Republic of the Philippines

PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY

College of Teacher Education
Puerto Princesa City

A LESSON PLAN IN GRADE 9 SCIENCE

Topic/Title Work and Heat: In a Relationship

Grade Level Grade 9
Time Allotment 1 Hour
Teacher
Time & Date 08:00 am -09:00 am, April 03, 2023 (Monday)

I. OBJECTIVES
A. Content Standard
the relationship among heat, work and efficiency.
B. Performance Standard
analyze how power plants generate and transmit electrical energy.
C. Learning Competencies
infer that heat transfer can be used to do work, and that work involves the release of heat; S9FE-IVf43

D. Specific Learning Objectives

At the end of the 60-minute lesson, the Grade 9 students should be able to do the following with at least 80%
proficiency:
1. define the thermodynamics;
2. distinguish the relationship between work and heat;
3. identify the formula used in solving problems related to heat and work

II. CONTENT
Work and Heat: In a Relationship
III. LEARNING RESOURCES
A. References
1. Teacher’s Guide pages Exploring Life Through Science Series Second Edition 9; Josefina Ma. et.
Al.;2018; Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. pp. 419-423
2. Learner’s Materials pages
3. Textbook pages
4. Additional Materials from
Learning Resource (LR) portal
5. Other Learning Resources Handouts:

[Link]
Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/
Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/
Thermodynamics/The_Four_Laws_of_Thermodynamics/
 First_Law_of_Thermodynamics#:~:text=Work%20is%20the%20force
%20used,allow%20systems%20to%20exchange%20energy.

[Link]

IV. PROCEDURES Teacher’s Activity Students’ Activity

Preliminaries Everyone, please stand up.
(5 minutes)
Good morning, everyone!
You may take your seats. Good morning, Sir!
May I know if there are students who
are absent today?
If that’s the case, then let’s proceed to
There’s none, Sir.
today's topic.
But before that, let me introduced
myself first, I am Reynald Villanueva,
and you can call me Sir Nald for short
and I’m your new student teacher for
today.
1. Elicit (5 minutes)
Last meeting, I believe that you already
tackled the different forms of energy,
A. Reviewing previous lesson
right?
or presenting the new lesson
- Yes Sir!

What are the different forms of energy?

- Mechanical energy, heat
energy, sound energy, light
energy, potential and kinetic
energy.

That’s right!

- In potential energy sir we

In solving for the potential and kinetic
used P.E=mgh while in
energy which formula do we use? kinetic energy, we used
K.E=1/2mv2

- None sir.

Very good! Do you have any questions

or clarifications with regard this topic?

Since you have no questions, let’s

proceed to our next lesson.
2. Engage (10 minutes) But before that, let’s have a little
activity.

I will show you some pictures and you

will predict/give the word associated
 with those pictures. Is that clear?
B. Establishing a purpose for Okay let's start. (Used the power point
the lesson - Yes Sir!
presentation)

Unlocking of difficulties:
Identify the word illustrated by the
following
C. Presenting examples/ pictures?
instances of the new lesson

____ is the energy transferred from one

object to another due to their
temperature difference?

- Heat

____ is the energy transferred when an

object is moved against force?

- Work

___ is a branch of
Physics which deals
with the study of
physical laws that
relate heat and
mechanical work?

- Thermodynamics
3. Explore (10 minutes)
Based on our previous activity, what do
you think is our topic for today?
- Work and Heat Sir!
D. Discussing new concepts
and practicing new skills #1 That is correct! Our topic for today is
about the relationship of Work and
Heat.

Before we start, here are the objectives

E. Discussing new concepts of our lesson
and practicing new skills #2
Everyone, please read our objectives
for our today’s lesson.
1..2..3.. go - define the thermodynamics;
(The teacher will post the objectives on - distinguish the relationship
the board and facilitate all the students between work and heat;
to read it.) - identify the formula used in
solving problems related to
heat and work

Now, what is heat?

Heat, is the energy transferred from one
object to another due to their
temperature difference.

The symbol of Heat in equation is Q

Where:
Q = Heat in Joule, Calorie
m = mass in grams
c = specific heat capacity, J/g-⁰C
ΔT=Change in Temperature
1 cal = 4.186 Joule

Work on the other hand, is the energy

transferred when an object is moved
against force.

