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India andiethe author of more than 92 books on Ayurveda, which ave been published in German, Polish, Italian, English, and many Indian languages. He has the honour of being ‘isting Profesor to al te cologes of Ayu ‘eda in USA andthe Instat ik Sew Akademie in Germany, ‘teno Veda Vase in ly, Foundation of Health in Pond and ‘Ayurveda lntematonal Dising Associaton of Japan. Since 981, be as visited and has condsted hundres of Ayurveds cours formeical poiones in Ere, U.S.A end Japan De. Ralendra Deshpande. isan Ayurvedic GQ) consatzt and "Head of Deparment of "7S! Ayurvedic Physiology at Ayurvedic College, Nig, Pune. He ‘has. done’ double post DGG etaton in enter afm Medicine and Ayurvedic Physiology He bas sven many rio and television interviews a various ops of ‘Ayurveda aod hes conbued many artels in various Journals He hs writen many books on Ayurveda in Marah English and Geman Languages, He has vised Swizeland, USA, Gemazy, Tinian pain or Ayurvedic propagation De. Swati Chobe is Assocs Profesor, Prsilogy Deparment at ayurveda college, ‘Ake Pine and has boon aching the subj since 1991, De. Chobe ta member of Interatinsl Academy of Ayurveda and has ‘ee teaching Physnogy to foreign students forthe lst? yeas. De. Chobbe has also authored book on Pratl Shar Kiya Vian in Marah Inmguagewhichiswellascopedby AyurvedeStlens & (CHAUKHAMBA SANSKRIT PRATISHTHAN, Prof. Dr. Subhash Ranade was fomnerly @ Principal of ashing Ayurveda College, Poe, PRICE : Rs. 175.00 eee) ueufi, eA y-e1e4S A TEXT BOOK OF Jar lele-Gen' em Alleria) (According to the Syllabus of CCIM, New Delhi) Pm ecu Pam ee nd Paseo) THE (CHAUKHAMBA AYURVIJNAN STUDIES 82 ATEXT BOOK OF Sharira-kriya Vijnan Aco the lau of CIM, New Deli [PART -1] By Prof. Dr. Subhash Ranade BAM SMA: PAD. FAIS: ISCA: ICA Chairman, Ineroationl Academy of Ayuveds, Pune Prof. Dr. R.R, Deshpande MD che & Serer) Pale Hens Deps ot Sanka paves Coe, ar Dr. Swati Chobhe BAM oS. MD. Asocit Pofesor Dept. of Shailay, Ayurveda Calle, Aku CHAUKHAMBA SANSKRIT PRATISHTHAN DELI TTEXTROOK OF SHanIR-CRRTVAVENANAT Publishers: (CHAUKHAMBA SANSKRIT PRATISHTHAN 38U,A. Bungalow Road, awahae Nagar Post Box No-2113, Deth 10007 Phone (011) 23886301, 41830002 ©All Rights Reserved Fst Edition 2007 ISBN: 81-7084-258-9 (8) ISBN: BL7086.3555 (1B) Price Re 175.00(PB) Re 40.00 (48) Abo canbe had from (CHAUKHAMBA VIDVABILAWAN Chowk (Behind The Bank of Baro Bling) Post Box No 1049 Phone (0512) 2420404 (CHAUKHAMBA SURBHARATI PRAKASHAN K. 37/17 Gopal Mandir Lae Post Box No 1129 eras 221001| Phone (0842) 2335263 CHAUKHAMA PUBLISHING HOUSE 46872, Grol Floo, Set No 21, ‘Ansan oud Darya Gan Phone = (011) 23286537 Print by JAYALAKSHMI AK titessatcs | iNDOLOGICAL BOOK HOUSE 36, App Samy Kol Suet (Upsars) Ope, Sanstt Coleg) Mylapore Chana 60 004 m OH 24980850 PREFACE Shartackrya isthe fundamental subject for the study of ‘Ayurveda. This subject explains all the basic concepis starting from Triguna, Panchamahabhuta, Tridosha 8 their sub-types, Dhatu, Upadhacu, Mala, Prakriti, Agni, Dietetics, Digestion, Nutrition, Respiration and Circulation. The subject also deals with the fundamental concepts of Embrylogy and the formation of fetus. che concept of Sharra-krya is understood correcty, ll cother subjects, which depends on this subjec like Viksii Vijpana and Kayachikitsa are also understood in proper way. Many important concepts in Kayachikisa like how basti acts on Vata dosha, how bast treatment is effective in joine disorders, why Sima Pitta is digested by herbs and ‘minerals having good smell are all based on the concepts in Sabrira-kriya, We have taken great care to include all the necesary references from various classical texts like Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Ashtanga Sangraha and ‘Asiranga Hridaya with their explanations. These ‘explanations are according to the references and wherever necesary, we have made them easier to understand by adding cxamples from day to day life also. Syllabus of Sharir kriya hasan excellant blend of teasure of Ayurvedic, knowledge, supplemented by essential concepts from Modern physiology (like cardiac ole, ECG, Lang function tests, Digestion etc). This matter has been included properly. So Seudents will not need to refer any ‘other book for modern physiology. (iv) ‘We have also taken care to include line diagrams at proper places to explain the points mentioned in the text, so that the students will understand the subjecc beter. The entire ‘book has been writcen as per the