38 Desing of RCC and Steel Structures

ype
Il: Design slab and beam type combined
a
rectangular RC footing
Steps
slab dimensions
1. Footing
2. Projections of footing

3Net upward pressure intensity on the footing

4 Calculation of BM and SF with diagrams
5. Design of slab
(a) Moment calculation
(b) Effective depth required
(c) Calculation of main reinforcement
(d) Distribution reinforcement
6. Design of beams
(a) Design of AA' portion
(b) Design of BB' portion
(c) Design of AB portion
7. Design of shear
S. Reinforcement details

1.4 PROBLEMS ON DESIGN OF RECTANGULAR COMBINED RC FOOTING

Type I: Design a slab type combined rectangular RCfooting problems
1. Design of combined rectangular RC footing for two columns A and B, carrying loads
of 500 kN and 700 kN respectively.
Column A is 300 mmx 300 mm
Column B is 400 mm x 400 mm
Centre to centre spacing of the column is 3.4 m apart. Safe bearing capacity of soil
may be taken as 150 kN/m*. Use M20 grade concrete and Fe-415 grade steel. Draw
to a suitable scale :
(a) Sectional elevation
(6) Plan of bottom reinforcement
(c) Plan of top reinforcement
(d) CIC of combined footing
Solution:
Given data:
Column A is 300 mm x 300 mm, Axial load of columnA, P, = 500 kN
Column B is 400 mm x 400 mm, Axial load ofcolumn B, P.=
B
700 kN
CIC spacing of the column, l= 3.4 m, SBC = 150 KN/m?
Design ol Combined Footing

2 0 N/mm and S =415 N/mm

dimensions
Sep 1: Size offooting o r Footing slab
(a) Calculation of loads
500+700 = 1200 kN
otal load on the two columns =P, + P, =

10
qOX 1200 =
120 kN
column load)
=

Self weight of footing (assume 10% of

Total load transmited to the soil, P= 1320 kN

(b) Area of footing

Total load P_1320
Area of footing. A = SBC 150
8.8 m*
SBC of soil

i.e.. A required = 8.8 m

(c) Footing size and area of footing provided
Let us assume width of the footing, B = 2 m

A 8.8
Length ofthe footing, L = 4.4 m say 4.5 m

Now, size of footing, LxB = 4.5 mx 2m

Area of footing provided, AvideLx B = 4.5 x 2 = 9 m> 8.8 m2 (A
provided required
Hence ok.
Step 2: Projections of footing
The projectionsp, andp, should be such that C.G of footing coincides with the C.G ofco
loads
(i.e. C.G of footing = C.G of column). The distance x of the C.G of column loads f
centre of column A is given by

=2.25m 2.25m
a, =850 mm a, = 800 mm

D i = 2m D
400 B
mm mm b B 2m
300mm
b,=850mm 400mm
b,=800m
P0.25m
l=
3.4m CIC P = 0.85m

L =4.5m -
Fig 1.5(a)
0 Desing of RCC and Steel Structures

Ptx2
where,r = 4tpt

PA+Pa
@point column A, x, 0, P,
= = 500 kN
Similarly, @ point columnB,

= l=3.4 m, P, = 700 kN
500x0+700x3.4
x 1983 m, say 2 m
500+700

L
Now, P+x P=
-

x =2.25-2 =0.25 m
P = 0.25m

Similarly, P+l+P2 =L P, =L-1-p, =4.5 -3.4-0.25 =0.85 m

P2 0.85 m
Step 3: Net upward pressure intensity on the footing

Net upward pressure,

Total coloumn load Pa +Ps500+700
Area provided 9
Aprovided
1200
133.34 kN/m? <SBC of soil (150 kN/m)
9
Hence safe
Design of Combined Footing
and SFD)
with diagrams
(BMD
Sep 4: Calculation of BM and SF

Pp 700kN
PA 500kN
(3.4-
Pa= 0.85m
P, 0.25mM = 3.4 cl

D, Deth.
of footing

w-266.68
473.33 kN
kN/m
66.67 kN

=1.63m /3.4-x=1.77m
A'
SFD
226.67 kN
M,343.73 kN.m
433.3 KN
Hogging
I moment

Sagging BMD
moment M-8133 kN-m

M =96.33
kN-m
Fig 1.5(6) SFD and BMD
Pressure w per metre length,
w
=qx width of footing =q x B 133.34 x2
W 266.68 kN/m
The BM and SF diagrams in the
longitudinal directions are shown in fig. 1.5(6)
(a) Calculation of SF
SFjust to the left of A=W xp 266.68 x 0.25
=

