37 CHAPTER 3 Research Advocacy and Promotion of Academic Integrity with Special Reference to UGC Plagiarism Regulations LIS Education: Pragmatic Paradigm Shift (2022): 57-88 Editor: K. P. Singh Today & Tomorrow's Printers and Publishers, New Delhi 110002, India58 Prof. Ramesh C Gaur A Fulbright Scholar. He is currently working as Dean (Academics) &Head Kalanidhi Division (HAG Level-15) at Indira Gandhi National Centre for Arts (IGNCA), Ministry of Culture, Government of India and also have been appointed OSD for setting up Indian Institute of Heritage, Ministry of Culture. He has more than 30 years of experience as practicing librarian, academic administrator, and research. He has published more than 80 publications including journal articles, conference papers, books, etc. E-mail: regaur66@[Link] /Mobile: +91- 9810066244.59 Introduction Research is defined as the work of scientists and others who pursue their investigations without conscious goals, other than the desire to unravel the secrets of nature. The basic research or the pure research as such is not entirely pure since itis directed towards the generalized goals. For example, research done in the area of gene cloning done in pharmaceutical laboratories is not basic research. It is applied research that carries the findings of the basic research which are done to exploit the meet the specific needs of the society. Countries like United States, Japan and Europe Countries have a unified concept of research and development where the research forms an integral part of economic planning and development both by government and private industry (McLeod, 2021). United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) defines research as “systematic and creative actions taken to increase knowledge about humans, culture, and society and to apply it in new areas of interest. Scientific research is the research performed by applying systematic and constructed scientific methods to obtain, analyze, and interpret data” (Almyila, 2017). In research, scientific research is systematic, planned, unbiased and multiple staged processes that utilize the previous research, discovered facts to further advance knowledge and enhance the existing research. Scientific research can be classified into experimental or observational research concerning data collection techniques, descriptive or analytical. With the expansion of higher education globally there has been rapid massification of university education and exponential growth of universities, colleges in higher education systems which concerns standards of60 professional conduct in academic research. Researching with academic integrity aims to identify how research can be conducted ethically and with ‘virtue’ from the initial conception of ideas through to dissemination (Gallant, 2008). Research Process The logical flow of ideas and understanding of logic is essential in the research process before the writing starts. All research endeavours a common goal of understanding the problem and thus traverse through certain basic stages, forming a process called the research process. ° * + Defining the purpose of research Determining the Research Question Formulating the Assumptions Sampling Methods Data Collection Methods Research Methods Quality Criteria Data Analysis Report Writing/ Documentation Communicating the research Redefine/ Expand Pioneering the research UGC Regulations and Academic Integrity The University Education Commission was set up in 194861 under the Chairmanship of Dr $ Radhakrishnan “to report on Indian university education and suggest improvements and extensions that might be desirable to suit the present and future needs and aspirations of the country”. The UGC was formally established in November 1956 as a statutory body of the Government of India through an Act of Parliament for the coordination, determination and maintenance of standards of university education in India (UGC, 2021). UGC’s mandate includes promoting and coordinating university education, determining and maintaining standards, monitoring developments in university education and especially framing regulations on minimum standards of education. Some of the regulations given by UGC regarding academic integrity in the past decade are: 4 UGC Regulations on Minimum Standards and Procedure for the award of. M. Phil/Ph. D Degree, Regulations 2009 “ UGC Letter Reg.: UGC (Promotion of Academic Integrity and Prevention of Plagiarism in Higher Educational Institutions) Regulations, 2018 ~ * UGC CARE List of Quality Reference Journalsn2019 “ Research and Publication Ethics (RPE)-Course for awareness about the publication ethics and publication misconducts.2019 Clarification of Self Plagiarism. 