syllabus of CCIM, New Delhi and like our other text books, we are sure that students and teachers will appreciate our work. Prof. Subhash Ranade Rajbharsi, 367 Sahakar Nagar 1 Pane, 41,009 ‘a. 91-20-26224427 Mail -sbanade@reinailcom Prof. RR. Deshpande 9-4, Kapila Housing Sociery Gokhale Naga, Pane, 411016 “Te, 91-20-25653630 EMail deedepande@[Link] Dr. Swati Chobhe Sata Vaibhav B24 Sinhagad Road, Pune, 411,030, “el, 91-20-24250528 CONTENTS Chapter 1 Inxroduction Eymology of word Ayureds 1]. Management 6 Definion of Ayurveda 1|Imporance of knowledge of ‘Aim & Objectives of Ayurveda 2 Sharia ia 6 Features of Healy Peon 2|Niuk Brie exlations about Sharir, 7 Scenic Terms 2} “Kriya a Frans atthe Paychologicd | Vian a Lal 23 Practical uilyof Share How to remain Heakhy 4) isa Vian a Eight branches of Ayurveda 4] Imporance of knowledge DashavithaParahya hava 5] aboue Human body 8 Diflerenestepsin Ayurvedic | Whats Ayu 9 Chapter 2 Basic Principles of Ayurveda asc Bini Shara Doshahatue {Purasia lolatlyavam 12) mala-molavam 2 2 ShatrapyaPanchabhaae ‘Functions of Doshas 22 shawn 14] “Functions of Body tssues 22 Shad-dhacarmaka Pusha 16], -Funetons of Waste Panchabhaute cements Products 26 in Fiuman body 17/4. Rogearogystaranam 27 -Imporane Features & (5, Rogearogyayallahanan 28 aly of Five Primor-_|[Link] dla Sabseances 18| Shanes 2» How to examine Pacha» (7. Drayacgun-karma- ‘mahabhuta 19] Siddhanta 30 Pracial Uiliy ofthe |8, Devyaya Ras-viry Study of Five Pimordat | "sipaarprathave Shanes 31 Sebstancet, 20|[Link]-karanaSiddhanea 31 (vi) Chapeer 3 ‘Teidosha Vijnan Comparative undertanding 32| Terry Avributes (Guna) 32 |General Functions Pathology of Tedosha 8 ce ‘of Dosha-Dhatw-Mala 33) Management Deal Sudy of Tidosha 34 [Importance of Tidosha Chapter Yata-Dosha Vacacnicuhsi 42 | Common Sites of Vaacdosha ‘Synonyms of Vat 42 | Sub-ypes of Vat-dosha ‘Composition of Vara 42) -Prana Vayu Structure of Vata 42| -Udana Vayu Properties of Vacvdosha 43) -Vyana Vayu Vata Properties mentioned | Samana Vayu by Sashrata 45|_-Apana Vayu Benefits of undersanding | Pathology of Vata Vata-propertcs 49) Naar ‘Common Functions of Natacksaya Vacardosha 42 Genera Principles of Media foe the Activity of Treatment Vane dosha 50 Importance of Vata-dosha Chapter 5 Pista-Dosha Pit-eas 64] Pacha Pee Syonyms of Pitts 64| -Ranjale Pits Serctare 65| Sadhaka Pie Properties of ira-dosha 65] -Bhrjaka Pita (Common Functions of Alochak Pita Pice-dosha 67| Pathology of Pia ‘Media forthe Activity of Diaa-iddhi Pira-dosha 69] “Pies Sahays Common Ste of Vte-dosha 69 Subsypes of Piea-dosha Principles of Treatment 30 (aii) Chapter 6 Kapha-Dosha Kapha 278) Sub-ypes of Kapha dosha Synonyms of Kapha 78) -Kledaka kapha 84 Strucure 78) Avalambaia kapha 8S Properties of Kapha-dosha 79| -Bodhaka kapha a6 (Commman Functions of| “Sls laps 86 Kapha-dosha 0) “Tupaka kapha 7 ‘Common Ses of Keph- [Pathology of Kapha ‘dosha 80) -Kapharvidahs 8 ‘Common Sis of Kephs -Kapha-kohaya 89 ‘dosha 82) Principles oFTearment 89 Chapter 7 ‘Teidosha in Denil ‘Why only dhtce Doshas? 90 Circadian Rhythm of Creation of Doshas, “Tidosa 93 Relation of Doshas & Dhatus 91 | Relation of Tidosha 8 Irmporence of Doska-Dhats | Tiguna 95 aston 92 Relation of Tiana & Imporance ofundertanding | Tédeshs ” ‘Shes of Dosh 92 | Relation of Tidosha & ‘Six Rass ” Chapter 8 ‘Shasan Praliva Incodction 98 | Sbvasan Sanya 103, Organs elated with Shean Importance of Respiration 103, prakriya 98 | Roe of Varin Pranayam & hasan & Doshs-dhat-mals99] ts Importance 104 Function of Prana vay 10D) Pranayama tos Function of Udana ays 100| Advantages of Pranayama 105, “Funeton of Sadak pea 100) “Caution of Pranayama 105, “Function of Avalambala | -Duraton of Pranayama 106 Kapha 101] -Method of Pranayama 106 Rakes, Mamas, Meds, “Pranayama gata Vague Athi, Maja 101] -niyanrana 106, Stoasanepeseiya 101 IRespiztion (Modern View) 106, (vit) Chapter 9 Rasa-Rakta Samyahan Praktiva Hridaya: Sites & Synonyms 122) -Hridaya & Vyana vay 124 Hiidaya-Self explanatory ‘Heidaya & Sadak pica 124 word 123] -Hridaya & Avalambaka Composition of Hridaya 123] kapha m6 ‘Shape of Hridaya 123] -Hridaya & Os 2s Sie of Chena 123 | Rase-Rabea Vlhepana ya 125 Eff of Cardin Pathology 124) Rusu Rakes Samwvahana 125, Hedaya &¢ Doshe-dharu- | Pahology 28 ala 124| Circulation (Modern View) 129, “ridaya 8 Udana vay 124 Chapter 10 Ms (Speech) ‘Anatomical Axpect, 143|_diferene pares M6 Swarsvaha Sort 143] The Process - Before speech 146: Speech & Dosha/Mahabuta 144| Spreading of Sound waves 147 Prime Requirement for Sperch-yocaliation 148 Sposch 144{ Two Aspects of Sound eypee 144), Communication 49 Speech (Creation of Sound) 145 Two Stages of Proce of Artcuation-Accordingto | Speech 9 Chaprer 11 Prakriti ‘Whats Prari 130) Pea 134 Definition 151 [Doskaja Praki 156 love Pralsitiformed? 