WORK = F X D
Where: W = work in Joule
F = Force in Newton
D = Distance in Meter
1 Nm = 1 J

Thermodynamics" is the study of these

energy transfers.
"Thermo" = heat
"dynamics" = change

Now I want you to group yourselves

into 3 groups. Okay, now let’s count 1-
3 so we can determine your group
starting from the first chair on the right
side. Go!

For our group activity, you will report

about the Laws of Thermodynamics.
Each group will report one of the laws
of thermodynamics.

Group 1 will report the 1st Law of

Thermodynamics
 What is the 1st law of
thermodynamics?
 What is 1st law of
thermodynamics equation?
 What are the limitations of 1st
law of thermodynamics?

For group 2. You will report the 2 nd law

of thermodynamics.
 What is the 2nd law of
thermodynamics?
 What is the equation of 2nd law
of thermodynamics?
 What are the different states of
the 2nd law of thermodynamics?

And for the last, group 3. You will

report the 3rd law of thermodynamics.
 What is the 3rd law of
thermodynamics?
 What is the equation that used
in 3rd law of thermodynamics?

You will write all your findings and

discussions in the provided manila
paper.

You also need to choose your leader

per group and you will have 15 mins to
finish your activity. Another thing is
those who not participate in their group
work will be the one to present their
outputs.

Any questions?

Okay, then you may start your group

activity now.
 None, Sir!

4. Explain (10 minutes)

Times up! Okay, now post your outputs
on the board. Present your output.
1. what is the first law of
Let’s start with group 1. thermodynamics?
F. Developing mastery (leads to
Formative Assessment 3) - The First Law of
Thermodynamics states that heat is
a form of energy, and
thermodynamic processes are
therefore subject to the principle of
conservation of energy. This means
that heat energy cannot be created
or destroyed. It can, however, be
transferred from one location to
another and converted to and from
other forms of energy.
2. what is the equation that used in
first law of thermodynamics?
The equation for the first law of
thermodynamics is given as;
ΔU = q + W
Where,
 ΔU = change in internal
energy of the system.
 q = algebraic sum of heat
transfer between system and
surroundings.
 W = work interaction of the
system with its
surroundings.

- Note that for an isolated

system, energy (E) always
remains constant.
- Internal Energy is a point
function and property of the
system. Internal energy is an
extensive property (mass-
dependent) while specific
energy is an intensive
property (independent of
mass).
- For an ideal gas, the internal
 energy is a function of
temperature only.

3. What are the limitations of first

law of thermodynamics?
The law states that whenever a
system undergoes any
thermodynamic process it always
holds certain energy balance.
However, the first law fails to give
the feasibility of the process or
change of state that the system
undergoes.

1. what is the second law of

thermodynamics?
The second law of thermodynamics
states that any spontaneously
occurring process will always lead
to an escalation in the entropy (S)
of the universe. In simple words,
the law explains that an isolated
system’s entropy will never
decrease over time.
Nonetheless, in some cases where
the system is in thermodynamic
equilibrium or going through a
Everyone please claps your hands for reversible process, the total entropy
group 1! of a system and its surroundings
remains constant. The second law is
also known as the Law of Increased
Next is group 2, present your output. Entropy.

The second law clearly explains

that it is impossible to convert heat
energy to mechanical energy with
100 per cent efficiency. For
example, if we look at the piston in
an engine, the gas is heated to
increase its pressure and drive a
piston. However, even as the piston
moves, there is always some
leftover heat in the gas that cannot
be used for carrying out any other
work. Heat is wasted and it has to
be discarded. In this case, it is done
by transferring it to a heat sink or in
the case of a car engine, waste heat
is discarded by exhausting the used
fuel and air mixture to the
atmosphere. Additionally, heat
generated from friction that is
generally unusable should also be
removed from the system. 

2. What is the equation for second

law of thermodynamics?
Mathematically, the second law of
thermodynamics is represented as;
ΔSuniv > 0
where ΔSuniv is the change in the
entropy of the universe.

Entropy is a measure of the

randomness of the system or it is
the measure of energy or chaos
within an isolated system. It can be
considered as a quantitative index
that describes the quality of energy.

3. What are the different states of

the 2nd law of thermodynamics?