2019 “ Guidance Document GOOD ACADEMIC RESEARCH PRACTICES September 2020 UGC Regulations 2018 These regulations of the University Grants Commission are62 called Promotion of Academic Integrity and Pyevention of Plagiarism in Higher Educational Institutions Regulations, 2018 and these apply to the students, faculty, researchers and staff of all Higher Educational Institutions. The objective of the regulations given by UGC is to create awareness about the responsible conduct of research, thesis, dissertation, promotion of academic integrity and prevention of misconduct including plagiarism in academic writing. UGC regulations 2018 presents the details of the Infrastructure, Awareness and Constitution of Departmental Academic Integrity Panel (DAIP) and Institutional Academic Integrity Panel (IAIP). It provides the plagiarism guide on what is Plagiarism, what are types of Plagiarism, how to detect Plagiarism and how to avoid it. It also discusses what is Citation, how to Cite sources; listing references; citation styles; counselling and important terms(University Grant Commission, 2018) Academic Integrity/Research Integrity Research integrity broadly refers to the “thoughtful and honest adherence to relevant ethical, disciplinary, and financial standards in the promotion, design, conduct, evaluation, and sharing of research” (Michigan State University, 2021). According to the US National Institutes of Health, (National Institutes of Health, 2021) “Research integrity is the use of honest and verifiable methods in proposing, performing, and evaluating research. It is reporting research results with particular attention to adherence to rules, regulations, and guidelines and follows commonly accepted professional codes or norms. Ethics in Research can be linked with the following terms * Honesty * Objectivity nl a OS i i63 Integrity f + Carefulness Openness “Reliability Fairness Respect for Intellectual Property Use of robust research methodologies Confidentiality “Responsible Publication “Responsible Mentoring-High standards of mentorship and supervision + Respect for colleagues % Social Responsibility-Awareness of responsibilities to society + Competence + Legality * Animal Care + Human Subjects Protection Values Underlining the research Integrity In September 2020, UGC under the Chairmanship of Prof DP Singh brought up a document on Guidance Document “Good Academic Research Practices” which elaborated on the Values64 Underlying Research Integrity and gave a Framework for Good Academic Research Practices and explained how we can mentor the Next Generation. The book provided the following values that are needed as part of research integrity. * Ethics-It needs to be in an ethical manner ensuring dignity, rights, safety, and privacy within the research conducted. Rigour-It involves ethical data design and collection and reliable data. The methods used in the data collection should be rigorous, transparent and fair means with proper reporting and interpretation of the results. Relevance- The research should be relevant and expandable with the knowledge base. Transparency-Honesty through fair, comprehensive and unbiased research leads to transparency Respect-Respect relates to the norms and traditions of society and its cultural heritage. Impartiality-The research needs to be impartial to any factor, agenda or person. Independence-Research should be independent and need not influence any internal or external factors. Accountability-Research will be accountable and will be available on open access so that it can be made accountable. (University Grants Commission, 2020) Areas of Research & Publication Ethics As per Wikipedia research misconduct or Scientific misconduct (ERRORS/ falsification, fabrication and plagiarism) -65 isa violation of the standard codes of scholarly conduct and ethical behaviour in the publication of professional scientific research (Wikipedia, 2021). It involves the ° ° + o * * Collaboration issues (authorship, data ownership, Ethics/ consent and management) Peer review Conflicts of interest or obligation Complicity and funding sources Permission/license Policy Image manipulation Defamation Animal subject research Human subject research Research Reporting Research needs to be communicated to a larger audience in the form of research findings and interpretations that reflect the concerns of the research subjects. Research reporting requires * ° Placing research in the right context Making aware of what else is happening, Reports must contain an analysis of similar and the relevant work Reporting of the research includes providing ideas,66 descriptions, research, data, opinions, pictures, figures, tables, etc. Can also include summarizing existing research to solve well-understood problems with existing solutions Research or Scientific Misconduct “Misconduct means fabrication, falsification, plagiarism (FFP), or any other practice that seriously deviates from practices commonly accepted in the discipline or the academic and research communities generally in proposing, performing, reviewing, or reporting research and creative activities.” (Office of Research Integrity U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2021) Fabrication Fabrication in research is the intentional act of tampering with the data or the results while doing the research. It can be a fictitious numbering of the interviews or not asking all the questions while interviewing and presenting the results in the data for questions not asked. In sciences, it can be the creation or making of a data set that is not experimented with or conducted. It can be submerging the fictitious data with the