ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS PROJECT WORK 4/2010
CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT DIVISION MINISTRY OF EDUCATION MALAYSIA
PROJECT WORK 4 : STATISTICS
MARA JUNIOR SCIENCE COLLEGE BALIK PULAU
NAME : DESHALENEY A/P LOGANATHAN [Link] : 930819-07-5846 CLASS : 5A TEACHERS NAME : [Link]
INTRODUCTION
The Curriculum Development Division, Ministry of Education has prepared four tasks for us this [Link],the Form 5 student have to choose and complete only ONE task based on our area of [Link] project is been done by s or individually,and each of us are expected to submit an individually written report before the due [Link] doing this project,we are actually gaining a lot of valuable knowledge in daily [Link] is also help to apply the strategics to solve our routine and nonroutine problems
Experience classroom environments which are challenging, interesting and hence improve their thinking skills Experience classroom environments which expressing ones mathematical thinking,reasoning and communication are highly encouraged and expected Acquire effective mathematical communication through oral and writing,and to use the language of mathematics to express mathematical ideas correctly and smartly Prepare ourselves for the demand of our
future undertakings and in workplace Train ourselves not only to be independent learners but also to collaborate, to cooperate, and to share knowledge in this cultural environment Use technology especially the ICT appropriately and effectively Train ourselves to appreciate the intrinsic values of mathematics and to become more creative and innovative Realize the importance and the important of mathematics
APPRECIATION.
Thank you foremost to my parents,[Link] and [Link] for giving the will,support and biggest encouragement to do my additional mathehatics project. Secondly, I would like to thank my homeroom mother for giving the heartless support to finish my Additional Mathematics Project [Link] that,I also like to said a appreciation to my beloved Additional Mathematics teacher, Pn Nooraini for give me the guide and giving useful and important information to complete this project [Link] but not least,a special thanks to all my friends for their help and cooperation in searching
for information and completing this Additional Mathematics project [Link] you also to the one who involved in helping me indirectly to finish this project before the due date.
HISTORY oF STATISTICS
By the 18th century, the term "statistics" designed to the systematic collection of demographic and economic data by states. In the early 19th century, the meaning of "statistics" broadened, then including the discipline concerned with the collection, summary, and analysis of data. Today statistics is widely employed in government, business, and all the [Link] computers have expedited statistical computation, and have allowed statisticians to develop "computer-intensive" methods. The term "mathematical statistics" designates the mathematical
theories of probability and statistical inference, which are used in statistical practice. The relation between statistics and probability theory developed rather late, however. In the 19th century, statistics increasingly used probability theory, whose initial results were found in the17th and 18th centuries, particularly in the analysis of games of chance (gambling). By 1800, astronomy used probability models and statistical theories, particularly the method of least squares, which was invented by Legendre and Gauss. Early probability theory and statistics was systematized and extended by Laplace; following Laplace, probability and statistics have been in continual development. In the 19th century, social scientists used statistical reasoning and probability models to advance the new sciences of experimental psychology and sociology; physical scientists used statistical reasoning and probability models to advance the new sciences of thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. The development of statistical reasoning was closely associated with the development of inductive logic and the scientific method. Statistics is not a field of mathematics but an autonomous mathematical science, like computer science or operations [Link] mathematics, statistics had its origins in public administration and maintains a special concern with demography and economics. Being concerned with the scientific method and inductive logic, statistical theory has close association with the philosophy of science; with its emphasis on learning from data and making best predictions, statistics has great overlap with the decision science and microeconomics. With its concerns with data, statistics has overlap with information science and computer [Link] has brought a lot of benefits to the humankind
MODERN STATISTICS
During the 20th century, the creation of precise instruments for agricultural research, public health concerns (epidemiology, biostatistics, etc.), industrial quality control, and economic and social purposes (unemployment rate, econometry, etc.) necessitated substantial advances in statistical practices. Today the use of statistics has broadened far beyond its [Link] and organizations use statistics to understand data and make informed decisions throughout the natural and social sciences, medicine, business, and other areas. Statistics is generally regarded not as a subfield of mathematics but rather as a distinct, albeit allied, [Link] universities maintain separate mathematics and statistics departments. Statistics is also taught in departments as diverse as psychology, education, and public health.