151 |Predominen features of (Other Factors tesponible Doha Prakeri for Praki 1st] ae Pre 155 Importance of krowedge “Pia Pak 136 cof Pri 151) “Kapha Pra “Types of Pre 153] Duel Constitution Quality Assessmene of Sama-doshaja Consituion (i) Mental Consiution 159) -Shakuna Sata 162 + Sarika Constiation ‘Tamas Conaiation “Brahma Sawa 159 -Pashava Sav 162 “Arta Sate 159] May Sate 163 “Aindes Sates 159] Vanaspaya Sarva 163 Yamya Sata 160| Paki Feneres Marna Sues 160|, (According c Susheua) “Rauber Sata 160| Vaca Prk 163 Gandharva Sarva 51] “Pies Peak 166 + Rajaiea Contation “Kapha Prades 165 Asura Sat 161} Anka 166 Raksha Ser 161| tn Vaea Paki 166 “rishi Sat 161] In Pie Prakrih 168 “Sarpa Sava 162] -In Kapha Prk 168 Pret Sava 162 ‘Shad-dhasamaka Pura 170) Rashi Pusha m “Tidhacak Purasha im (CharurvimahieaPurusha m Sage of Accumulation 175|Stage of Manifestion 177 Sage of Aggrvaion 176|Suageof Differentiation 178 ‘Stage of of Spread 176|Sgafcance of Shat- Suage of Loeiation 177) alla va Chapter 14 ‘Abas iereic) ‘Three ypesofFood 179 fess of Excess, Beni of Food 180) Consumption 184 (Choice of Food 180 | Clasifistion of Food Beneficial & Harmfal Food 180|Food Composition 185 Uses of Each Tae 1821 Way of Consuming Food 187 (eo) Food (Modern View (Tocophe) wr Foneon of Pod 187] Niamink Norsion 185] (Pylleuinone) 191 Prenat Principe of + We Soluble Vein Food 185] Viamin B-Compler 191 1) Cabby 186) Vianinc 2) Pens 189} (Avenbicais) 193 5) Lipits 189] Manin? 194 49 Vii 5) Miners 194 sFarSolbleViamins — |0)Waer 196 Viamin-A(Retinod 1907) Rouphage 97 “MienincD (Calero) 190] Blaeed Die 197 Paolo 198 Caper 15 Pachan (Digestion) Padget Digatve Fie) 199) dhawsmalainDigeion 212 Aaet 201|urmmary of Tidosa&e “Keto 202) Digestion 24 “Dhawagai (Tissue fire) 203) Three Stepsin Digestion 214 “Bhuagni or Bhawtagni 203) -Madhoreavarha-pale 214 Alaravidhisisheshayatana 204| ~Amlaavasthapaka 215, “Prk 205| “Kansavawhs-paka 216 Karan 205|/Vipala oe Nishtapaka 217 205] Koeheha 218 205] Sushma Pachana 206|(Tissve mesbolsm) 219 206| Physiology of Sulshna 206| Pachana 20 Upapolen 207|Dhs-poshana Niyama 220 Abaf-parinamakar Bhava 208 Digestion (Modem View) Phisolgy of Digesion 209 Anatomica Aspect Sthula-pachana| Alimentary Trace a2 (Primary Digestion) 209] “Mouth &oral cavity 221 1) Organs raking pain Pharyne 23 210] “Esophagus 223, process 2) Relation of Dosh Stomach 223 Smal intestine ‘Lang: intestine Awocated Glands for Digestion: Salvery glands “Ler Pancreas Digetion Proce Digestion in mouth Digestion in Stomach “Digestion in Tnetine Gi) ns 226 a 2] 230 20) 231 231 232 Digestion in Large intestine 233 Movements of Large Inucstine 24 Meabolism “Cathoiydace metabolism 235 Far meaboliem 236 Protein meabolism 236 Glostry of Techical Terme 238 Chapter 1 Introduction ‘Ayurveda iv healing science, based on the studies and keen ‘observations of intellectual sers from Indi, Exymology of the word Ayurveda ‘sme: te angie (AHSu. 11, Arunadats) Veda means knowledge. Ayus means life. Therefore Ayurveda means the knowledge and understanding of life Definition of Ayurveda . ‘fea qa GUNA frat sd a a AOE, OR (Cu. 141) 1) beneficial (hitakar), 2) harmful = 4) “unpteasurable: ‘Ayurveda describes all above four aspects which ae related 10 hhuman life; for example — smoking may seem to be pleasurable forsome time, but iis noratall beneficial co life ‘As opposed to this, geting out of bed, extly in the morning may be unpleasurable, to begin wich, bur itis beneficial. Ayurveda fis also meurioned about quantitative pect (mana). eg. What is che normal life span? Ayurveda has also explained about quantitative assessment of various biological clements like notmal height of a person, normal values of different body tissues (dhatu) like rasa (plasma), rakta (blood) et. A whale lifespan can be studied qualitatively and {quantitatively with the help of Ayurveda. 