real data sets to complete the study or manipulate the results to provide the added statistical ity. Falsification vali Falsification is “manipulating research materials, equipment, or processes, or changing or omitting/suppressing data or results without scientific or statistical justification, such that the research is not accurately represented in the research record”. This would include the “misrepresentation of uncertainty” during statistical analysis of the data. Some of the examples of Falsification67 include alteration of the data, falsification of the dates and procedures of the experiments. Falsification also includes misrepresenting the results and method of experiments. Falsification also includes giving misleading statements, false statements, self-plagiarism that is a publication of research results in multiple papers. (Office of Research Integrity U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2021) Plagiarism in Research The word plagiarism comes from the Latin Plagiare which means ‘kidnapping’ (Oxford, 2021). It defines it as “Plagiarism is the act of stealing someone else’s work and attempting to “pass it off as your own”. Plagiarism in research applies to theses, dissertations, term papers, research papers. Plagiarism can be done through following ways in research: ‘ Submission of a research paper, dissertation, theses that have been copied from some other source and without acknowledging the source. “ Submission of term endpapers by copying from the classmate “ Using the quotes or paraphrase from some other author paper without crediting the author. “ Fabricating the data or citing data without crediting the source. Plagiarism can be divided into two major types: a. Unintentional or Accidental Plagiarism-It is more careless or using minimal text without the intention of plagiarism. It may be careless paraphrasing or not citing68 the document properly or quoting the text excessively. Accidental Plagiarism may involve using others ideas and not being able to present in his/her voice or integrating others ideas of your own. It also includes not using the proper style of documentation or notes to present the research work. . Self-Plagiarism-It is copying the material earlier published or submitting the same research work earlier published with any other source. It is reusing of one owns work, but it is not ethically acceptable as it can infringe upon the publishers’ copyright. If done without proper disclosure or adequate citation it falls under plagiarism or self-plagiarism. It is also known as ‘text recycling’ and it can be exerted work from the comprehensive published work and using it without properly citing the previous work. Reproduction, in part or whole, of one’s own previously, published work without adequate citation and proper acknowledgement and claiming the most recent work as new and original for any academic advantage amounts to ‘text recycling (also known as ’self-plagiarism) and is not acceptable. It may involve paraphrasing by the researcher without due and full citation of the original work. Plagiarism can be also divided as Minor and Major Plagiarism into quantitative terms Minor Plagiarism-It is a small amount of paraphrasing, quotation or use of diagrams, charts etc. without adequate citation. It can be due to poor scholarship or lack of knowledge. It may also include inaccurate representation of finding without deliberate distortion and lack of diligence in declaring relevant conflicts of interest69 * Major plagiarism-Itis an extensive amount of paraphrasing without proper citation and use of others work without giving due credit to the original author. It may include using others ideas, design, concepts and data. Willful destruction of others data, fabrication, falsification of ownership defamation, systematic abuse of the terms and conditions of licensed research resources and other systematic violation of the intellectual property rights of third parties also forms the part of major plagiarism (European University Institute, 2021). Penalties for Plagiarism in Research If the researcher is guilty of academic misconduct, he/she may be given a warning for the offence and with the subsequent repeat of the similar conduct may attract a severe penalty. The penalties can be Resubmission of the work, rescinding of the scholarship, loss of marks or reattempt may be required for the examination in case of student assignment/term paper, which may lead to suspension or expulsion from the course. The extreme case can be revocation or rescinding of a degree or loss of job in case of working professional. The penalties not only are related to academic loss but also social loss with disgrace to individuals and institutions and can cost the professional credibility. May lead to permanent debarment of research funds and baring the publication through that agency. As per the University Grants Commission (Promotion of Academic Integrity and Prevention of Plagiarism in Higher Educational Institutions) Regulations, 2018 the penalties are graded in three levels with up to 10% no penalty or excluded from plagiarism. Level 1 is having similarity from 10% to 40%, level 2 is similarity above 