ENGLISH 1A Reviewer have been given traditional names which mark them

out as being significantly different from standard

VARIETIES AND REGISTERS OF SPOKEN varieties spoken in the same place.
AND WRITTEN LANGUAGE
MINORITY DIALECT Sometimes, members of
LESSON 1 LANGUAGE VARIETIES particular minority ethnic group have their own
LANGUAGE VARIETY is a specific set of variety which they use as marker of identity, usually
linguistic terms or human speech patterns (sounds, variety. alongside standard
words, grammatical features) which can be INDIGENIZED VARIETY These are mainly
associated with some external factor (geographical spoken as second languages multilingual differences
area or a social group). A language itself can be in ex-colonies populations. from the with standard
viewed as a variety of the human languages variety may be linked to English proficiency, or
(Wardhaugh, 1986). may be a part of a range of varieties used to express
DIFFERENT KINDS OF LANGUAGE identity.
VARIETIES LESSON 2 LANGUAGE REGISTERS
Pidgin is a new language which develops speakers THE "REGISTER" OF LANGUAGE
need to communicate but don't share a common in
of situations different where languages language. The perceived attitude and level of formality
The pidgin one comes particular. of a Vocabulary associated with of language а variety
mainly from language.
THE "REGISTER" OF LANGUAGE
Example:
A variety of language used in a particular social
- Convo - It has a colloquial meaning that differs setting, using certain words, phrases, and
from its Spanish origin, and isn't vulgar at all. As contractions that are not normally used in other
Said in the definition above, it refers to the way of settings (or if they did, they may sound strange or
speaking or one who speaks Taglish and/or with an out of place)
English accent, usually associated with upper-dass
citizens because such is the stereotype in Filipino MAJOR DIVISIONS OF LANGUAGE
pop culture. REGISTED

CREOLE FORMAL and INFORMAL

When people and children start learning a pidgin as FORMAL REGISTER

their first language and it becomes the mother More appropriate for professional writing such as
tongue of a community, it becomes a creole. It is a letters to a boss or a stranger
distinct language which has taken most of its
vocabulary from another language, but has its own Examples:
unique grammatical rules. 1. Business Letters
Examples: 2. Complaint Letters
• Chavacano or Chabacano (tafa'kano] refers to a 3. Reports
number of Spanish-bated creole banguage varieties
spoken in the Philippines Chavacano Chavacano or 4. Official Speeches
Philippine Creole Spanish is a Spanish-based creole
5. Announcements
spoken in parts of the Philippines, especially in and
around the city of Zamboanga, by over 600,000 6. Professional e-mails
people. There are abo speakers of the Zamboanga
dialect of Chavacano in Sempornah, Malaysia. RULES OF THE FORMAL LANGUAGE
WIEN WRITING
REGIONAL DIALECT It is not a distinct
language but a variety of language spoken in a  Do not use contraction.
particular area of a country. Some regional dialects  Spell out numbers less than one hundred.
  Avoid using too much passive voice. It is is often meaningless to outsiders. American poet
better to use the active voice. David Lehman has described jargon as "the verbal
 Avoid using stangs, Idioms, hyperboles, and sleight of hand that makes the old hat seem newly
clichés. fashionable; it gives an air of novelty and specious
 Avold abbreviations and acronyms profundity to ideas that, if stated directly, would
 Do not start seritences with words like, and, seem superficial, stale, frivolous, or false."
so, but, and also. COLLOQUIALISMS (PAMBANSA)
 Always write in complete sentence.
 Writer longer, more complex sentences The everyday use of language, parlance or
commonplace vernacular language that lends people
INFORMAL REGISTER their identity The informal use of language
Uses conversational language and appropriate when consisting of words or expressions used by common
writing or talking to friends and people you know people
very well COLLOQUIAL LANGUAGE Informal language
Examples: used by people in everyday speech

Blogs/ vlogs Vocabulary may last longer

Chatting with friends and family Vocal users:

Diaries and journals Used by ordinary people in their daily speech

Friendly letters Examples:

Personal emails Tagalog

Phone texts Kamo

Messenger conversations Ewan

Short notes Teka Nasa'n

COMMON INFORMAL REGISTERS. English

Slangs and clichés Hey, what's up? How's it gonna be?