After the survey....,
a)
Collection of pictures
b) Record the items and their prices systematically as in Table [Link] items maybe differently packed,be sure to use consistent measurements for each item selected so that comparison can be done easily and accurately.
ANSWER :
PRICE(RM) CATEGOR Y ITEM PASAR AYA TESCO 4.00 2.00 4.70 5.90 16.60 3.20 4.29 PASAR AYA ECONS AVE 3.70 1.90 4.50 5.50 15.60 3.00 3.90 PASARA YA MEGAM ALL 3.60 1.80 4.30 5.00 14.70 2.80 3.20
FOOD
[Link]-RAISING FLOUR (1000 g) [Link] (1000g) [Link] (250g) [Link] (GRADE A) 1 DOZEN TOTAL PRICE
DETERGEN T
[Link] ( 3 BARS) [Link] (DISH WASHER)-1000ml [Link] DETERGENT (3 KG) [Link](TOILET CLEANER) (500ml)
18.90
17.00
16.50
5.50 31.89 1.50 5.00
5.50 29.40 1.30 4.80
5.50 28.00 1.00 4.50
TOTAL PRICE STATIONE RY [Link] [Link] (EXAM GRADE) 1 DOZEN 3. PEN(KILOMETRIC O) [Link] (STABILO) TOTAL PRICE GRAND TOTAL
1.30
1.20
1.00
1.30 9.10 57.59
1.20 8.50 53.50
1.10 7.60 50.30
TABLE 1
c)Create at least two suitable graphical representation to compare and contrast the prices of the items chosen.
FOOD
6 5
4 3
Flour Sugar Butter Eggs
TESCO
ECONSAVE
MEGAMALL
2 0 1 8
1 6 1 4
1 2
Soap (3 bar) Liquid dishwasher(1000ml ) Toilet cleaner(500ml) Clothes
1 0
TESCO
ECONSAVE
MEGAMALL
DETERGENT
STATIONERY
HIGHLIGT ER PENCIL PEN
0 TESCO ECONSAVE MEGAMALL
PART 1 (C)
d)Based on the graphical representation that you have
constructed in Part 1(c), interpret,discuss and draw conclusions. Comments on your findings.
ANSWER :
6 0 5 8 5 6 5 4 5 2 5 0 4 8 4 6
TESCO ECONSA VE
GRAND
PART 1 (D)
Based on the graphical representations that I have constructed in Part 1(c), it is shown that there are large and small differences among the prices of items in each category between the [Link] the food category, the smallest price difference are of those of sugar, while the highest is the price of [Link] food, detergent also shows a large price difference between its [Link] them, is the price of liquid dishwasher and clothes detergent. On the other hand, stationery items doesnt have any obvious price difference. The graph also show that most of the items that are high priced comes from the PASARAYA TESCO, while the lowest price items come from the PASARAYA [Link] graph 1(d) had show the conclusion of the difference among the shops based upon the shops grand total.
Question (e) : Identify an item that has a large price difference among the shops. Calculate the mean and standard deviation of that particular item. Hence, suggest and discuss possible reasons for the price difference.
Answer :
Clothes detergent :
MEAN : 18.9 + 17 + 16.5 3 = 17.47 STANDARD DEVIATION = (2)/N ( x )
18.9 +17 + 16.5 _(17.47)2 3 = 0.97
The large price difference of clothes detergent among the shops maybe because of the standard of the shop.A high standard shop or supermarket, the items sold intend to be much more expensive than a regular shop or [Link], the price difference of the items may also due to the economic level in our country right [Link], in order to achieve more profit,some intend to sell in higher prices.
Every year SMK Indah organises a carnival to raise funds for the school. This year the school plans to install air conditioners in the school library. Last year, during the carnival, your class made and sold butter cakes. Because of the popularity of butter cakes,your has decided to carry out some project for this years carnival.
Question (a) : Suggest a shop from Part 1 which you would go to purchase the ingredients for the butter [Link] and discuss your reasons for purchasing from the shop you suggested.
Answer:
I will choose the PASARAYA MEGAMALL. This is because the total price of the ingredients from this shop is the lowest from the three [Link] would help to gain more profit because we did not need to invest a lot in selling.