40% to 60% and level 3 having similarity above 60%.70 Publishers and Publication Ethics “ The Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) was established in 1997 by a small group of medical journal editors in the UK but now has over 9000 members worldwide from all academic fields with some of the publishers like Elsevier, Springer, Taylor & Francis, Wiley, Palgrave Macmillan, Wolters Kluwer and many more. Similar to academic institutions policy on plagiarism COPE also provides guidelines on plagiarism with minor plagiarism cases, the publisher may ask the author to rewrite and publish the corrections in the forthcoming issue. With major plagiarism, the submission if not published is rejected or if published it may be retracted. It is also possible that the publisher may inform the institution of the author about the misconduct. On Retraction Cases A steep rise was seen from 22 articles in 2001 to 339 in 2010 in the report published in The Wall Street Journal (WSJ) based its article on a report that it commissioned from Thomson Reuters hitp://[Link]/blog/2011/11/03/retractions-are- increasing-but-are-they-really-skyrocketing/ 5— ss of’ =z, °. _—<— 04 06 08 ‘10 12 ‘14 "16 "18 “The rate appears to deciine after 2015, but numbers are almost certainly incomplete because of delays in publishing retractions1 The retraction watch blog is showing more than 30000 articles retracted so far. Plagiarism detection through tools and Software There are many Anti-Plagiarism Tools and software's to detect Plagiarism and research support tools that help detect plagiarism. Some of these are listed below: * Urkund/Ouriginal * Tumitin/Ithenticate + Plagium, Dupli Checker, Plagiarism Checker, Plagiarismdetect , [Link],, Eve Plagiarism Detection System, * Writing and grammar check with plagiarism check option- Writer Check, Grammarly, * Citation tools with plagiarism check option: EasyBib Ouriginal/Urkund Urkund now known as Ouriginal is a firm based on Swedish technology with expertise in text analysis with machine learning and is owned by a privately-owned company headquartered in Stockholm, Sweden. The Ouriginal is being used by Indian Universities and is provided by Information and Library Network Centre (INFLIBNET), an Inter-University Centre of the University Grants Commission (UGC) to enhance the quality of research by deterring research misconduct and plagiarism, promoting originality and innovation. Ouriginal/ Urkund now serves over 5,000 institutions in nearly 80 countries around the globe including 1045 institutions in India.2 Process of Submission and similarity check through Ouriginal Ouriginal is an online-based platform with no software installation required. Students need to send their documents via e-mail, web upload or LMS to their teachers/professors. When the documents arrive at Ouriginal, they are analysed against the content of three source areas: the Internet, Published Material and Student Material. Once analysed the documents and generated reports are forwarded to the teachers and the result of the analyses and the student documents are forwarded to the teacher’s e-mail address of choice, straight into an LMS or the Ouriginal web-based inbox. Ouriginal provides easy, straightforward plagiarism prevention with a minimum workload. Advantages of the Ouriginal is that it prevents Plagiarism and engages researchers to make concerted efforts to improve the research writings. It provides instant feedback, peer review (Reviewers can let anonymously critique and evaluate each other's papers). It further identifies the different words which have been added, deleted, or substituted. Ouriginal can also be citation verification. Limitations of the Ouriginal are that it cannot identify plagiarism from a non-online source, latex files and mathematical formulas are still to go in along way. The report of the Ouriginal distorts the format of the original documents: tables, graphs, and images don’t appear. It also does not differentiate between quoted materials and original writing at times. Excluding bibliographies, quotations etc. from O.R. + Open the Originality Report for a submission (under the “Similarity” header, click on the percentage of the colourB coded box). The Originality Report will open in a new window. * Click on the “Filters and settings” icon (the icon looks like a small funnel). This is the second icon located toward the bottom right of the Originality Report. “Click on apply changes. + After applying the new filters, the similarity index (percentage) may change. Any material that is excluded this way from a student account will NOT be saved. The similarity index of the report will return to its original percentage after the student closes the report. Only changes made by the Instructor get saved. Understanding Originality Report Originality Reports provide a summary of the matching text found in a submitted paper. The percentage indicates the overall similarity index of the paper, based on how much matching text was found. The highlighted text in the document is colour coded and numbered to match the sources on the right. Turnitin Jithenticate does not have a guide to what is a good or bad percentage. It