Figurative language Symbols and abbreviations Whatcha doin' this weekend?

Acronyms How ya been all this time?

Incomplete sentences SLANGS (PABALBAL)

Short sentences The usage of language, especially by of people such

as certain groups teenagers, and specific fields or
Personal opinions professions. More informal than colloquial
language. Used in any culture or society.
Jokes
Slang
First person, second person, and third person point
of view Informal use of language by certain groups of
people. specifically teenagers, etc.
Paragraphs or no paragraphs
Vocabulary is created by the users; thus it is most
Extra punctuation
likely to change with time. Used by certain groups
Passive and active voice such as teenagers.
Jargon - refers to the specialized language of a Examples:
professional or Occupational group. Such language
FILIPINO
Yosi Hey, Mark. What's up?
Syota INTIMATE
Bagets How's my little snuggy wuggy?
Chika EXAMPLES: COMPLAINTS
Jowa FROZEN
LEVELS OF THE REGISTERS OF This is a complaint for damages and injunctive
LANGUAGE relief arising out of manipulative activities in the
gold market from 1994 to the present time
INTIMATE
FORMAL
Language between lovers Takes into account certain
"private language" such as terms of endearment, I hope you don't mind my stating that the service is
codewords, slangs expressions. unsatisfactory. I would like a refund.
CASUAL/ INFORMAL CONSULTATIVE
Language used in conversation with friends often Excuse me, Ms. Rodriguez. As I understand the
very relaxed and focused. Vernacular grammar, task, we need to focus on improving our delivery
slangs, colloquialisms, and colored languages are times rather than blaming our suppliers.
quite often used.
CASUAL
CONSULTATIVE
Oh, Bong. Just a moment! Listen, you know...
Language used for the purpose of seeking assistance well... what was with that off-key comment last
Often used between a superior and subordinate. night?
Language dynamism in between lawyer and client,
doctor and teacher and patient, employer and INTIMATE
employee, student, colleagues, peers, etc. May use I'm so sick and tired of dealing with all your crap!
standard or non-standard variety of English yet a
level of detachment is maintained Why do LANGUAGE REGISTERS matter?

FORMAL It helps us...

FROZEN/STATIC o Speak or write with the appropriate language

in a specific context
Language is based on a strict formula (scripted). o Avoid "casual writing/ speaking" when a
Does not change (set speech) The word order is different level of register must be used
fixed and the speaker will just regurgitate. o Enhance our communicative competence

EXAMPLES: GREETINGS EVALUATING MESSAGES AND/OR IMAGES

OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF TEXTS
FROZEN: Welcome to the Dela Cruz Brothers REFLECTING DIFFERENT CULTURE
Industrial Center. Where tomorrow's world meets
today's. Please remember that no flash photography LECTURE 21 Evaluating Messages and/or
is allowed during this tour Images of Different

FORMAL: Types of Texts Reflecting Different Cultures

Good morning. May I speak to the director please? 1. What is the message?