66.67 kN =

SFjust to the right of A=P^-66.67

500-66.67 433.33 KN
=
=

SFjust to the right of B=w xp,= 266.68 x 0.85

SE just to the left of B 226.67 kN =
=

P-226.67
SE will be zero at distance x iromA
700 226.67
473.33 kN =

(SF will be zero,

where the BM is
maximum
 Desing of RCC and Steel Structures
2

.433.33
35 473.33
From similartriangle,
(3.4- x)
433.33 (3.4 - x) = 473.33 x

1473.32-433.33x = 473.33 x

1473.32
X = 1.63 m
906.66
(b) Calculation of BM
The maximum hogging BM, M, will therefore occur at this section.

P 500 kN, x =1.63m, P =0,25 m

(0.25+1.63) w=266.68 kN/m

M,= (500 x 1.63) -266.68 x (0.25+ 1.63) x- 2 P0.85m
M=815-471.27 = 343.73 kN-m

0.25
Sagging BM at A, M, = w x0.25 x 266.68 x 0.03125 =8.33 kN.m =M AA

0
Sagging BM at B, M = wx 0.85 x 266.68 x 0.361 = 96.33 kN.m = M
2

Step 5: Calculation of depth of the footing

The effective depth d for hogging BM is given,by

M Here,b=B =2000 mm
d, 0.138 fb My=1.5xMx =1.5x 343.73 x 10° = 515.6x 10° N-mm

515.6x10 305.62 say 310 mm

Vo.138x 20x2000
Step 6: Check for punching shear or two way shear
Let us check the above depth (d= 310 mm) for punching shear, for which the critical section

orplane lies at a distance d S=155 mm around column B (consider the bigger column cross
2
section).
 Design of Combined Footing
Column B- b
L=4.5m
D 400 mm
=400 mm
= 155 mm
Column-B
b

D
a2x +D =
=2x 155+
= 710 mm =0.710 m

b2x +b=2x 155

+40
act Fig. 1.5(c) = 710 mm or 0.710 m

Punching factored shear force at column B

= 1.5
P4x(4,x%)
= 1.5 [700- 133.34x (0.71 x 0.71)]

VUpunch = 949.17 kN

Upunch 949.17x103
Nominal shear stress,t, = 1.078 N/mm2
2(as +b )xde 2(710+710)X310
Permissible shear stress =
kt,
T = 0.25 S - R e f e r IS:456-2000, clause [Link]

k l - for depth of footing more than 300

=
mm (Refer IS:456-2000, clause [Link])
kt = 1 x
0.25 fk= 0.25 20 =
1.118 N/mm
T, <kt, i.e., 1.078 < 1.118 N/mm?
Hence the depth found from bending compressijon is
adequate.
Now assume 60 mm effective
(i.e., d'= 60 mm) cover

Overall depth D,=d, +d' =310 + 60 = 370 mm

Depth of footing, D,= 370 mm and d, = 310 mm
Note: Ift,> kT,Hence depth is inadequate or insufficient.

VU pune
.Revise depth or
required depth, d,=
2(4 +ho)xkt,
44 Desing of RCC and Steel Structures

Step 7: Design for bending tension in longitudinal direction or Design of longitudinal

reinforcement
(a) Reinforcement for hogging BM
Refer step-4 BMD, M, = 343.73 kN-m
M UX 1.5 x 343.73 =515.60 kN-m =515.6 x 10 N-mmm
For under reinforced section, area of steel reinforcement is given by (Refer IS:456-2000,
G-1.1b))

My=0.87f,A,d1-A

Here, d =d= 310 mm

bB 2000 mm

M,= Mx = 515.6 x 10° N-m

415 415 A
515.6x 10 =
0.87 x
415 310A |1-
x
20x2000x310
3.74 A-111925.5 A, + 515.6 x 10° =0
A = 5687.55 mm* 13 xd= 3d,= 3 x 310 =930 mm

Assume 16 mm o bars, a x 16'=201.06 mm2

4

Ba 2000x201.06 70.70 mm
Spacing At 5687.55 say 70 mm < 3d or 300 mm

Provide 16 mm o bars 70 mm c/c over top face

2000x 201.06
= 5744.57 mm2
Astprov 70
(b) Reinforcement for sagging BM
) M= M = 8.33 kN-m (Refer Step-4, BMD)
M, = M 1.5 x 8.33 = 12.5 kN.m or 12.5 x 10°[Link]

My 0.87 f,A,
fobd

415 A
12.5x 10= 0.87 x415 x310A, 20x 2000x310
 Design of Combined Footing
10° =0
I11925.5A,+ 12.5
x
3.74A
-

A= l12.10 mm
0.12% of gross cross sectional area
a
Minimum area of stecl, Asmin =

0.12
100
xBxD
0.12 x 2000 x 370 = 888 mm
100

min888
Ast min mm'>A. (112.10 mm)
c Hence use minimum area of steel.