all depends on the document type and what threshold the concerned agency has set. Research papers tend to have a higher percentage since there is more content from other sources. OR can be downloaded and printed as a PDF How to Avoid Plagiarism? Must do things before the start of research work 4 The best method for avoiding it is to simply be honest.74 * Understand what plagiarism is? How to detect and avoid it Read very carefully guidelines for writing thesis/ dissertations/research papers Guidelines for research and results reporting Attend research methodology workshop, English remedial course, training in reference management tools, Library orientation programme etc. author workshops and course on technical writing skills ete Get an account to check plagiarism, use of reference management tools, research forums, online discussion groups, Read various articles and related material on “How to do research?” Research Profiling + How to create & disseminate your research profile- ORCID, ResearchGate, Mendeley, Academia, Google Scholar etc How to promote-Linkedin, Twitter, Facebook, Mendeley, ResearchGate, Slideshare, Figshare Track & Engage- Indexing Databases Self-archiving your article- Institutional Repositories Share your research data- Research Forums Publicizing or Marketing yourself & your institution - Social Networking Tools75 Students Guide to Research Research is the search for new knowledge, and it is thus distinct from the routine application of known results. The “re” in “research” is a misnomer. When you perform research, your goal is to add to human knowledge by discovering, inventing or creating what was previously unknown. [Dennis S Bernstien] Literature Review “ Consulting relevant Readings, databases and texts for the search “ Ensuring search results are easily retrievable and traceable. % Is the information current, Reliable, error-free, factual, relevant, unbiased, verifiable and provide in-depth coverage? “ What are the professional credentials of the author(s)? “ Subject matter expertise on the topic of the author(s)? “ Key references and relevant keywords and phrases? ‘@ Framing research question in terms of the existing literature. ‘Revising the original research question, if necessary Research has always been challenging, but there are so many resources available online today that finding an important article can feel like an impossible task. Google and Other Standard Search Engines Trustworthiness? “ Google or any standard search engine provides access to just 15-20 % of web content. What about the rest 80-85 %?76 +» Google or any standard search engine does not certify the authenticity of the information + While searching on Google or any standard search engine You may not get the most relevant results higher up in relevancy ranking + How to deal with Information Overload or explosion? Integrating Sources To use a source effectively in your paper, you must integrate it into your argument in a way that makes it clear to your reader not only which ideas come from that source, but also what the source is adding to your thinking- what the source is doing in your paper. ‘A Source’s role in your Policy Paper The researcher needs to decide When you begin to draft your paper, you will need to decide what role each of your sources will play in your argument. In other words, you will need to figure out what you're going to do with the source in your paper. & Does your assignment include instructions on source use? “Does the source provide context or background information about your topic? + Has the source shaped your argument by raising a question, suggesting a line of thinking, or providing a provocative quotation? * Does the source serve as an authoritative voice in support of your claim?71 ‘+ Does the source provide evidence for your claim? + Does the source make a counterargument that you will disagree with or take a position that complicates your position? Choosing Relevant parts of a source “When you use sources ina paper, remember that the main focus of your paper should always be on what you are saying, rather than on what any individual source is saying. ‘ To make the strongest argument you can, you should always be trying to strike a balance between your sources and your voice. ¢* When you consult multiple sources for a research paper, you might find yourself trying to strike an even more delicate balance between the voices of those sources and your voice. [Link] word=k70847& [Link] 108986 tabgroupic Writing the Paper The following tips on the writing process also will help you avoid plagiarism. Read your notes carefully and make sure you understand the material before you begin to write. ‘© Write a preliminary draft without looking at your notes. Leave spaces where you think you'll want to include quotes or supporting material. 