CONSULTATIVE A verbal, written, or recorded communication sent

to or left for a recipient who cannot be contacted
Hello. Mr. Revilla. How is our report today? directly.
CASUAL 2. What is the purpose of the message?
Most media messages serve at least one of three thousand words, but the art of getting those
purposes-to educate, to entertain, or to persuade-and thousands words right is where it gets tricky.
some fulfill all three at once. A blog post, for
example, may entertain its readers but also share b. The reason why imaginary works so well in
some news or promote a cause or product. Always conveying messages is that the brain works in
think about the purpose of a media message before images; it's the most natural way for the brain to
taking it at face value. Also analyze purpose before process information. Because of this images are
sending your own media messages. quickly processed, easily remembered and easily
recalled.
a. To Educate or to Inform
C. Communication has two factors, the rational and
The news industry was built on society's interest in the emotional. The rational are the cold hard facts of
learning and keeping up with what is happening in the message, there is no disputing them and
the world. We read newspaper stories, magazine sometimes they are central to the message but how
features, and news blogs; listen to radio broadcasts do we make the audience remember and feel a
and podcasts; and watch and listen to television personal connection to them. This is where the
newscasts, documentaries, and online video emotional factor comes into play by using the right
tutorials. Media messages that are meant to educate imagery.
or inform are typically more neutral and unbiased
than messages meant solely to entertain or persuade. d. Without an emotional connection, words are dull
However, be aware of author or organizational bias and common. The importance of evoking emotion is
that might accompany the message. vital. Emotions give persuasive results; they have
the potential to change behaviors, and remain with a
b. To Entertain person long after your speech.
Some media messages are packaged to entertain. [Link] key to sourcing good words is to think what
Music, movies, television sitcoms, sports emotions do you want your audience to feel? The
broadcasts, and social networks are just few importance of sourcing image-based words will
examples of media that entertain. Popular allow you to find images that will naturally have an
entertainment media are especially appealing to emotional connection to them. These will encourage
advertisers because they are viewed by large you to think differently about your key messages
audience. because you have attached more conception and
symbolism to them.
C. To Persuade
4. Who is the target audience?
As you learned at the beginning of this unit, a key
concept of media literacy knows all media messages When it comes to effectively delivering business
share some point of view, even ones that are meant messages, there's truth in the saying, "It's not what
to appear objective in tone. While persuasive you say, but how you say it." Using the right
devices are easy to recognize in commercials and methods for presenting specific messages can
advertisements, they may be more subtle in other improve recipients' understanding and help you
media messages. For example, a post on a political persuade and motivate. Review your options before
blog may influence you to think one way by delivering information to any audience to ensure
covering only one side of a story. Media-literate you maximize the effectiveness of your message.
individuals are able to detect bias and always ([Link]
consider objections or other sides of a story before methods-presenting- [Link])
making up their minds on an issue.
5. What other ways of presenting the messages
3. How is the message conveyed by the text are there?
and/or image?
a. Electronic - Because of its convenience and the
a. Communication through images is not a new fact that it seems to be everywhere, with people
idea, we've been doing it since the dawn of man and having 24/7 access, email has become a default
it is a given that everyone knows a picture tells a delivery system for information. The problem with
email is that because it's so prevalent, you're
competing with countless other messages. Once points. Charts and graphs give a visual pop to
your message gets read, it's often quickly lost numbers you're presenting having an instant impact
among dozens of others. Other ways to send on your audience. Learn to use programs such as
messages electronically include social media, PowerPoint to create informational graphics that
website banners and pay-per-click ads. Consider the organize your thoughts, help you emphasize them
importance of your message when using electronic and highlight key concepts. Even a humble
media to determine if long messages should be chalkboard or dry erase board can help you make
delivered as documents. Think about how your points more clearly.
message will look on a mobile device versus a
computer. COMMUNICATION AND TECHNOLOGY:
IMPERATIVES FOR THE FUTURE
b. Print - If you'd like people to hold your message
in their hands and have easy access to refer to it LECTURE 22 Communication Aids and
later, consider brochures, fliers, ads, catalogs, Strategies Using Tools of Technology
reports, memos or letters. With the increase in 1. Intranet/Social Intranet
electronic communications, print pieces stand out
more and don't compete with as many paper An intranet is a private hub that can be accessed by
documents on a work desk. Print media have an authorized users within a business organization - it
advantage over electronic communication in that is mainly used for internal communication and
you won't have to worry about how the message collaboration. In this age of bring-your-own-device
looks on devices and computers with different (BYOD) and telecommuting, an intranet solution
display settings. will result in a more flexible workforce and ensure
all employees are working towards the same goals.
c. Face-to-Face - If the majority of your sales You might be interested in implementing an intranet
efforts are done via email or over the phone, review strategy if:
potential customers you haven't been able to crack
and evaluate whether the cost of an in-person You and your employees find it difficult to stay up
meeting might be worth the potential sales. to date with any company announcement or news

