[Link].
I Year II Semester (2022-23)
BMAS 1105 Matrices, Differential Equations and Laplace Transform
Assignment I
1. Obtain a matrix N in the normal form equivalent to
𝟓 𝟑 𝟏𝟒 𝟒
𝑨 = [𝟎 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏] and hence find the rank.
𝟏 −𝟏 𝟐 𝟎
1 0 0 0
Ans. [0 1 0 0] ; 3
0 0 1 0
2. Find the rank of the matrix A by using elementary transformations, where
𝟏 −𝟑 𝟏 𝟐
A = [𝟎 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 ].
𝟑 𝟒 𝟏 −𝟐
Ans. 3
𝟑 −𝟐 𝟏 𝒙 𝒃
3. Determine the values of a and b for which the system [𝟓 −𝟖 𝟗 ] [ 𝒚 ]=[ 𝟑 ] has
𝟐 𝟏 𝒂 𝒛 −𝟏
(i) a unique solution (ii) no solution (iii) infinitely many solutions.
Ans. (i) 𝑎 ≠ −3, b may have any value; (ii) 𝑎 = −3 and 𝑏 ≠ 1/3; (iii) 𝑎 = −3, 𝑏 = 1/3.
4. For what values of 𝝀, the equations
𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟏, 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟒𝒛 = 𝝀, 𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟏𝟎𝒛 = 𝝀𝟐 have a solution and solve them
completely in each case.
Ans. 𝜆 = 1, 2; when 𝜆 = 1, 𝑥 = 1 + 2𝑘, 𝑦 = −3𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 𝑘; when 𝜆 = 2, 𝑥 = 2𝑘, 𝑦 = 1 −
3𝑘, 𝑧 = 𝑘; whre k is arbitrary
5. Find the value of k such that the following equations have unique solution:
𝒌𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟐𝒛 − 𝟏 = 𝟎, 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟐𝒌𝒚 − 𝒛 − 𝟐 = 𝟎, 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟔𝒚 + 𝒌𝒛 − 𝟑 = 𝟎 and use matrix
method to solve these equations when k = 2.
1
Ans. 𝑘 ≠ 2; 𝑥 = 2 + 𝑘1 − 𝑘2 , 𝑦 = 𝑘2 and 𝑧 = 𝑘1 , where 𝑘1 and 𝑘2 are arbitrary.
6. Test for consistency and solve the following system of equations:
𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟑𝒛 = 𝟖, −𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟒, 𝟑𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝟒𝒛 = 𝟎.
Ans. Consistent; 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 2, 𝑧 = 2.
𝟏 𝟐 −𝟑
7. Find the eigen values of 𝟑𝑨𝟑 + 𝟓𝑨𝟐 − 𝟔𝑨 + 𝟐𝑰, where A [𝟎 𝟑 𝟐 ].
𝟎 𝟎 −𝟐
Ans. 4, 110, 10.
𝟑 𝟏𝟎 𝟓
8. Show that the matrix ⌈−𝟐 −𝟑 −𝟒⌉ has less than three linearly independent eigen
𝟑 𝟓 𝟕
vectors. Also find them.
5 1
Ans. 2, 2, 3; 𝑘1 [ 2 ] , 𝑘2 [ 1 ].
−5 −2
𝒅
9. Solve the differential equation (𝑫𝟓 − 𝑫)𝒚 = 𝟏𝟐𝒆𝒙 + 𝟖 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙, where 𝑫 ≡ 𝒅𝒙.
Ans. 𝑦 = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐3 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑐4 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐5 sin 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
10. Solve the differential equation:
𝒚′′ + 𝟒𝒚′ + 𝟏𝟑𝒚 = 𝟏𝟖𝒆−𝟐𝒙 ; 𝒚(𝟎) = 𝟎, 𝒚′ (𝟎) = 𝟗.
Ans. 𝑦 = 𝑒 −2𝑥 (−2 cos 3𝑥 + 3 sin 3𝑥 + 2)
𝝅
11. If 𝒚′′ + 𝟐𝒚′ + 𝟏𝟎𝒚 + 𝟑𝟕 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝒙 = 𝟎 and find the value of y when 𝒙 = 𝟐. It is given that y
=3, 𝒚′ = 𝟎 when 𝒙 = 𝟎.