2 Sharir Kriya Viinan ‘Aims & Objectives of Ayurveda “exeen erage Frm | (CS 3026) Swastha means healthy person. Swasthya means healthy condition. Ayurveda gives prorcy ro maintain the healthy state oF normal human being, Atue means patient, Vikae means disease. Prashaman mean to ce, Second aim i 0 treat the disease of patient (curative aspect). The above Sequence is aso important. Ayurveda has_given_-more emphasis for preventive aspect. Features of Healthy Person. Sara. aataa aA sremetirama: eet genta’ (S Su, 15:47) chan body tissues), mala (waste products), agni (digestive fire) and happy and balanced state of so rind. sense organs and Equilibrium is of 3 types ~ 1) In structure 8 composition (deavyatah), 2). Properties (gunatah), 3) Functional (karmatah). osha, dhatu, mala and agni ~ hese are specific Ayurvedic concepts, 28 they are very important body elements. Shatirariya Vijnan (Ayurvedic physiology) is also called as “Dosha-dharu-mala Vinan (scence giving details of these elements) Baie explanations shout Scientific terms 1) Dosha - Three important body elements i, Vata, Pitta &¢ Kapha which can be called as three bio-nergies of functional and sraccral units of body 2) Datu ~ Seven tisues (hau) responsible forthe tbiiey '& growth ofthe ody. They are 1, Rasa (plasms), 2. Rakes Introduction 3 (blood), 3. Mamsa (muscle tsue, 4. Meda adipose tissue), 5. Athi (bones), 6. Maja (nerve essue) nd also bone marrow. 7. Shukra (reproductive tse. 3) Mala~ These ae waste products. They are mainly of two ‘ypes- goss and subtle. The gros waste products are~ 1 ‘Matra (urine), 2 Prisha (feces), 3) Sweda (sweat), while the sulle waste products ae called 3 ‘led 4) Agni ~ Icis che ctor esponsible for diffrent pes of digestion and metabolism. Fitness atthe Psychological Level Inthe second line of the definition ofa healthy person, there is an understanding about subtle elements of body, like one ‘must have prychological, emotional and social fitness. There should be alertness, acivenes, freshness of senses, mind and soul. Prasannatva (Freshness) ofthese elements can be judged as follows: 9 the - agin iy: ~ ite sip aro — atta If senses are cage to perceive their sensory objects skilfully (patuva) hey ate Fi. Mind shouldbe dlighfal and happy. inthe condition of enjoymene and lastly fenes of soul can be assessed by asserting level of satisfaetion (sanosha) in a Jhuman being Indiyaate oftw0 gps 1) Joanendrga (Sensory ongen) ‘Shrota : Autor sense (x) ‘wale: Tate sense (kin) CChalabu # Opie sense (eye) Rasana : Gstarory sense (ong) GGhrana : Olfactory sense (nose) 4 Sharirkriya Viinan 2) Karmendriya (Motor organs) ‘ak : Speech (speech centers, speech apparatus) ani: Hands Pada: Feet Payu : Rectum 8& Anus Upastha : Genitals Swastha means healthy, and Vricia means rues and regula- tions. Swasthavrita" is @ subject, which gives information for living healthy and happy. This includes - 1) Dinacharya (daily eegimen), 2) Ritucharys (seasonal regimen), 3) Ahara (dietercs), 4) Vyayam (exercise) and 5) Sadvrica (Socal code ‘of conduct) Ayurvedic Tearment Ayurveda describes the holistic management for treating patient. The basic aim of rretment i to achieve the balance jn dosha-dhatu-mals, because imbalance (hyper ot hypo state) isa disease condition, o ‘areas ag SU MeTE ATT | (AHSs. 15) 1) Kayachikitsa (Internal medicine) - Treatment of body, ‘mind or digestive fire disorders. 2) Bala (Pediatic) - The peti from birth up to 16 years of age is considered as bala (childhood). This branch deals with all the physiological and pathologieal aspeets in this period. 3) Graha (Peychiatey or branch which deals with diseases due to bacteria and viruses) - Ayurveda has described these microscopic, causative factors for a disease, by different ‘names like bhuta (ghost), pishacha, rakshasa (demons). The For dhe 2% BAMS, student ther is a special subject called as ‘Swastha-tinta, which includes ll the preventive regimes. Introduction s symptoms caused by these factors and its management are ‘mentioned in this branch, 4) Usdhwanga (ENT & Ophthalmology) - This branch deals with diseases of ll parts which are above the clavicle - ‘eat, nos, throat, head, face, eyes ete. 5) Shalya (Surgery) - This branch deals with major and minor surgical procedures and fundamental principles of ‘wound healing, bums, fractures, bandages ec (6) Damshtra (Toxicology) ~ Damshtra means teeth. Due 0 bites of snake, scorpion, rabid dog, the toxins enter in the ody of human being. This branch deals with the description of diseases and cheie treatment. Similaly it also deals with the study of poisonous substances (plant, mineral, animal origin), their effees and anti-dotes (agada). Hence this branch is also known as Agadatancra. Medical jurisprudence is also included inthis branch, 7) Jara (Geriasics) - Ageing problems and its prevention and the treatment is discussed in ths branch, 8) Veishana (Sexology) ~ Vrishatva means forceful sexual activity and reproduction capacity. Various means. of increasing the sexual power and treatment methods have ‘been described inthis branch, ‘Dashavidha Parkshya Bhava ge Rt el rere ga eet west gasses qe (ash HSu. 12:66) ‘While treating the patient, following ten points ae taken in to comideration 1 Dushya : This means any organ, tissue chat has been affected by aggravaced doshas. 