Question (b) : Complete Table 2 with the prices of the items found in the shop/supermarket that you have chosen.
INGREDIEN T
Self-Raising Flour Sugar Butter Eggs A) (Grade
QUANTITY PER CAKE
250g 200g 250g 5 eggs (300g)
PRICE IN THE YEAR 2009(RM)
0.90 0.35 3.30 1.25
PRICE IN THE YEAR 2010(RM)
0.90 0.36 4.30 2.10
TABLE 2
Question (i) Calculate the price index for each of the ingredients in Table 2 for the year 2010 based on the year 2009.
INGREDIE NT
QUANTIT Y PER CAKE
PRICE IN THE YEAR 2009(R M) 0.90
PRICE IN THE YEAR 2010(R M) 0.90
PRICE INDEX FOR THE YEAR2010 BASED ON THE YEAR 2009(I) 100
SelfRaising Flour Sugar Butter Eggs (Grade A)
250g
200g 250g 5 eggs (300g)
0.35 3.30 1.25
0.36 4.30 2.10
102.86 130.30 168
SOLUTION : A] Self-raising flour = 0.9 0.9 100 = 100.00 B] Sugar = 0.36 0.35 100 = 102.86 C] Butter = 4.30 3.30 100 = 130.30 D] Eggs(Grade A) = 2.10 1.25 100 = 168.00
(ii) Calculate the composite index for making a butter cake in the year 2010 based on the year [Link] how you obtained your answer.
= To calculate the composite index,weightage is needed ( W) WEIGHT
TOTAL WEIGHT
INGREDIENT Self-Raising Flour WEIGHTAGE (W)
250/ 1000 = 1/4
Sugar Butter Eggs (Grade A)
200 / 1000 = 1/5 250 /1000 = 1 /4 300 / 1000 = 3 /10
COMPOSITE INDEX
1 / 4 (100) + 1 / 5 (102.86) + 1 / 4 (130.30) + 3 / 10 (168) = 128.84
(iii) In the year 2009,the butter cake was sold at RM15.00 [Link] a suitable selling price for the butter cake in the year [Link] reasons for your answer.
Answer:
On 2009,RM 15.00 On 2010, price = 128.54%
15
x 100 =
x 100 = 128.54 x 15 =
1928.1100
= 19.30
Thus,the suitable price for the butter cake for the year 2010 is [Link] increase in price is also suitable due to the economic crisis having by the country and the prices of some ingridients had increase in price,so I think RM19.30 would be a suitable prices.
(c) (i) Find out from reliable source how to determine suitable capacity of air conditioner to be installed based on the volume/size of a room.
Answer:
For common usage, air conditioner is rated according to horse power (1HP), which is approximately 700W to 1000W of electrical power. It is suitable for a room size 1000ft which is around 27m of volume.
(ii)
Work in group to estimate the volume of your school [Link] how you arrive at your [Link],determine the number of air conditioners with the appropriate capacity required for your library.
Answer:
By using a measuring tape,the dimension for the library is: Height Width Length
HEIGHT = 3.6m = 3.8 m WIDTH 9.17m 9 m = = 9.1 = 20.12m 20.14 m LENGTH =
Volume of the room = 3.8 x 9.19 x 20.14
= RM 703.33 m3
1 unit of air conditioner is for 27m For 703.33 m3 = 703.33 27 = 26.0
That means our school library needs 26 unit of air conditioner.
(iii) If your class intends to sponsor one air conditioner for the school library, how many butter cakes must you sell in order to buy the air conditioner
Answer:
1 unit of 1HP air conditioner = RM 800 Cost for a cake = 0.9 + 0.36 + 4.3 + 2.1 = RM 7.66
Selling price = RM19.30 Profit = 19.30 7.66 = RM 11.64
Number of cakes to buy 1 unit of air conditioner =
= 800 11.64 = 68.73
Number of cakes = 69 cakes
Question
As a committee member for the carnival, you are required to prepare an estimated budget to organize this years carnival. The committee has to take into the consideration the increase in expenditure from the previous year due to inflation. The price of food, transportation and tents has increased by 15%. The cost of games, prizes and decorations remains the same, whereas the cost of miscellaneous items has increase by 30%.
