONCLUSION TWe cigtl nats of SPOT sstlite data was found tobe eppieabeto the mapping ofthe ts Gale Shallow be saul plan ing extensive ground suroye and esabching Somey salons The oformtion desved from nile sudles can provide dats. needed. for rographicsureysiaupaaing natal chars Sherngeeshowsandcoa tak 8 By: Gerardo 8. Sabigan, Project Leader and Fosta A Fabian, RSADAD Reference: Bina, RT, Carpenter, K, Zacher W., Jara, R. ‘nd Lim, 2B. Coral Reef Mapping Using Landsat Data: Tollowep Studies NRMC ‘Reseasth Manogzaph No.3, 1978, pp2-4 16 Infomapper GLOSSARY “The (olowing lemme appearorareToatcdTo sermsin the vrout ates these Algorithen- the precise series of command prograrimed into a compute to enable it to per Forma specie function Band - A wavelength iteval in the elesto- magnet spect Band zone map - thematic map of band zone categories showing azeat in which the Band Signals (recorded reflected energy ofan earth fa- ture) in eseh channel show a pariclar ype of ‘mi feature such as bottom aver types Bench mark - a permanent, stable object ‘containing marked point of known elevation with fespect to. datum, used asa reference level for wer level observations or as a conteol point for Tevlling Classification - the process of assigning in- ‘isival pvels of a digital image to categories, severally on ihe bass of spec felecance Computer Compatible Tape (CCT) =a ming: netic tape which contains the datausedro produce Snimage Digital data = data recorded, st proces, or splay tn inary form 4, Digitizer - a device used to comer data stored G¢ repeesented ih non-digital Tox Into age lecironie Distance Meter (EDM) - a dis. sapcaatunng nue eng leona Estuarine - pertaining oan estuary ora pas sage, sch as the mouth af a ver or lake where Firstorder level ine -a line of evel conse ingofbench marksconnectedby first-order level ing Geodetic comtrot network - a nework con sisting of stable, entiiable maskers which are tied together by extremely accurate observations, This ihe basis by which all otnerlower-order controls ae drives. Geodetic Dam reference surface which forms the basis fr the compatation of orion control surveys in which the Curvature of the earth SS onidered. Horizontal control stations - stations with ‘known horiaoatal positions such a langulation, travene, and GPS stations. ™ Tonospheriepropagationdeay the delay ia ‘wansniting signals from satelite to receivers (en {enna) due to the effects of the ioncepere, The fonogphere consists ef the outer layers Of the ‘nth mosphere containing seston and on L-Band frequency - one of the leter desig. ‘ations commonly used for microwave band (3 MHZ 1850 MHZ) ‘This designation has no of cial international standing. Lerellinginstrament -surscying instrument used in termining diference of elevations be tween me point. Liguetacton - the process that transforms the behavior of water-saturated. deposits [om fol ood ithospherte plate ~ che siglé opteriost, Inyers the cath = Luzon Datuan «the datum of references temafieve the existing geodetic control network the Palipines was ted Mean Sen Level (MSI) the avecage height of the sea surface forall ide stages over a 19cear pefiod usualy detceminea from Aousy Regt readings Northeast monsoon -ascason characterized bylight northeast trade winds Orbital plane - the path of satellites around the cea Percent bottomeover - the relative percent age ofa bottom cover pe per unit of an area measurement (eg, 30% of & 10 square meter rea). Piel picture clement smlest spatial unit addresable bya doves. Plotter «automatic grafting machine which «an convert and plot GIS map dala 10 4 predke Sewing of ny required eae Radar - remote sensor which trast is ‘ow energy signal that reflected off the Target land back fo the sensor when it i recorded Reflectance - 2 measure of the ability ofa ‘ody (usually the surface of am earth fetute) 10 ‘eflet incoming light or sound, The refletance of ‘'surace depends of is pe he wavelength of the illumination, and viewing angles. Resolution - refers to ihe abiy of «sensor to detec the tmalest unit of spact, Hime, und ‘Savelengih ofan earth Feature Satellite a man-made object launched into space fo orbit te earth for scientific purpores. Seanner = an records a mage in ‘mined path Selemicty - the likelihood of an ares being subject to earuakes. Southwest monsoon season characterized by strong, southwesterly winds accompanied osu anal nes by Stadia - a surveying instrument ated for measoring approximate distances and ciffeeoces inelevation electronic. device which gta form along a predeter ‘Submidence «the sinking of «particular land area with respect toa reference plane or datum, ‘Teetonle plate - one of the lage, rig, mobile (ragments of the lithogphere at whose oundaies occur spreading confers trnsform, Faultsand subduction nes. ‘Theodolit- precision surveyinginstrament sed in measuring honzontl and vetal anges. ‘Timested transects -wilized fr overage of extensive feet Mats, lgoce areas and areas be tween transects and Bounce uive points. This method employs a two-diver sled format in a Straight tine by a mator boat berween two feed points. Ta orient the data paul along the tran Sect, the motor boat travels ata constant speed tnd time. THs is eeorded during dta collection, ‘The sie is manuevered close tothe bottom and depuis ecorded with submersible depth gnuge Transit -an instrument wed in determining areas, angular displacements of boundaries and Acta postion of andor aes of land. Traverse - method used for horizontal con- Uyol suneys in which a Series of horuontaldstan es and directions are abrved to connect pats ‘whose positions ee toe determine. Triangulation - a method for extending horizontal eontrolfovtopogeapnicanasimilarsuc eye which requite observations of mnangular Figures whose angles are measured and whose ‘ies are determined by trigonometric computa Trilaeration -2 method uted for horizontal control surveys based exctusively on measured honontal dstances, Vertical control stations = sitions with known elevations such as bench mars, These sre based onthe mean sea level datum derived fron Tong observations of tides © ‘The Infomapper - National Surveys, Mapping and Resource Information Technology Quarterly National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA) Fort Andres Bonifacio, Makati, Metro Manila PRINTED MATTER

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