1. Face-to-face meetings let you get more personal, 1. It feels like there is a communication breakdown
evaluate the body language of your peers, between departments and employees
demonstrate products and use visual aids. 2. Important documents go missing or are buried in
2. Similarly, as you're getting ready to circulate yet thousands of emails
another employee memo or blast email, consider 3. There is too much paperwork
whether you'd make a bigger impact if you called
everyone together in a meeting to make the 4. There is no clear or standard orientation policy
announcement. The questions and feedback you for new employees or interns 5. It's difficult to form
receive instantly go the to whole group. cross functional teams to resource projects.
d. Teleconference - If you can't afford to get Intranets have taken big leaps forward during the
everyone in the same room, consider last 6 years and now often include features to allow
teleconferencing. Tele meetings give you many of teams and individual users to collaborate and
the same benefits of face-to-face communications communicate with people (internal and external),
without the travel costs and scheduling headaches. send, receive and edit documents as well as intuitive
You can schedule these meetings on short notice, features to easily navigate the user interface and
and even technophobes can learn how to use basic connected environments.
video technology that often comes free with a
Intranets can connect with external data sources like
smartphone or personal computer.
Google, Google+, Wikipedia, plus your own
e. Visual Aids - Standing in front of a group and business systems etc. to provide additional real time
speaking for long periods while holding notes in data and enhanced the knowledge across the
your hand can become monotonous. Using visual workforce. Business intranets have also become the
aids will better engage attendees and make your standard in managing data including policies,
guidelines procedures, protocols, corporate aware that they are not interacting with an actual
documents, branding, logos, and other resources. human.
2. Chat rooms, Private and Group Messaging a. In many cases, it's essential to have a method to
communicate with either a single member of the
a. Collaborative spaces which provide private/group staff or the whole team. This will come in a very
messaging and chat functions are often viewed as handy when tackling projects and any
one of the best business communication tools to troubleshooting issues and when properly utilized,
keep teams working together. will lessen the need for email. IMs and chat rooms
b. It's an effective form of communication for busy can also improve customer service.
employees and managers. Instant messaging makes b. Customers will no longer have to wait for long
updates on projects and general team discussion periods of time to get the answers they need about a
much easier. This works well when employees team product or a service. Today, customers can get
members are spread across different geographical instant replies that provide resolutions to their issues
locations and different time zones. or and inquiries. Popular examples of these messaging
c. Files can be shared and conversations can be tool are Slack, Hip Chat and Skype.
accessed if needed. Chat rooms and group 6. Discuss Forum - Although discussion forums
messaging environments may the same, but the may seem old tech to some, it is still one of the
interfaces are often very different. For instance, preferred communication business tools today. A
your company might get more out of an instant discussion forum can bring together management
messaging platform that a chat room if you don't and employees and allows for an open discussion on
have a lot of team-based projects, and individuals any topic (usually set up and monitored/
only occasionally need to contact other individuals moderated). It can also help in knowledge
within the organization. dissemination and bring the workforce together.
3. Instant Messaging (IM) - instant messages are Forums also effective in archiving organizational
commonly used for recreation but now are widely knowledge to be used by anyone as a reference.
used within business organizations for employee- a. Employee morale can also be boosted by
employee messaging or employee management participating in regular discussion forums. One
messaging. Regardless of the specific software you challenge many companies face is a participation
use, IM provides an interface for individuals to from employees in the general day-to-day activities
communicate one-on-one. Most software also the organization. Employees are more likely to
allows the creation of group messages, but this is enjoy their work and do well if they feel they are
not the primary intended use of IM. part of the work community.
4. Chat Rooms - whether business or casual, b. Logging on to a discussion forum at the start of
private or public, chat rooms are forums for specific the work is a great lack of way to increase employee
groups of people to interact and receive engagement and produce new ideas and decisions.
notifications. Many chat rooms are based on a
shared topic or characteristics. For example, there c. Using a company forum in this way often
are chat rooms for specific age groups and interests. produces better results that communication over
Although many IM clients and intranets support email, for example. While email could be
some kind of group messaging dynamic, chat room considered a closed discussion environment, forums
software is specifically designed for team/group are an open environment.
based information sharing and messaging.
d. If they will usually be able to contribute
5. Bots - a chat bot or chat robot is software that can something useful or valuable. A discussion forum
interact with users using chat mechanisms, whether integrated with internal email will allow the
a person is using IM or has joined a chat room. In business to have the best of both worlds. Employees
some cases, users will be able to get stock status, can participate in forums using Outlook, or the
weather report and even movie listings. Some bot company's mobile email client or via a browser.
can be quiet hi-tech, but in most instances users are
e. Discussion forums will also facilitate knowledge particular company process. This medium is
sharing. No time will be wasted answering the same visually appealing and helps communicate many
questions again and again once the company forum instructions quickly and easily.
has been integrated with enterprise search. This will
enable forum information to be discovered by c. An internal blog is also a good option. This is not
people who need it, when they need it. something your customers and competitors will be
able to access. The internal blog is a place where
7. Ticketing, Issue Tracking and Case Software employees can share ideas and experiences fast and
in an informal fashion. Internal blog advantages can
a. A case tracking system enables employees and include:
customers to submit a case or support ticket. This
allows it to be assigned to the right employee and 1. Broadcasting and highlighting an employee's
have it checked and resolved in time. A case knowledge about a certain topic or area of the
tracking system helps centralize customer support organization
queries and keep track of any open issues. Track
team productivity, prioritize the most relevant and 2. Creating a searchable and permanent archive of
important queries and collect valuable customer KB articles, knowledge and expertise. All the KB
feedback that can help improving your products, articles uploaded and published on an internal blog
services and customer relationships. will stay there unless deleted manually.