(a) Complete
Table 3 based on the information given
above
Answer:
EXPENDITUR E
FOOD GAMES TRANSPORTATI ON DECORATIONS PRIZES TENTS MISCELLANEOU S
AMOUNT IN 2009 (RM)
1200.00 500.00 300.00 200.00 600.00 800.00 400.00
AMOUNT IN 2010 (RM)
1340.00 600.00 345.00 250.00 600.00 900.00 550.00
Table 3
(b) Calculate
the composite index for the estimated budget of the carnival in the year 2010 based on the year 2009. Comment on your answer.
Answer:
EXPENDITU RE
AMOUN T IN 2009 (RM)
AMOU NT IN 2010 (RM)
PRIC E INDE X, I
WEIGHT AGE, W
I=
P1P0
X 100% FOOD GAMES TRANSPORT ATION DECORATIO NS PRIZES TENTS MISCELLAN EOUS 1200.00 500.00 300.00 200.00 600.00 800.00 400.00 1340.00 600.00 345.00 250.00 600.00 900.00 550.00 112 120 115 125 100 113 138 10 5 4 2 7 8 3
COMPOSITE INDEX
=Ii wi wi
= 112(10) + 120(5) + 115(4) + 125(2) + 100(7) + 113(8) + 138(3)
10 + 5 + 4 +2 +7 + 8 + 3 = 4448 = 114.05 39
The total price for the year 2010 increase by 11.405%.This is because some price in the year 2009 increased in the year 2010.
(a) The
change in the composite index for the estimate budget for the carnival from the year 2009 to the year 2010 is the same as the change from the year 2010 to the year 2011. Determine the composite index of the budget for the year 2011 based on the year 2009.
Answer: Composite index for the year 2009 to the year 2010 = 114.05 Composite index for the year 2010 to the year 2011 = 114.05
I20112009 X 100 = I20102009 X I20112009 I20112009 = 114.05 X 114.05 X 1100 I20112009 = 130.07
FURTHER EXPLORATION
Index numbers are being used in many different daily situations, for example air pollution index, stock market index, gold index and property [Link] information from the internet or other reliable sources on the importance of two different types of index number of your choice. Elaborate the use and the importance of these index numbers in daily life.
AIR POLLUTION INDEX Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter,or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or damages the natural environment into the atmosphere. The atmosphere is a complex dynamic natural gaseous system that is essential to support life on planet Earth. Stratospheric ozone depletion due to air pollution has long been recognized as a threat to human health as well as to the Earth's ecosystems. The Air Quality Index (AQI) (also known as the Air Pollution Index (API) or Pollutant
Standard Index (PSI) is a number used by government agencies to characterize the quality of the air at a given location. As the AQI increases, an increasingly large percentage of the population is likely to experience increasingly severe adverse health effects. To compute the AQI requires an air pollutant concentration from a monitor or model. The function used to convert from air pollutant concentration to AQI varies by pollutant, and is different in different countries. Air quality index values are divided into ranges, and each range is assigned a descriptor and a color code. Standardized public health advisories are associated with each AQI range. An agency might also encourage members of the public to take public transportation or work from home when AQI levels are high.
Limitations AQI of the
Most air contaminants do not have an associated AQI. Many countries monitor ground-level ozone, particulates, sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide and calculate air quality indices for these pollutants.
Causes of Poor Air Quality
The AQI can worsen (go up) due to lack of dilution of air emissions by fresh air. Stagnant air, often caused by an anticyclone or temperature inversion, or other lack of winds lets air pollution remain in a local area.
Indices by location
South Korea The Ministry of Environment of South Korea uses the Comprehensice Air-quality Index (CAI) to describe the ambient air quality based on health risk of air pollution. The index aims to help the public easily understand air quality level and protect the health of people from air pollution. - The CAI has values of 0 through 500, which are divided into six categories. The higher the CAI value, the greater the level of air pollution. - Of values of the five air pollutants, the highest is the CAI value. Malaysia The air quality in Malaysia is reported as the API or Air Pollution Index. Four of the index's pollutant components (i.e., carbon monoxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide) are reported in PM10 particulate matter is reported in g/[Link] the American AQI, the index number can exceed 500. Above 500, a state of emergency is declared in the reporting area. Usually, this means that non-essential government services are suspended, and all ports in the affected area closed. There may also be a prohibition on private sector commercial and industrial activities in the reporting area excluding the food sector.
