INTRODUCTION

AutoCAD: -

AutoCAD is a graphics design software. It is a 2D and 3D engineering graphics design

AutoCAD originated from a program called Interact CAD, which was launched in 1986 and
released in 1989. Previous Auto Desk documents were also referred to as Micro CAD and were
written according to the structure of the previous AutoCAD written by Autodesk co-founder
Mike Riddle.

The first edition was exhibited by Autodesk at the 1982 Comes International Exhibition and
was released in December of that year. As Autodesk 's flagship product, AutoCAD became the
largest CAD program worldwide by March 1987. The 2016 release marks the 32nd major
release of AutoCAD for Windows. The 2014 AutoCAD release marks the fourth growing year
for the Mac.

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ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE: -

Advantage of AutoCAD:

In the last 25 years, AutoCAD has created many changes in field of building and
manufacturing. Some of advantages of AutoCAD are as follows:

1. Compatibility –
Standardization is one of beneficial advantage of using AutoCAD. It is used as standard
for Computer Aided Design, so that other packages of CAD emulates operations of
AutoCAD and ensure about compatibility of files across industrial boundaries.
2. 2D and 3D –
It has ability to make a transition between 2D and 3D. Some versions have ability that
they can automatically generate print documentation which is typically based on virtual
3D models. As we know that 3D modelling /is easy difficult, but with help of 3D
packages it becomes very easy to create and modify.
3. Companionable with CAM –
CAD goes hand-in-hand with computer Aided manufacturing (CAM). AutoCAD
automatically interact with matching CAM packages which further create machine tool
program for operation like /drilling, turning and modify.
4. Virtualization -
On large production like /bridge or building design etc., virtualization is used.
Virtualization is ability to view and walk through project in a 3D view before start
manufacturing process.
5. Time Saver –
To make any desired drawing it consumes much time but with invent of AutoCAD
making drawing is not time-consuming task. Also, we can generate as much copies of
same drawing. The same drawing can be used in other drawing which also helps in
saving time.
6. Simulation –
It is also used to create simulations and wire-frame models, which help user to check
functionality of model without investing in prototype of the model.
7. Databases –
It is also help in creations of databases like PDM/PLM, once these databases are get
created with help of CAD files these can be accessed through WAN.
8. Accuracy –
It can produce even large files with same ease and accuracy. Commands like grid snap,
zoom and attach are used for accuracy in drawing.

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Disadvantages of AutoCAD:

As we know that AutoCAD is most famous Computer Aided Design, it has many advantages
but it has disadvantages too. It does not compare well to contemporary building information
modelling, these dimensional modelling and illustration software. Following are disadvantages
of AutoCAD:

1. Line –
As AutoCAD produces drawing with help of line and shape tools and curves, arcs and
straight lines helps in producing shapes. But AutoCAD is useless in editing line and
location as freely as in case o0f illustration programs. It create drawing with only help
of lines it does not use volumetric models as we use in Building information
Modelling(BIM). In case of 3D geometry, it uses limited effects.
2. Limited Files Formats –
As it is leading CAD, it limits number of files formats it can import or export. This
cause a problem while using more powerful tools and exporting program to an
AutoCAD format i.e., geometry, color and effects are almost lost.
3. Color, Fill and Texture –
For color, fill and texture in AutoCAD user uses line and hatch tools. But in AutoCAD
there are limited colors i.e. only 256 and hatching provides only texture, we did not
obtain photo realistic images as in illustration programs.
4. Non-Parametric-
To create 3D models, there are various tool and to edit models time various steps are to
be followed which consumes a lot of time which is automatically edit in case of
Building Information Modelling (BIM).

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Sl. No. 4: - Draw cross section, strain diagram & stress diagram for a. singly reinforced section and
b. doubly reinforced section.

Figure 1: Singly Reinforcement Section

Figure2: Doubly Reinforcement Section

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Sl. No.6: - Prepare a plan and draw sectional elevation showing reinforcement detailing in the longer and
shorter direction of a single span [ four edges discontinuous] for a. one way slab b. two-way slab

Figure 3: One way slab Figure 4: Two-way slab

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Sl. No.7: - Prepare a plan and draw sectional elevations showing reinforcement detailing in the longer
and shorter direction of two or more span of a two-way slab (having two adjacent edges
discontinuous) inclusive of reinforcement for negative moment at support and torsional
reinforcement where required.