b. An issue tracking system is generally used in an 3. It promotes open discussion and collaboration
organization's customer support call center to among the workforce. There are instances where
create, update and resolve reported customer issues some employees will be more likely to speak up in a
or even issues reported by employees within the virtual environment that face-to- face.
company. When submitting a trouble/support ticket 4. It connects employees across departments.
it should include all the important information on
the customer/account involved and the type of issue 5. It keeps the staff up-to-date on important
encountered. information and company updates.

c. An issue tracking system often contains a 9. Podcasts are generally presented as audio files
knowledge based (KB) about a customer/s available to steam or to download. In the past,
information about whether it has been resolved or people mainly tune in podcasts on their desktop
not and other relevant data. A trouble ticket is computer or laptops, but they are slowly becoming
usually created in a call center or a help desk and mobile devices. more popular on
will always have a unique reference number a. For many businesses, it's easy to grasp the idea of
assigned to it. This case number is provided to the podcast for external marketing, but a business
customer to help staff quickly locate, open and organization can also utilize podcasting to reach the
communicate the status of the request. Popular internal workforce. Some business experts have
examples of issue tracking system include JIRA, stated that many employees make listening to
Help Scout, Desk, and Zen Desk. company podcasts apart of their weekly work
8. Internal Blogs, Video and Audio - Content is a routine.
defining factor when determining whether your b. An internal podcast can cover topics such as
teams are engaged or not. Enticing articles, eye- messages for the CEO, new processes, employee
catching images and videos across the company assistance programs and other human-interest
intranet will result in more traction and engagement topics. There are many tutorial videos on how to
from everyone in the organization. make a simple podcast. You can start form there by
a. Training and tutorial videos, video messages form using a simple microphone, a free audio-editing
management and behind-the-scene footage can be software and a computer.
posted on the company which can increase C. Once everything is rolling and producing good
employee engagement and retention. intranet results, you can invest in better equipment or put
b. Infographics are well suited for marketing more focus on getting influential podcast guests.
departments and for showing and explaining
But remember, technology is just secondary and
content always rules.
10. Gamification - Although not a direct
communication tool, gamification can be applied in
business intranets to break up routine and to
encourage engagement in areas including and other
than business matters.
a. Gamification is the concept of applying game
mechanics and game design techniques to engage
and motivate people to reach company or business
goals. This concept taps into a person's basic needs,
desires and impulses which revolve around the idea
of achievement and status.
b. Term "gamification" was first used in 2003 by
Nick Pelling but did not gain popularity until 2010.
Gamification is used by business to drive the
desired task with points, badges or elevated status.
The idea is to showcase expertise, talents and
accomplishments of the users or employees.
c. Another technique used in gamification is
competition. The desire to appear on the leader
board will drive staff to do and complete more tasks
efficiently which fuels engagement.
d. Gamification is also a very practical technique
that can be used to motivate better performance,
drive business results and generate competitive
advantage.