Assume 12 mm o bars, , = x 123= 113.09 mm

Spacing =
Ba 2000x1 13.09
Astsmin
m 888

254.70 mm, say 250 mm

=
< 3d or 300 mm
Provide 12 mm o bars 250 mm c/c at bottom face

As provided 2000x
2000x113.09
11 904.72 mm*
250
(ii) M= Mr =96.33 kN-m or96.33 x 10* N-mm (Refer
step 4, BMD)
M, Mu = =
1.5 x 96.33 =
144.5 kN-m or 144.5 x 10
mm
= 144.5 x 10° =
0.87 x 415 x 310 A 415 As
20x 2000x310
3.74 A-111925.5 A+ 144.5 x 10 =0
.A= 1352.12 mm> A (888 mm2)
Assume 12 mm o bars

2000 ast
Spacing 2000x1 13.09
At = 167.27 mm, say 120
Provide 12 mm o bars (@ l50 mm
1352.12
cc at
bottom face
2000x 113.09
A. provided 150 1507.86 mm?
46 Desing of RCC and Steel Structures

Step 8:Check for one way shear

Critical section is taken at a distance of d, from the column B face (longer column)

d = 310mm

Column A Column B Column dimensions

b 400mm, D = 400 mm
N

400 mm D
40
2
=200
200 mm
D 400 mmi 2

d, +310+200=510mm
L 4.5m

510 mm

Fig 1.5(d)

FactoredSF.V=15|SFjusttotherightofB-wd, +where d, +=510mm or

051m
V= 1.5 [226.67 -266.68(0.51)] = 136 kN
Refer IS:456-2000, clause 40.1

136x10
2000x310 0.22
Nominal shear stress, N/mm?
bdbd Bxd,
Consider supports (sagging moment area of steel)

) Consider AA', Apovided 904.72 mm

100 Astpro 100x904.72

Percentage of steel, p, = 0.145% =
0.15%
Bd 2000x310

Note down the value of t, usingf = 20 N/mm* and p, = 0.15%

t= 0.28 N/mm* (ReferIS:456-2000, table-12)

Permissible shear stress = kt, = l x0.28 = 0.28 N/mm2 Ik = 1

Since kt, =
0.28 N/mm*> 0.22 N/mm* ()
Hence shear reinforcement is not required. Hence provide minimum shear inforcement.
 Design of Combined Footing
mm*
(ii) Consider BB. Aovtat = 1507.86

T00
An 100x1507.86
Percentage of steel. P, =
2000x3 10
= 0.243 =
0.25
Bd
Note doun the value of t using f , = 20 N/mm* a n d p = 0.25%

t = 0.36 N/mm° (Refer IS: 456-2000, table-12

Permissible shear stress = kt = I x 0.36 = 0.36 N/mm*
Since O.36 N/mm?> 0.22 N/mm
Hence shear reinforcement is not
required. Hence provide minimum she:ar
per1S: 456-2000. clause [Link].
reinforeem
A 0.4

Assume
bbs 0.87 fy SL8 leg
b= B=20
8 mm o. 8L -

vertical stirrups

A 8
xx8 = 402.12 mm
Spacing of stirrups should be least of the
following.
1. 0.87 fyA, 0.87x415x 402.12
0.4b 0.4x 2000 =
181.48 mm. say 175m
S 0.75 d.
S =0.75 xd, = 0.75 x 310
S 300 mm, .'.
=
232.5 mm
S =300 mm
S 175 mm (least of =

Provide 8 mm 9, above three values)

AA' and BB' 8L-vertical stirrups @ 175 mm c/c in the
portion.) cantilever portion
Similarly provide 8 mm
o,
of span (AB
portion) 8L-vertical stirrups @ 200 mm
Note: For (assume) in the c/c
combined footing, assume
Step 9: Design of minimum 41L-8 mm o
trans
The footing will bendverse reinforcement stirrups.
(a) For column A: transversely near each column .
antilever projection face.
ColumnA dimension, b 300 mm, beyond the face of
=
D 300
mm
column A [Refer
=
[Refer 11f+g. *1.53 -

B-b
a, =
b, = 2000-300
2 = 850 mm
48
Desing of RCC and Steel Structures
.Width B, of bending strip, B, =b + 2d, =300+2x310 920 mm or 0.92 m
500 load
Net Pa
upward pressurè 4=A =
271.73 kN/m2 Pressure =
BxB 2x0.92 area

PA
Maximum BM will occur at the face of the column A
PA
M 0Xa,h,
4BxB
M- 9o Xah
2 2

271.73 x 0.85 x 0.85

M =
2
98.16 kN-m
My 1.5 x 98.16 = 147.24 kN-m
.Check for depth of footing, here b = 1000 mm along transverse direction

d =
Mu 147.24x10°
o.138 JaB Vo.138x20x1000250.97 mm <d,(310 mm)
Hence provided d, = 310 mm earlier is sufficient. The transverse beam will thus be of the
same thickness as the rest of the footing.
Area of steel calcultion
Since transverse reinforcement will be provided above the longitudinal reinforcement
Available
d = d,- 12 =310 -