STOCK MARKET INDEX
A comparison of tree major U.S. stock indices: the NASDAQ Composite, Dow Jones Industrial Average, andS&P 500. All three have the same height at March 2007. Notice the large dot com spike on the NASDAQ, a result of the large number of tech. companies on that index. A stock market index is a method of measuring a section of the stock market. Many indices are cited by news or financial services firms and are used as benchmarks, to measure the performance of portfolios such as mutual funds. Types indices of
Stock market indices may be classed in many ways. A 'world' or 'global' stock market index includes (typically large) companies without regard for where they are domiciled or traded. Two examples are MSCI World and S&P Global 100. A national index represents the performance of the stock market of a given nationand by proxy, reflects investor sentiment on the state of its economy. The most regularly quoted market indices are national indices composed of the stocks of large companies listed on a nation's largest stock
exchanges, such as the American S&P 500, the Japanese Nikkei 225, and the British FTSE 100. The concept may be extended well beyond an exchange. The Dow Jones Total Stock Market Index, as its name implies, represents the stocks of nearly every publicly traded company in the United States, including all U.S. stocks traded on the New York Stock Exchange (but not ADRs) and most traded on the NASDAQ and American Stock Exchange. Russell Investment Group added to the family of indices by launching the Russell Global Index.
More specialised indices exist tracking the performance of specific sectors of the market. The Morgan Stanley Biotech Index, for example, consists of 36 American firms in the biotechnology industry. Other indices may track companies of a certain size, a certain type of management, or even more specialized criteria one index published by Linux Weekly News tracks stocks of companies that sell products and services based on the Linux operating environment.
Index versions Some indices, such as the S&P 500, have multiple versions.[1] These versions can differ based on how the index components are weighted and on how dividends are accounted for. For example, there are three versions of the S&P 500 index: price return, which only considers the price of the components, total return, which accounts for dividend reinvestment, and net total return, which accounts for dividend reinvestment after the deduction of a withholding tax. As another example, the Wilshire 4500 and Wilshire 5000 indices have five versions each: full capitalization total return, full capitalization price, float-adjusted total return, float-adjusted price, and equal weight. The difference between the full capitalization, float-adjusted, and equal weight versions is in how index components are weighted.
USES AND IMPORTANCE OF AIR POLLUTION INDEX AND STOCK MARKET INDEX
As everyone can see,the air pollution index is use by the government to measure the quality of air index and to detect any pollutants in our countrys [Link] is to ensure the air is clean and safe for us ti [Link] that,an early warning can be given to us if the air pollution is too high for us to get out of our [Link] warning is given based upon readings and unterpretations of the air index. As for the stock market index, it is mainly for the business entrepreneurs. This type of index is used to determine the outcome of a stock market and also the conclusion of a stock market. The stock market index is important because a countrys economical state sometimes depend on it.
CONCLUSION
After doing research,answering questions,drawing graphs and some problem solving, I saw that the usage of statistics is important in daily [Link] is not just widely used in markets but also in interpreting the condition of the surrounding like the air or the [Link] in conducting an air-pollution [Link] conclusion,statistics is a daily life [Link] it,surveys cant be conducted,the stock market cant be interpret and many [Link],we should be thankful of the people who contribute in the idea of statistics.
REFLECTION
After spending countless hours,days and night to finish this project and also sacrificing my playing time,facebook,laptop,there are several things that I can say... Additional Mathematics... From the day I am form 4 From the day I was able to understand u... From the day I start learning the miracle... And... From the day I heard the name people fear most......
I always thought that you will be my greatest obstacle and rival in excelling in my life... But after countless of hours... Countless of days... Countless of nights... After sacrificing my precious time just for you... Sacrificing my playing time... Sacrificing my laptop... Sacrificing my Facebook... Sacrificing my Internet... Sacrifing my arts... Sacrificing my boyfriend... I realized something really important in you... I really love you... You are my real friend... You my life partner... You are my best boyfriend ever... I LOVE U ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS...