Experiment name: RM Calculation and Load Calculation and Wire Size
Selection.
Objectives:
1. To learn about RM calculation
2. To learn about load calculation
3. To learn the selection of wire based on load.
Introduction:
Wires and Cables:
Wire is a medium to flow electricity which is consist of a conductor strand of
multiple conductor strand.
A strand is a single wire that has been twisted or braided together with other wires
to form a larger wire.
Fig. 01: Single strand wire Fig. 02: Multi strand wire
An electrical cable is an assembly of one or more wires running side by side or
bundled, which is used to carry electric current.
Fig.03: Cable with multiple wires
1
Types of wire:
1. R.E. wire or ‘Round Conductor Single Wire’: Solid conductors are
constructed of one, single piece of metal. It is tougher than a stranded
conductor, but rigid and less flexible than a stranded conductor. Solid
conductors are more likely to break if subjected to frequent flexing than
stranded conductors
2. S.E. wire or ‘Sectorial Conductor Single Wire’: A multicore cable in which
the cross section of each conductor is substantially a section of a circle, an
ellipse (oval) or a figure intermediate between them and its conductor is
single.
3. S.M. wire or ‘Sectorial Conductor Multi Wire’: A multicore cable in which
the cross section of each conductor is substantially a section of a circle, an
ellipse (oval) or a figure intermediate between them and its conductor is
multiple.
4. R.M. wire or ‘Round Conductor Multi Wire’: Multi-conductor cable is any
cable with more than one conductor. When additional conductors are added
to the product, it would then be known as a cable or multi-conductor cable.
Fig.04: Different Kind of wires
Among all 4 kinds of wires, R.M. wires are widely used in house wiring. Generally,
most of the R.M. wires are consisting of 7 strands. On the other hand, S.E. and S.M.
wires are mostly used in the industry.
2
Difference between R.E. and R.M. wires:
S.L. R.E. wire R.M. wire
No.
01 R.E. refers to the electrical R.M. refers to the tensile strength of a
resistance of a wire, which is the wire, which is the maximum stress a wire
opposition of a wire to the flow of can withstand before breaking
electrical current
02 Re is measured in ohms Rm is measured in newtons per square
meter (N/m^2) or pascals (Pa).
03 Re is an important factor in Rm is important for ensuring the
determining the electrical mechanical reliability and safety of a
performance of a wire wire.
04 Re is influenced by the resistivity Rm is influenced by the strength and
and cross-sectional area of the wire ductility of the wire material
material
05 Re is used in calculating the Rm is used in selecting wires or cables for
electrical power loss in a wire due mechanical applications where strength
to its resistance and reliability are important.
Based on the property of R.M. wires, these are used in house wiring for safety and
power efficient purposes.
There are several types of aluminum conductors, including:
All Aluminum Conductor (AAC): This type of conductor is made up of one or
more strands of aluminum wire. It is commonly used in overhead power
transmission lines and has good strength-to-weight ratio.
All Aluminum Alloy Conductor (AAAC): This type of conductor is made up of
aluminum alloy wires, which offer higher strength and better corrosion resistance
than AAC conductors. AAAC conductors are commonly used in overhead power
transmission lines where higher strength and lower weight are required.
Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced (ACSR): This type of conductor is made
up of a central steel core surrounded by one or more layers of aluminum wires.
ACSR conductors offer high strength and are commonly used in overhead power
transmission lines.
3
Aluminum Conductor Steel Supported (ACSS): This type of conductor is
similar to ACSR conductors, but with a higher aluminum content and a steel core
that provides additional strength. ACSS conductors are used in overhead power
transmission lines that require high strength and low sag.
Aluminum Conductor Composite Reinforced (ACCR): This type of conductor
is made up of a core made of composite material, surrounded by aluminum wires.
ACCR conductors have high strength and are used in overhead power transmission
lines where high tension and low sag are required.
Aluminum Clad Steel Conductor (ACSR/AW): This type of conductor is made
up of a steel core coated with a layer of aluminum. ACSR/AW conductors have
good corrosion resistance and are used in overhead power transmission lines in
coastal or humid areas.
These are some of the most common types of aluminum conductors, and each has
its own unique properties that make it suitable for specific applications.
1.1 R.M. CALCULATION
As discussed, R.M. wires are consisting of multiple strands with odd numbers. Now,
to calculate the R.M. of the wire, first need to calculate the cross sectional area of a
𝜋𝜋𝐷𝐷2
single strand. So, Area, A =
4
Where, D = Diameter of a single strand.
If the wire consists of ‘N’ number of strands, then 𝑹𝑹. 𝑴𝑴. = 𝑵𝑵 × 𝑨𝑨
Where, N = Number of strands.
A = Cross sectional area of a single strand
Maximum Current Conduction Capacity with Different Size of R.M. Wires:
Size (sq. mm / R.M.) Max. Copper Conductor
Capacity (Ampere)
0.5 5
0.75 7.5
1.0 10
1.5 15
2.0 20
2.5 25
4.0 40
4
Required R.M. sizes for different elements of house wiring:
Destination Path Wire size (R.M.)
Switch to Light, Fan 1.0
Earthing to Power Socket 1.5
Powerful load (AC, Refrigerator) 2.0 – 2.5
Distribution Board to Main Line 4.0 – 4.5
Load and Load calculation
An electrical load is any electrical device which consumes electricity and converts
it into heat, light, or any other form of energy. It could be anything like bulbs,
washing machine, fans, AC, cooler, etc.
Fig.05: Different kinds of electrical load
For accurate electrical load calculation, every appliance that utilizes electric power
to function needs to be considered. Domestic load calculation provides a numeric
figure after considering all the electrical appliances connected to a circuit. For this
calculation, it is necessary to keep a margin for the safe and uninterrupted
functioning of all the appliances. Generally, the power utility must be 20% below
the maximum load capacity of the main circuit.
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In order to find out the load calculation, must should know the power consumption
of basic household appliances. A basic brief of the most common appliances and
their power ratings:
Fig.06: Chart of different load ratings
Total load will be measured in K.W. (Kilo Watts). But, due to the power factor,
overall power consumption may vary. That is why total load should objectify in
KVA (Kilo Volt Ampere).
𝐾𝐾.𝑊𝑊.
𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾 =
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 (𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝)
Overall power factor does not decrease below 0.8 in the households. So, generally
the lowest power factor is considered 0.8.
6
In households, there are some kinds of loads which depends upon the space. Like
AC (Air Conditioner) and bulb. Also, these are not considered as conventional way
of rating. These has individual ratings to express. Like AC is measured in ton bulb
is considered in lumen.
For measuring load in AC, there is considered two parameters. One is Cooling
Capacity (C.P.) and other one is Electrical Capacity.
Cooling capacity is the measurement of a cooling system and its ability to remove
heat from a space. British Thermal Unit (BTU) is the necessary temperature to
increase 1 pound of water by 1 degree Fahrenheit. ‘BTUs per hour’ signify how
much heat per hour a unit can dissolve from the air. Cooling capacity can also be
referenced via tonnage. “Ton” specifically represents the amount of cooling power
a ton of ice would offer over a 24-hour period.
1 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 1200 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵/ℎ
For every 1000 ft3, there needs 1 ton AC.
To measure the electrical power of cooling capacity, there arises Electrical capacity.
To calculate the electric capacity, following equation is followed:
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 (𝐶𝐶. 𝑃𝑃. )
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶, 𝐸𝐸 =
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸
Where,
C.P. = Cooling Capacity
EER = Electrical Efficiency Ratio
Here, EER or Electrical Efficiency Ratio range if from 2.1 – 3.1. It differs from
company to company. That is why, the electrical power of 1 ton AC is in the range
of 1200 – 1500 W.
On the other hand, light is measured in lumen. There arises some term like Lux and
Light efficiency.
Luminous Flux is defined as the light energy radiated per second from a luminous
body. It is measured in lumen.
7
Luminous Intensity is defined as the flux emitted by the source per unit solid angle.
Its unit is Candela (Cd) or Candle-Power (CP)
Lumen is a unit of flux and is defined as the luminous flux per unit solid angle from
a source of 1 candle power.
Unit of Illumination: A single foot-candle is equivalent to the amount of light that
falls on a surface (1 sq. foot) that is one foot away from a single candle, and a lux is
the amount of light that falls on a surface (1 sq. meter) one meter away from a candle.
SI unit: Lux (lx)
1 ft-c=10.76 lux
Laws of Illumination:
i. Inverse square law – The illumination of a surface receiving its flux from a
point source is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between
the surface and the source.
𝐼𝐼
𝐸𝐸 =
𝑑𝑑2
ii. Lambert’s cosine law – The illumination of a surface at any point is
proportional to the cosine of the angle between the normal at the point and
the direction of the luminous flux.
𝐼𝐼 cos 𝜃𝜃
𝐸𝐸 =
𝑑𝑑 2
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Lighting schemes:
i. Direct Lighting: It is most commonly used type of lighting scheme. In this
lighting scheme more than 90 percent of total light flux is made to fall directly
on the working plane with the help of deep reflectors. Though it is most
efficient but causes hard shadows and glare. It is mainly used for industrial
and general out-door lighting.
ii. Semi-Direct Lighting: In this lighting scheme 60 to 90 percent of the total
light flux is made to fall downwards directly with the help of semi-direct
reflectors, remaining light is used to illuminate the ceiling and walls. Such a
lighting system is best suited to rooms with high ceilings where a high level
of uniformly distributed illumination is desirable. Glare in such units is
avoided by employing diffusing globed which not only improve the brightness
towards the eye but improve the efficiency of the systems with reference to
working place.
iii. Semi-Indirect Lighting: In this lighting scheme 60 to 90 percent of total
light flux is thrown upwards to the ceiling for diffuse reflection and the rest
reaches the working plane directly except for some absorption by the bowl.
This lighting scheme is with soft shadows and glare free. It is mainly used for
indoor light decoration purposes.
iv. Indirect Lighting: In this light scheme more than 90 percent of total light
flux is thrown upwards to the ceiling for diffuse reflection by using inverted
or bowl reflectors. In such a system the ceiling acts as the light source, and
the glare is reduced to minimum. The resulting illumination is softer and
more diffused, the shadows are less prominent and the appearance of the room
is much improved over that which results from direct lighting. It is used for
decoration purposes in cinemas theatres and hotels etc. and in workshops
where large machines and other obstructions would cause trouble some
shadows of direct lighting is employed.
v. Diffuse lighting (General/mixed): In this scheme lamps made of diffusing
glass are used which give nearly equal illumination in all directions.
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Design of a lighting scheme:
There are some factors and parameters that are to be taken in account to design a
lighting scheme of an area. Such as
𝑇𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑒 ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 − ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒ℎ𝑡𝑡 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 =
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒ℎ𝑡𝑡 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 =
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
For direct light, this value varies from 0.4 to 0.6 while for indirect light varies from
0.1 to 0.35
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 =
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
Its average value is 0.8.
The depreciation factor is also given as,
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 =
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
In this case, the value is more than 1.
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 (𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠. 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓) × 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓. 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐)
=
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 − 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 × 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷. 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 1)
Also,
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷. 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 (𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 1)
= 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 (𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠. 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓) ×
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 − 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢
10
Here are some Example problems related to this experiment are given below
RM Calculation:
At first, we have to measure the diameter of a wire by slide caliper. Then we need
to figure out the cross-sectional area (A) of that wire. Then multiplying this value
(A) by the number of wires we get RM.
Let a conductor having diameter D= .86 mm
𝜋𝜋𝐷𝐷2
Area A =
4
= 0.5808 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
If that conductor has 7 wires, then,
RM = 7×0.5808 = 4.066 = 4
So, the conductor is of 4 RM.
Problem 1:
A three-phase 3-wire connection is to be given to a premises in which an electric
motor of 50 HP is to be installed. 40 meters of wire run from the main switch is
required for this purpose. Determine the size of the wire to be used if the available
voltage is 400 volts.
Answer:
Assuming pf as 0.8,
50 × 746
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = = 67.30 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
√3 × 400 × 0.8
If 3-core cable is used, then on referring Table 2a, it will be seen that 70 [Link]
(19/2.24) PVC cable will be in a position to carry the motor current safely
400 × 5
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑉𝑉𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = = 20 𝑉𝑉
100
11
40
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 82 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = = 2.72 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
14.7
40 67.3
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 67 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = × = 2.21 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
14.7 82
As the drop is within permissible limits, hence 3-core PVC cable size 70 [Link]
(19/2.24) is suitable.
Table 2a:
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Problem 2:
In a Building there are 40 unit,
Per unit there are 20 pieces 40 w bulb, 4 pieces of 60 W fan, 5 pieces 1 ton ac, 2
pieces 1000 W refrigerator, 1-piece 1000w Geyser, 1-piece 10kw lift, 2 piece 4 hp
pump. How many kVA is required?
Answer:
Total Load of Light: 40×20 = 800 W
Total Load of Fan: 60×4=240 W
Total load of ac: 1500×5=7500 W
Total load of refrigerator: 1000×2 =2000 W
Total load of Geyser: 1000 W
Total load = (800+240+7500+2000+1000)
= 11540 W
For 40-unit Total Load = 11540 × 40 = 461600 W
For common Load,
Total load of lift: 10,000 w
Total load of pump: 4×746×2 = 5,968w
Total Common load = 10,000 + 5,968 = 15,968 W
So total load = 461600 + 15,968 = 477568 W
Or, 477.568 KW
477.568
kVA = = 596.96 kVA
0.8
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problem 3:
A workshop size 40×60 ft. by 12 ft. height is to be illuminated to 45 lumens per sq.
ft. on the working plane. If the coefficient of utilization is 0.5 and the source gives
out 10 lumens per watt, find the total wattage required and number of lamps
assuming depreciation factor 0.8.
Answer:
We know,
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 (𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠. 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓) × 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓. 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐)
=
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 − 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 × 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷. 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 1)
40 × 60 × 45
∴ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = = 270000 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
0.5 × 0.8
270000
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = = 27000 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
10
And if each lamp of 200 watts is to be fixed, then
27000
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁. 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = = 135 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 (𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴)
200
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Discussion and Conclusion: The experiment aimed to determine the appropriate
wire size for a given load and distance, as well as design a lighting scheme for a
specific area. The experiment involved calculating the resistivity of the wire and
using it to determine the appropriate wire size for a specific load and distance.
Additionally, the experiment included designing a lighting scheme for an area,
considering factors such as the required illumination level and the placement of light
fixtures.
The results obtained from the experiment showed that selecting the appropriate wire
size is critical for the safe and efficient operation of electrical circuits. By selecting
the right wire size, voltage drop and heat generation can be minimized, reducing the
risk of damage to the wire insulation and the possibility of starting a fire. The
calculations performed also showed that the load calculation is essential in
determining the appropriate wire size for a given distance, which is necessary to
maintain a safe and efficient electrical system.
The lighting scheme design aspect of the experiment also demonstrated the
importance of proper design and planning in achieving the desired illumination
levels and visual aesthetics. Factors such as the placement of light fixtures, type of
light sources, and their brightness all play a role in achieving the desired illumination
levels and creating a visually appealing lighting scheme. The experiment also
highlighted the need to consider energy efficiency when designing lighting schemes,
as it can have a significant impact on reducing energy consumption and costs.
In conclusion, the experiment provided valuable insights into the factors that should
be considered when selecting the wire size for a given load and distance, as well as
designing a lighting scheme for a specific area. It demonstrated the importance of
proper calculation, planning, and design to ensure the safe and efficient operation of
electrical circuits and the creation of visually appealing lighting schemes.
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