4 Use your own words as much as possible. No one expects you to write like an expert or a professional writer. You should, however, write like a serious, intelligent student/ researcher.78 + Cite all sources as you write your rough draft. “ Read through your final draft and make sure all uncited ideas are your own. Summarizing, Paraphrasing, and Quoting Depending on the conventions of your discipline, you may have to decide. Scholars in the humanities tend to summarize, paraphrase, and quote texts; social scientists and natural scientists rely primarily on summary and paraphrase (Bellingham technical College, 2020). When and how to summarize When you summarize, you provide your readers with a condensed version of an author's key points. A summary can be as short as a few sentences or much longer, depending on the complexity of the text and the level of detail you wish to provide to your readers. Paraphrasing Know how to Paraphrase-A paraphrase is a restatement in your own words of someone else's ideas. Changing a few words of the original sentences does NOT make you're writing a legitimate paraphrase. You must change both the words and the sentence structure of the original, without changing the content. Also, you should keep in mind that paraphrased passages still require citation because the ideas came from another source, even though you are putting them in your own words ‘+ change the order & structure of sentences + use synonyms/different forms of words79 4 may change the voice or perspective Using Quotations “What is quoting ° When to quote “ How much to quote “How do I incorporate quotations in my paper % Quoting Within Quotes + How do I include long quotes in my paper? “Single vs double quotations “ Punctuating quotations When to quote ‘+ The basic rule of thumb in all disciplines is that you should only quote directly from a text when your reader needs to see the actual language used by the author of the source. “When you plan to discuss the actual language of a text. “When you are discussing an author's position or theory and you plan to discuss the wording of a core assertion or kemel of the argument in your paper. “+ When you risk losing the essence of the author's ideas in the translation from her words to your own. + When you want to appeal to the authority of the author and using his or her words will emphasize that authority.80 Using quote-how much . ‘You may use 3-4 words without citing a source. if you use five or more words from a sentence, you should cite it. A quote is a word, sentence, or sentence that a writer copies exactly from a source. + A quote is enclosed in quotation marks (for quotes up to 39 words). + For quotes of 40 or more words, it stands alone without quotation marks and is indented five (5) spaces from the left margin. Right to quote Right to quote or right of quotation or quotation right is one of the copyright exceptions provided by the Berne Convention, article 10: “Itshall be permissible to make quotations ... provided that their making is compatible with fair practice, and their extent does not exceed that justified by the purpose”. With a different language, it was already present in the 1908 revision of the treaty. (The Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, usually known as the Berne Convention, is an international agreement governing copyright, which was first accepted in Berne, Switzerland, in 1886. [Link] wiki/Berne_Convention ) - ~ Wikipedia Single vs double quotation marks You should use double quotation marks when you quote material from a source. If you are also quoting passages from that81 source that were quoted in the source, use single quotation marks to indicate that the source contained the quotation. What is “Common Knowledge”? e A well-known fact. + Information that is likely to appear in numerous sources and to be familiar to large numbers of people. * This is the only time you do not need to cite information, provided that you do not copy that information word-for- word from a source. “Ifyou arenot sure if the information you want to use meets these definitions, cite it. “If at least 10 peer-review papers in your discipline don’t give a citation for the information, then you don’t need to Some of the examples of Statements that are Common Knowledge “ Martin Luther King, Jr. was assassinated on April 4, 1968. + East Carolina University is located in Greenville, NC and is part of the UNC system. “ Smoking can cause respiratory diseases such as emphysema and cancer. Plagiarism and Group work ¢* Some assignments and Assigned Practical Tasks require you to work in groups + Sometimes you will submit a single piece of work asa joint* report : Other times you will work together, but submit separate reports Remember to give credit where it is due Research Papers and Thesis and dissertations e ‘You may include research papers where you are the first author written during the period of your research Contributions As a second author- may be used as other references What is Referencing? ° + What is citation How do I cite sources? Doesn't citing sources make my work seem less original When do I need to cite What's a Bibliography? what's an Annotated Bibliography? What is the difference between References and Bibliography? What are Endnotes What are Footnotes? What's the difference between Footnotes and Endnotes| 83 % If I cite sources in the Footnotes (or Endnotes), how’s that different from a Bibliography What does “citation” mean? Citation, in this context, simply means giving credit where | credit is