There are two statements on the

second law of thermodynamics
which are;
1. Kelvin- Plank Statement
2. Clausius Statement

In Kelvin-Plank statement, it is
impossible for a heat engine to
produce a network in a complete
cycle if it exchanges heat only with
bodies at a single fixed
temperature.
While in Clausius statement, heat
flows natural from hot to cold
objects.

1. What is the third law of

thermodynamics?

The third law of thermodynamics

states that the entropy of a perfect
crystal at a temperature of zero
Kelvin (absolute zero) is equal to
zero.
 Entropy, denoted by ‘S’, is a
measure of the disorder/randomness
in a closed system. It is directly
related to the number of microstates
(a fixed microscopic state that can
be occupied by a system) accessible
by the system, i.e., the greater the
number of microstates the closed
system can occupy, the greater its
entropy. The microstate in which
the energy of the system is at its
minimum is called the ground state
of the system.

2. What is the equation that used in

third law of thermodynamics?

As per statistical mechanics, the

entropy of a system can be
expressed via the following
equation:
S – S0 = 𝑘B ln𝛀
Where,
Thank you group 2, everyone! Clap
your hands on group 2!  S is the entropy of the
system.
 S0 is the initial entropy.
And last but not the least, group 3
present you output.  𝑘B denotes the Boltzmann
constant.
 𝛀 refers to the total number
of microstates that are
consistent with the system’s
macroscopic configuration.
Now, for a perfect crystal that has
exactly one unique ground state, 𝛀
= 1. Therefore, the equation can be
rewritten as follows:
S – S0 = 𝑘B ln(1) = 0 [because ln(1)
= 0]
When the initial entropy of the
system is selected as zero, the
following value of ‘S’ can be
obtained:
S–0=0⇒S=0
Thus, the entropy of a perfect
crystal at absolute zero is zero.
 Okay everybody, clap your hands for
group 3!
5. Elaborate Again, what is the difference between Heat is the transfer of thermal
work and heat? energy between systems, while
(10 minutes)
work is the transfer of mechanical
energy between two systems.
Very good!

G. Finding practical It states that energy cannot be

applications of concepts and Then, what is the first law of created or destroyed; it can only be
skills in daily living thermodynamics is all about? converted from one form to
another.

That is correct!
 It states that heat does not naturally
H. Making generalizations and flow from a cool body to a warmer;
abstractions about the lesson work must be expended to make it
How about the second law?
do so.

 states that the entropy of a system

approaches a constant value as the
temperature approaches absolute
zero. 
Then how about the third law?

None sir!
Very good!

Any clarification or questions

regarding on our topic?

Then get ¼ sheet of paper.

6. Evaluate (7 minutes) Answer the ff questions below in a ¼ Answers:
sheet of paper.

[Link] first law of thermodynamics is

just another form of the ____.
I. Evaluating learning 1. A
A. conservation of energy
B. conservation of mass
C. mass-energy equivalence
D. mechanical equivalent

2. According to thermodynamics,
which form of energy is considered
waste?

a. chemical
b. electrical
c. heat
d. solar 2. C

3. Thermodynamics is primarily
concerned with the ____.
 a. motion of heated bodies
b. measurement of quantity of heat
c. physical effects of temperature
change
d. conversion of heat energy into other
forms of energy

4. Which law of thermodynamics says

that the absolute zero cannot be 3. D
attained?

a. zeroth law
b. first law
c. second law
d. third law

5. One calorie is equivalent to___.

a. 4.186 J
b. 41.86 J
c. 418.6 J
d. 4168 J

4. D

5. A

7. Extend (3 minutes)
Assignment:

J. Additional activities for Research the nature of magnetism and

application or remediation types of magnetism.

V. REMARKS
 VI. REFLECTION
A. No. of learners who learned 80% on the
formative assessment
B. No. of learners who require additional
activities for remediation
C. Did the remedial lesson work? No. of learners
who have caught up with the lesson
D. No. of learners who continue to require
remediation
E. Which of my teaching strategies worked well?
Why did this work?
F. What difficulties did I encounter which my
principal or supervisor can help me solve?
G. What innovation or localized materials did I
use to discover which I wish to share with other
teachers?

Prepared by: Certified True and Correct:

REYNALD F. VILLANUEVA APRIL ANN VITERBO

Student Teacher Cooperating Teacher