2, Desha : Geographical ates -habitar ofa patient and also the physical body of the patient. 6 Sharir Kriya Vijnan 3. Baa : Strength ofa patient. 4, Kala: Season and the period of occurance of disease, 5. Anal: Digestive fire ofthe patient. 6. Prakriti: Constiution of che patient. 7. Vaya: Age of che patient (child, youth, old) 8, Sara : Psychological srength ofa patient. 9. Saemya Tolerance and non-tolerance of 2 patient {about food, environment ete) 10, Ahara: Dietary habits ofthe patient. Different Stsps in Ayurvedic Management 1) Nidan-parivarjanam — to avoid the causative factors. 2) Treatment ~ External (application of paste, te.) and internal (ablets, powders, liquids) 3) Advice about do's and don's — for dit lifesyle, exercise 4) Detoxification proceses: Panchakarma - vamana, vite- cchana, bas, raktamokshana and nasya 5) Rasayana Chikitsa ~ This is specialty of Ayurveda. For rasayana various hetbs, minerals and metal oxides a well as procedures ate used for achieving, immuno-modulacory ‘effect and to avoid remissions, correcting and increasing the immune power ofthe body. Importance of Knowledge of Sharrs-kriya Knowledge of Sharrakriya is very essential co achieve wo ‘goals of Ayurveda ~ 1) co keep fit and 2) to cue the patient ‘Sharia Kriya Vijnan = Shariae Kriya Vijnan, 1D Shatisa ces atop Ie er eg | Wihae is Sharira? Sharira means the information about human body. Introduction 7 ‘aunt a Seaton repr ara | (C5ia 6) Human body is composed of five basic elements (Pancha toahabhut vikar) and soul (cheana). Human body = five bose element + soul (with proper co-ordination of al these facto) iit ete | 1 Shatita - Human body is that which is conglomeration of five elements and chetana or stma. Ie hat to undergo wear and tea. This wear and ter inthe physical body takes place constantly from birt ro deat. Degeneration is faster a8 the age advances Kriya - Movements or scivities. ee (vi877) ‘Any movement of stvty done for particular time i alled a praveti, which has synonyms like riya of karma. ‘There are various meanings ofthe word kriya eg. treatment procedures, shatkriya ala six stages of pathogenesis, various actions like ukshepana,apalshepana, akunchana, prasarana etc. and various other actions ofthe body like speech, psychological functions etc, and direction and speed of doshas. 1 Viinan - Visjnan ~ Vishesh jnan » Special knowledge Shariakyavijnan, explains the differen body elements ike dosha, dhaeu and mala and study important physiological proceses like digestion, circulation, espitation, excretion Practical ulty of Shariakriya Viinan 1) To keep fit ~ After understanding che composition, 8 Sharir Kriya Vijnan properties and functions of important body clement ike Aloha dhatu and mala, che physician can give guidance reguinghowa person can msintsn the balanced condicon of these elements 2) To cure the pavent ~ One must know physiology «© understand pathology, For example, oases the seventy of breatlesness (asthmatic paien) one must know the norma espratory rate and is mechanism Importance ofthe Knowledge about Hum “etc: ater me fe ort AY aay ary seved | sen wie weit GAT’ ([Link]. 6:3) Vichaya means description, Description about human body is sei for keeping it healthy. By studying the properties of body elements ont can understand the fcors useful or harmful for these clement Hence scholars recommend the dsripcve understanding of human body. Human body can be sid by ono methods = 1) Sharir-Rachana (Anatomy) 2) Sharir Kriya (Physiology) 1) In anatomy, mainly the structure, position, measurements of different organs ae studied like hear, lungs liver, number ‘of bones, muscles etc. In physiology, we study the functional activities of these body organs eg circulation, respiration 2) Anatomy is studied by surface marking clinical examina- tion and by dissection ofthe dead person, But to study phys- ology, living human being is necessary. Activity can not be studied in dead person 3) In medical practice, anatomy is more specifically useful for surgery or surgery related branches like ENT, Oph- thalmology, and Gynaecology. But physiology is useful in ‘every branch of medical practice. Introduction | ° What