Figure 5: Plan of Top Reinforcement

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Sl. NO. 8: - Draw a sectional elevation showing reinforcement detailing of a beam having three spans of
unequal/equal length with cross section details at midspan and support.

Figure 6: Reinforcement Detailing of a Beam Having Three Spans

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Sl. No. 9: - Prepare a plan and draw a sectional elevation showing reinforcement detailing for a typical isolated
square footing having one column

Figure 7: Reinforcement Detailing for a Typical Isolated Square Footing Having One Column

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Sl. No.10: - Prepare a plan and draw a sectional elevation showing reinforcement detailing of a typical
waist slab and landing for single flight of a dog-legged stair.

Figure 8: Reinforcement Detailing of a Typical Waist Slab and Landing for Single Flight of a Dog-
Legged Stair.

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Sl. No.11: - Prepare a plan and draw a sectional elevation showing reinforcement detailing of a typical
lintel with Chajja.

Figure 9: Reinforcement Detailing of a Typical Lintel with Chajja.

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Sl. No.14: - Prepare a detailed report of site visit for study of different elements of a bridge and roof
truss.

A bridge is a structure carrying a roadway, pathway, railway, etc. across a river, or other
obstacles. A bridge is built so that people or vehicles can cross from one side to the other.

There are different types of bridges depending upon the specific physical and design scope
requirements. In

Components Of Bridge

The various parts and components of a bridge are as follows:

1. Deck
2. Superstructure
3. Substructure
4. Foundation
5. Girder or beam
6. Bridge tower
7. Pier
8. Pier cap
9. Bearings
10. Piles
11. Pile cap
12. Bridge anchor
13. Suspension cable

Let us learn each component of a bridge in detail below.

1. Deck

Deck is the portion that carries all the traffic.

Figure 10

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2. Superstructure

The portion supports the deck slab and girder and connects one sub-structure to the other. That
means all the elements of the bridge attached to a supporting system can be categorized as
superstructure.

3. Sub-structure

The parts of the bridge which support the superstructure and transmit all the structural loads of
the bridge to the foundations. For example, piers, abutments, etc.

4. Foundation

Foundation is the portion that transmits loads to the bearing strata. Foundation is required to
support the piers, bridge towers, and portal frames. Generally, piles and well foundations such
as H-pile, bore piles, pipe piles, or precast concrete piles are adopted.

5. Girder or Beam

The beam or girder is the part of the superstructure which bends along the span. The deck is
supported by beams.

Figure 11 Figure 12

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6. Bridge Tower

It is the vertical supporting part used for cable-stayed or suspension bridges. High-strength
concrete and Inset method are adopted to construct the bridge tower.

Figure 13: Cable-stayed bridge

7. Pier

Pier is the part of the substructure that supports the superstructure and transfers loads of
superstructure to the foundations. Pier is suitable for spanned bridges with a maximum width
of deck up to 8 m (2 traffic lanes).

The shape and size of the pier mainly depend on aesthetics, site, space, and economic
constraints of the construction. Usually, bridge pier is constructed by in situ method with large
panel formwork.

Figure 14: Pier

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8. Pier Cap

Pier cap is the topmost part of a pier that transfers loads from the superstructure to the pier. It
is also known as headstock. It provides sufficient seating for the girders and distributes the
loads from the bearings to the piers.

Figure 15: Pier Cap

9. Bearings

Bearing is a device which supports the parts of superstructure and transfers loads and
movements from the deck to the substructure and foundation.

The main purpose of providing a bearing is to permit controlled movement and decrease the
stress involved.

Figure 16: Bearing

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10. Pile & Pile Cap

Pile is a slender member driven into the surrounding soil to resist the loads. Pile cap is a thick
reinforced concrete slab cast on top of the group piles to distribute loads.

Figure 17: Pile & Pile Cap

11. Bridge Anchor

Bridge anchor is only used in suspension and cable-stayed bridges to resist the pull from
suspension cable or counter span of the bridge.

Figure 18: Bridge Anchor

12. Suspension Cable

It is used in suspension and cable-stayed bridges for the hanging, supporting and counter
balancing of the bridge deck.

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 VERTICAL
ABUTMENT

GIRDER

Figure 19

GIRDER

PIER CAP

PIER

Figure 20

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 DECK
SLAB

GUARDRAIL
(OR SAFETY
WALL)

Figure 21

PIER CAP

PIER

Figure 22

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