12 = 298 mm
where 12 mm o bars sagging moment steel reinforcement

My = 0.87 fA,d

Here, d= d' = 298 mm

b=L=4.5 m, take b =1000 mm (per metre length)

147.24x 10 = 0.87x 415 x 298 A

415 A
20x1000x298
}
7.49 A-107592.9 A + 147.24 x 10° = 0

A 1531.84 mm
Assume 12 mm o bars,

1000 a
spacing = 1000x113.0973.82
1531.84
mm, say 70 mm
A
 Footng
Desgn of Combned

c/c for a widih 920 m m aba..

e longitudinal
70 mm

'rovide 12 mm o bars
400 m n , D = 400 m n,
bottom.

For column
the facc of
B: Column

column
B dincnsions
B (Reler lig.
b =

T.5 (a)). cantilever p

ond
B-b 2000-400
= 800 nm
a b, = 2 2
2 x 310= 1020 mm or Ls
02 m
Wiulth B. of hendng strip. B,
= h+ 2d, = 400 +
700 = 343.13 kN/m2
Act upu and pressüre. 4, Bx B, 2xI.02

Mavmum BM u ill occur at the face ofthe column

343.13x0.8x0.8109.80kN-m, M,= 1.5 x 109.80 = 164.70

2
64.70 kX
Check for depth of footing, b= 1000 mm (transverse direction)

M 164.70x10°
244,28 mm 310 mm (d)
0.138 f,bh Vo.138x20x100o
Hence ok.
Area of steel calculation
Available. 310 12 298 mm
d d-12 = -
=

415 A
164.70x 10 =0.87x 415 x 298 A
20x1000x298 O

749 A 107592.9A+164.70 x 10 =0
A 1742.02mm2
Assume 12 mm o bars,

1000 a, 1000x113.09
Spacing= = 64.91 mm,
mm, say 60 mm
Ast 1742.02 say 60 m
Provide 12 mm 9 bars 60 mm c/e for
bottom.
a width 1020 mm abo'
longitudinal bar
50 Desing of RCC and Steel Structures

(c) Provide minimum reinforcement for remaining portion

B-920mm B=1020mm
(Remaining portion)
(Min. reinforcement)

Fig. 1.5(e)
= 898 mm* (Refer step 7) IB 2 m
min

898
st 4 4 9 mm* permeter along transverse direction
2
Assume 12 mm o bars

1000 st 1000x113.09
Spacing = 251.80 mnm, say 250 mm
Ast 449

Provide min. reinforcement, 12 mm o bars 250 mm clc for remaining portion @

bottom and also provide same reinforcement at top.

Step 10:Reinforcement details

3eD

is
D
 8mmo, 8L-Vertical
stirrups @175mm c/c
250mm -
16mm@ bars@70mm c/c
3400mm over top face

Column A- GHTmmn
300 x 30Omm /8mm@, 8L-Vertical
J 8mm0, 8L-Vertical
stirrups @175mm c/c
stirrups @200mm c/c
Column B
400 400mm

D370mm
12mmo bars- 920-
@250mm c/c 2560
bottom face 1020-
for 12mm@ bars @7Omm -1
a width of 920mm for a width c/c
of 920mm 2
12mm@ bars
for remaining @250mm c/cc
12mm bars @6Omm
for width of 1020mmc/c
12mm bars portion(i.e.2560mm) a

@300mm c/c (Assume) 12dth

12mm bars
bottom face
for a width of 2560mm
@150mm c/c
bottom face
for a width of
Fig. 1.6(a): Sectional 1020mm
16mm bars @70mm c/c
over top face
Elevation
16mm bars @70mm c/c
12mmo bars 8mm@, over top face
@250mm c/c 8L-Vertical 8mmo, 8L-Vertical stimups
stirrups @175mm c/c
@290mm c/
370mm
12mmo bars @60mm
c/e
Socion@1-1 n Das O50Omm c/c
Section@22
12mm bars @7Omm c/c 12mm bars @300mm c/c bottom 12mmo bars @60mm
for a width of 920mm face fora width of 2560mm for a width of 1020mm

2560 1020
920
12mm bars
12mm bars @25Omm c/c for remaining 12mmO bars ®15Cmm c/c
@250mm c/c 1020mm
portion(.e.2560mm) bottom face for a width of
bottom face
for a width of 920mm
Fig. 1.6fe) : Plan shwing Bottom Reinforcement

16mmo bars @7ômm c/c over top face

B 2 0 0 0 mm

B 4500mm

Fig. Top Reinforcement

1.6(d): Plan showing