i Ayu “Ayurveda mainly deas with human body and human lif Up ill now, we have taken primary information abour shaman body. Let ur see about human if ‘ong Wafer’ ([Link], 142, Chala “The time period from birth to death is called as life (ay) The definition and synonyms of Ayu are given in the following verse ‘aitirearemnit oft fem remeron etre (su 12) Union and amalgamation of Sharia (body) + Indiya (easory and motor organs) + Satwa (mind) + Atma (oul principle) is called as Ayu (life). Dhat, ives, nigaga and anubandha ae the synonyms of Ayu, 1) Dhar (which bold the life) “ee, kf (CSu 14, Chabrapani Ie is important in if, to preserve and ro hold the body clement fom wear and eat and fom decay (puritan) 2) Jivitam (live) “ee, a RAHA (CSu, 142, Chapa) In life the living process is important. For this matter preservation of prana is eiental. Prana means life fore, necessary for living. Food i and water canbe considered 2s caterna life force and mind and soul principe can be called a incemal pra (life fore). Life can be sustained with proper condition of these two types of ile Forces ‘et der efres 1 (Cs. 142, Chaleapaid 3) Niyage (continuity) ‘There is continuity inthe contac of soul, mind, indriya and 10 Sharir Kriya Viinan body. By each moment lif period becomes shorter Thi is ‘continuous ongoing proces. 4) Anubandba aoe garments (Cu. 142, Chakapaid Continuous contact ofpassharira oul) and apara-sharra (physical body -pancha bhautiksharira, mind and sense organs) i must for maintaining the life. In short, with these different synonyms, one can understand various important aspects about life. The science of Ayurveda is everlasting i is with us from che time immemorable and the principles of Ayurveda are permanent and do nor change. As the time goes by there may be changes in the symptoms, nomenclature of diseases and the eatment may also change accordingly, but the principle behind the same remain constant. Chapter 2 Basic Principles of Ayurveda Soccas of any scence depends on is fundamental principles. Siddhant is an Ayurvedic erm, which denotes basic or fundamental principles. These principles have remained as evelsting uh, forthe ase chousnds of year This is the specialty of Ayurveda, which proves the cteoal nature of Ayurveda, Although, the principles remain same, ‘Ayurvedic practice has adopted the necestary changes a and when i was reuited. For example, Ayurveda states the three-fold examination method 8-1) Darshan (inspee- ) 2) Sparshan (palpation, percusion) and 3) Prashna Ginerogation. Since thousands of yeas, this principle of cxaminaton of che patient has emained the same. Only there are some changes in its application, Previous, physicians ured tose temperature of patient by touchinghis ‘own hand (sparshan), but today this can be determined by touch of thermometer in spite of hands). Here, the principle of touch has remained the same, and the only change isin its practical application. In ths chapter, we are sing to see some important principles. 1) Paruaye lkarubaroam (Theory of microcosm and smacrocosm) 2) Sharnaya panchaBbautibarsam (Theory of five pritmor- dial substances) 3) Shad-dbaoarmata push Purasha having sx elements) 4 Sharraya deshadharw-nalamulervam (Theory of Vioenegytssueswastes) 5) Roga-argye-kananem (Cause of disease and belch) 6) Rogeargyaylkshanam (acres of health an illnes) 12 Sharir Kriya Vijnan 1) Samanya-vishoha-sdphanta (Principles of homologus and heterologus) 8) Karya-haran-sidphante (Cause-ffec relationship) 9) Dnesyasya rsa-viry-oipak sidbbanca (Energetic principle of taste, post-digestive effect and potency) ae ‘Comparison of human body and nasus Purusha means human body and Loka means Nature ‘Tulyarvam means similarey. Human body and nature is ‘compared in this principle. Al principles in macro-cosm are present in micro-cosm, in subtle form. ca fe re ret gk re: UR aT (Cha. 53) ‘Whichever (yananto) elements are present in the nate, are also present in human body and vice versa. This principe is also called as ~‘pinde-brahmanda nyaya. The following two main things are understood by this principle: 1) The composition of human body is jut like the com- position of nature (anatomical similarey). 2) Activitiesin human body are als similar ro that occurring in universe. (functional similarity). 