due. | Proper citation involves indicating * the author, title, and publication information for the print, online, broadcast, and interview-based texts that you use (Include a Bibliography, Works Cited, or References section) “which words and ideas come from which sources (Include in-text citations or footnote/endnote notations) “when you are moving from your own words and ideas to the words and/or ideas of another (Include source writer's name and signal phrase) Citation styles Some of the citation styles in various subjects used are given as below: ¢ Humanities 0 Chicago * Writer's Handbook: Chicago Style Documentation * Excellent FAQ on Usage in the Chicago Style * Writer's Handbook: Chicago Style Documentation o MLA (Modern Language Association)84 Writer’s Handbook: MLA Style Documentation. © MLA Citation Style Sciences © ACS (American Chemical Society) ‘AMA Citation Style o IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) Electrical Engineering Citation Style o NLM (National Library of Medicine) NLM Style Guide National Library of Medicine Recommended Formats for Bibliographic Citation (PDF format) o Vancouver (Biological Sciences) Introduction to the Vancouver Style Social Sciences o AAA (American Anthropological Association) Citations and Bibliographic Style for Anthropology Papers o APA (American Psychological Association) Writer's Handbook: APA Style Documentation APA [Link] o APSA (American Political Science Association)85 | * Writer's Handbook: APSA Documentation | o Legal Style * Legal Citation: Using and Understanding Legal Abbreviations o Legal Research and Citation Style in the USA o Other = General info on citing web documents * Recommended Multi-Style Links = Recommended Multi-Style Links Tools Used for Reference Management and Academic Writing Skills * Citation Machine This site helps researchers and professionals properly cite sources used. Users can select from APA, MLA, Chicago, and Turabian citation styles. ° CrossRef A collaborative, membership-based association of scholarly publishers, CrossRef calls itself “the citation linking backbone for all scholarly information in electronic form” and serves as a platform for the scholarly community to have easier access to research content. ‘ EasyBib On EasyBib, users can find easy-to-use citation, note-taking, and research tools as well as resources on MLA, APA, and Chicago citation styles. The platform also provides tools and information to help educators teach their students how to be effective researchers. * EndNote This reference manager allows users to scarch86 databases, collect PDFs, organize sources, build and format bibliographies, and share research. The platform is offered in three versions: EndNote X7 (desktop and online), EndNote for iPad, and EndNote basic (free, online-only). ** Mendeley is a free reference manager that allows students and researchers to cite as they write, as well as read and annotate PDFs on any device. “> OWL-Research and Citation Resources Purdue OWL offers guides and information on research and proper citation. Find information on APA, MLA, and Chicago styles. * Zotero isan online, free, and easy-to-use tool to help users collect, organize, cite, and share research sources. Zotero can interact with all types of online resources and allows users to automatically extract and save bibliographic references. References 1 ALMILA (E) (2017). How to conduct scientific research? Archives of Neuropsychiatry. 54(2) 97. BELLINGHAM TECHNICAL COLLEGE. (2020). Summarizing, Paraphrasing, and Quoting. Retrieved from [Link] cphp?g-990789&p=7169543 EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE. (2021). Code of Ethics in Academic Research. Italy. Retrieved from[Link] Services Admin/DeanOfStudies/CodeofEthicsinAcademicResearch. pdf GALLANT (TB). (2008). Academic Integrity in the. Jossey-Bass. MCLEOD (T $). (2021). Research and development. In Britannica Online Retrieved from [Link] development/Independent-laboratories MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY. (2021). Research Integrity - Case Studies. Retrieved from [Link] casestudies10 un 2 B 87 NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH. (2021). NIH Grants Policy Statement. Retrieved from [Link] [Link] OFFICE OF RESEARCH INTEGRITY U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2021). Definition of Research Misconduct. Retrieved from [Link] OXFORD. (2021). Plagiarism Overview. In Oxford Reference. Retrieved from [Link] 20110803100329803 UGC. (2021). University Grants Commission. Retrieved from httpsi// [Link]/page/[Link] UNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMISSION. (2018). UGC (Promotion of Academic Integrity and Prevention of Plagiarism in Higher Educational Institutions) Regulations, 2018. Retrieved from [Link] pdfnews/7771545_academic-[Link] UNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMISSION. (2020). Guidance Document “Good Academic Research Practices.” (B. Patwardhan, A. Desai, A. Chourasia, S. Nag, & R. Bhatnagar, Eds.). Delhi: University Grants Commission. Retrieved from [Link] Academic Research [Link] Wikipedia. (2021). Scientific misconduct. Retrieved from https:// [Link]/wiki/Scientific_misconduct