Ans. y = 1
12. Solve the following differential equations with constant coefficient
𝒅𝟒 𝒚
(i) − 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒙.
𝒅𝒙𝟒
𝒅𝟐 𝒚
(ii) 𝒅𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚 = 𝒆−𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒆𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙.
1
Ans. (i) 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑐3 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐4 sin 𝑥 − 5 cos 𝑥 cosh 𝑥
1 1 1
(ii) 𝑦 = 𝑐1 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 2 𝑒 −𝑥 + 2 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 − 5 𝑒 𝑥 (2 cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥)
13. Solve the following homogeneous linear differential equations:
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
(i) 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 .
𝒅𝟑 𝒚 𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
(ii) 𝒙𝟑 𝒅𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 𝒅𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 = 𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 .
𝑐1 𝑐 1
Ans. (i) 𝑦 = + 𝑥22 + 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥
𝑥
𝑥2 1
(ii) 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑥 + 𝑐2 cos (√3 log 𝑥) + 𝑐3 sin (√3 log 𝑥) + + 𝑥 log 𝑥
7 4
14. Solve the following first order differential equations:
(i) 𝒚 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙 − (𝒚𝟐 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙)𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
(ii) (𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒚)𝒅𝒙 + (𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙𝒚)𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
(iii) (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟏)𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙(𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚)𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
2
Ans. (i) 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 + (3) 𝑦 3 + 𝑦 = 𝑐
3 3
2
(ii) – (3) 𝑥 −2 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥1/2 𝑦 1/2 = 𝑐
(𝑦 2 +1)
(iii) 𝑥 + 𝑦 − =𝑐
𝑥
15. A decaying e.m.f. E = 200 𝒆−𝟓𝒕 is connected in series with a 𝟐𝟎 𝛀 resistor and 0.01 F
capacitor. Assuming Q = 0 at t = 0, find the charge Q and current I at any time. Show that
the charge reaches a maximum. Calculate it and find out when it is reached.
2 1
Ans. 𝑄 = 10𝑡 𝑒 −5𝑡 , 𝑖 = 10 𝑒 −5𝑡 − 50 𝑡 𝑒 −5𝑡 ; 𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑒 at 𝑡 = 5 𝑠𝑒𝑐.
Advanced Questions
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
16. Find the rank of the matrix A = ⌈ 𝒂 𝒃 𝒄 ⌉; a, b, c being all real.
𝒂𝟑 𝒃𝟑 𝒄𝟑
Ans. 3; if 𝑎 ≠ 𝑏 ≠ 𝑐 and 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 ≠ 0
2; if 𝑎 ≠ 𝑏 ≠ 𝑐 and 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 0
2; if 𝑎 = 𝑏 ≠ 𝑐
1; if 𝑎 = 𝑏 = 𝑐
17. Find the rank of the following matrix:
𝟏𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝟑𝟐 𝟒𝟐
𝟐
[𝟐𝟐 𝟑𝟐 𝟒𝟐 𝟓𝟐 ].
𝟑 𝟒𝟐 𝟓𝟐 𝟔𝟐
𝟒𝟐 𝟓𝟐 𝟔𝟐 𝟕𝟐
Ans. 3
18. Find all values of 𝝁 for which the rank of the matrix
𝝁 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟎
𝟎 𝝁 −𝟏 𝟎 ] is equal to 3.
A=[
𝟎 𝟎 𝝁 −𝟏
−𝟔 𝟏𝟏 −𝟔 𝟏
Ans. 𝜇 = 1, 2, 3
19. Find the solution of the equation 𝒚′′ − 𝒚 = 𝟏 which vanishes when x = 0 and tends to a
finite limit as 𝒙 → −∞ .
Ans. 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 −1
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
20. Solve the second order differential equation − 𝟒 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙.
𝒅𝒙𝟐
1 1 1 1
Ans. 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥 (𝑐1 𝑒 √3𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −√3𝑥 ) + 2 − 8 sin 𝑥 − 104 (3 sin 3𝑥 + 2 cos 3𝑥) + 146 (8 sin 2𝑥 +
3 cos 2𝑥).