1Anstomical/Stcucrural similarity Universe is developed from five elements or primordial substances (Panchamahabhuta). The human body i formed from same basic elements. I, Pithv (earth, 2. Ap (water), 3 “Te (te), 4. Vay ai), 5. Akash (ether) ‘Mahasbhuta, Maha = all pervading, Bhuea = ‘This means that mahabhuta or elements are all pervading. Hence, Ayurveda states chat each and every element on this ‘earth i formed from these five basic elements. Basic Principles of Ayurveda 3 se rot crt i | (CSu.26:10) Functional similariry In Universe, as long as there is balance in these elements the Universal activities are regular and are very smooth, The imbalance disturbs all Universal functions. For example ‘when theres excess activity of principle of Vayu mahabhuta, ‘we observe thar it can resule in various cyclones, storms, ‘earthquakes exc. Excess activity of the Jala mahabhuca can ‘cause heavy flood ete ‘Peeitentadt: deeper ey aa age tee (Ssu.218) All the activities of the universe are mainly of thee eypes~ 1) ‘Visarga ~ to give strength, union. 2) Adana ~ to take away ‘ransformation-change-digestion. 3) Vikshepa - movement, ‘These three main functions are carried by the pi present in moon and sain, sun and wind respectively. ciples Moon and rain contain the principle of cohesion which is responsible for keeping the molecules intact and thereby. helping the new growth. The Sun is the representative of principle of thermogenesis or cansformation. Due co the heat provided by this principle, transformation takes place in crops, fruits etc. Principle of movement is represented by wind because we think that wind moves things in the "Nature. Actually the principle behind the wind is respon- sible forall types of movements like sea tides, movement of planets et. ‘These functions keep che balance in nature. The same functions take place in the human body due to heir minute energies which are known as Kapha, Pica and Vaca respectively. These three energies maintain the balance of ll funcions in the human body. These three elements are called 18 Tridosha. “ Sharir Kriya Vijnan, Henny ‘ae | Han Bd T. Union and anaes ‘Moon | Kepha 2Teanformation, Digestion | San” | Pita 3. Movement Wind _| va Examples: 1) Sun or other type of heat is essential for ripening of fruits. Similarly, digestion occurs due to Pitta dosha which is governed by the heat principle, 2) Leaves of a tee, move by air curcent, similatly movements of legs and hands, circulation, excretion occurs due to Vaca dosha, which is governed by the principle of propulsion. 3) Vegetables and fruits and plant kingdom are preserved by the principle of cold, cohesion present in rain or moon, ‘which occurs due to Kapha dasha which is governed by che P In shore this principle explains chat human body is an ciple of cohesion, epitome of universe. Man ie a part of nature, Therefore environmental changes affet the human body favourably ot adversely, Hence Ayurveda teaches us how to make a fiendship with nature for maintaining our health am Principle of five element) ‘This principle dele with che ive basi elements, which are responsible for cretion and composition of human body. Hiumnan body is composed of five busi elements known as ‘Panchamahabhta. Balance in these elements means health and imbalance meane dca. “a wat tery 1 (Chau 26/10) Each and every element on this cath is basically made up of five basic elements. The micro and macro elements of hhuman body ae also made up ofthese elements, Following flow char will explain the genesis of five basi elements, Basic Principles of Ayurveda 15 Prk 7 Purasia (Mae Ee) Maha Cioeligene) Abana go) sta aa Tatas (Sable and alnced) (Acie balers) (Lethag, ben) l | | es ive we rps Five tamara Five motoronpamand mind Five mahabhura Five basic elements are derived ffom precursor (tanmatras) by the special process called as “Bhutancaranupravesh. The process occurs a follows 1) Ether element from shaba tanmatea 2) Ar elemen from shabda + sparsha tanmatra 3) Fe element from shabda + sparshasrupa tanmatra 4) Water element from shabdevsparshasrupasrasatanmatra 5) Earth element from shabdassparshavrupasrasgandha Because ofthis process, each (onward) element has an addi- tion of one property from the previous substance as follows ‘Babi Pape 1 1) Eber (Alask) | Shabda By Air (Vayu) ShabdasSparsha ~ [30 Fr Ce ‘Shab SpasiasRupa ‘Wer a) [Shab Spartae Raps {CS Barh id) Shab Spa Rupa Rasas Ganda aera: gt rats: st a sgh er ee fy ep (Cha. 1:28) 16 Sharirkriya Vijnan ‘nena arg: fefrera sre: wala et wh EN! (CSha 1.27) Each mahabhuu has ie specific characterise feature and an. addition of one property like shabds, ‘wcrc renee arene EFA MIRA (Cha 1:29) Kharatva (roughness), dravatva (ludity), ushnatva (head, chalatva (mobility), and apratighaca (non-obstruction) are the specific properties of Prithvi, Ap, Tea, Vayu and Akash respectively Shad-dbatvatmak prnsha (Man made up of six elements) Ayurveda has described che composition of human being as follows: ace, ear Wr: YER EH! Y (C Sha 16) “Khs’ means akasha. The five basic elements like akasha, vayu tc. and cherana (oul principle) form the human body. Therefore human being is called as ‘thad-dhatvatmaka, purusha’. The elements formed from prithvi, ap, ta, ayy and akasha are ealled partiva, apya,tajasa vayaviya and akashiya respectively. ‘According to law - ‘saream idam panchableutibam azmin ‘athe ~ earch and every element on this earth is made up of five primordial substances, But parthiva clement means ‘which contains predominantly prithsi mahabhut and lesser quantity of the other elements. This method of nomencla- ture, according to predominance is called as ‘apupadeshatu Dhusasah nyaya’. By this method one can also understand the meaning of other elements lke jaliya, tajasa et. Primordial elements or panchamahabhutas ate unable to perceive by senses Basic Principles of Ayurveda, 7 Although al he clements from nature and human body are made up of five primordial substance, mahabhuas by themscves cannot be perceived by senses. Whichever elements weean see arth producsof five elements and not mmahabhutas themaches. For example whatever landpicce ‘we se in our house o in nature isnot pricy mahabhuta, ‘baits combination fall mahabhuta with predomsinanly partiva clement Panchabhautik Elements in Human Body 1) Pachiva ements “a a et eg eA ebay ae mere EE a a 1 (CS 7:16) Body clements: Whichever heavy (hula), stable (shied), with some sructureldmensions (murtiman). rough thar), hard thin), ate called as pathiva elements eg, nal, teeth, bones ete i) Apya elements: "ee Far eae e- ate ‘gt a et | (Cha. 716) Body elements: Whichever liquid, fluid, slow (in accviey), unctuous (snigdha), sof (mridy. slimy (picchil) are apy elements. eg. rasa, rudhir (blood), vasa (fa in the muscles), kapha, pita, urine, sweat, gustatory organs et. Taijasa sememis; Sam fem en as wR, ew a ed (Cha. 7:16) Body clements: Whichever substances having qualities hot and sharp ate taljasa elements eg. pita, digestive fire, skin texture and luster, eyes ete iv) Vayaviva elements " arate wee) (C34. 710) 28K.1 18 Sharir Kriya Vian Body clements: Whichever responsible for expiration, inspitable, closing, and opening of eyes. contraction and relaxation, movements, stimulation, controlling activites, and tatle sensations are vayaviya elements, ») Akash elements: ‘aac agent, tin ey ert mee: | (Cia, 716 Body elements: Whichever having space, porosity (vivikta and macro-micro body channels, eas ate akashiya cements bhuta ~ Properties — Senses Shabda (sound), sparsha (Couch), rupa (vision), rasa (taste), and gandha (odor) are properties of akasha, vay, tea ala and prithivi respectively can be understood by five senses of hearing, touch, vision taste and smell, Jmportant Features and Functions of ‘ins Primordial Substances 1) Heavy property of Prithivi mahabhuta: This clement helps for stabiliry, suppore and composition of the substance. Roughness also controls the movements. It is aso responsible for differen odors. 2) Fluidity, unctuousness of Jala mahabhuta: This is responsible for softness and union of various substances. To understand taste, water is esental 3) Hot and penetrating nature of Teja mahabhura: This clement is rexponsble for transformation, conversion and digestion. Visual understanding of a substance depends on ins content of tj mahabhura 4) Mobility of Vayu maahabhuta: Iris eesponsible for all sors fof subtle and gross movements, Vayu mahabhuta is responsible for tactile sensation also. Basic Principles of Ayurveda 19 5) Space and hollowness by Akasha mahabhuca: Because of its nonobstruction property, movement and transport of ‘many useful materials in the body chrough various srotas oF channels is possible, Akasha mahabhuta is responsible for the eration of variery of sounds, chamahabhuta? Examine the properties, function and the concesned body cements 1, Examination of Parthiva cements + From the odor of stool, une, sweat, kapha and pitta, we can understand the normality or abnormality of pathiva clements in the bod In some diseases one can find a body ‘odor in patient's breath or urine eg, diabetic kero-acidosis, lung cancer. + To assess stability and nutttion ofthe body, examine the hight, weight ratio. + Observe the structure and composition of bones (bone

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