AIM: To study the dynamic response of manometer systems for a step input.

THEORY:

Systems with inherent second-order dynamics can exhibit oscillatory behaviour (under-damped).

Examples of these physical systems are simple manometers, externally mounted level indicators,

pneumatic control valves, and variable capacitance differential pressure transducers.

A U-tube manometer is a classic example of a second-order system. The basic equation is the force

balance,

ALρ d 2 h
gC ⅆ t 2 (
= A P−2 hρ
g
gc )
−RA
ⅆh
ⅆt
………………… (1)

where A = cross-sectional area

ρ = liquid density (density of gas above fluid is negligible)

P = applied pressure

R = fractional resistance

With laminar flow, the resistance is given by Hagen-Poiseuille equation.

Δp 32 VM
= 2
L D gC

Or,

32 Lμ
R= 2 ……………………….. (2)
D gc

Substituting in Equation (1) and rearranging gives

2
L ⅆ h +16 Lμ ⅆh P gC
+ h= =hi …………………………. (3)
2 g ⅆ t ρg D ⅆt
2 2
2 ρg
 2
2 L 16 Lμ 9C
Define , τ = ,2 ςτ = 2
¿ k p= ……………………(4)
2g ρg D 2 ρg

Now equation(3) becomes,

L
2 ⅆ h ⅆh
τ +2 ζτ +h=k p p (5)
……………………..

ⅆt
2
ⅆt

Thus, the transfer function between h and P is

h (s) k
= 2 2 P ……………………… (6)
P ( s ) τ s +2 ζτs+1

Equation (4) and (5) represents the inherent second order dynamics of the manometer.

Equation (3) may be written in a standard for,

1 ⅆ2 h +2 ξ ⅆh
+h=hi …………………. (7)
wn ⅆ t ωn dt
2 2

Where ωn = natural frequency, rad/sec

ζ = damping coefficient

For a step change in input pressure, when damping coefficient less than 1, the output overshoots the

final value and oscillates before coming to equilibrium. The system is said to be under damped.

For < 1.0,

h 1
e(−ζωnt ) ⋅sin ( wn √ 1−ξ t−∅…………………..(8)
L
=1+
hi √1−ξ
2
Where ∅=tan −1 √
2
1−ζ
−ζ

With a damping coefficient of zero, the response is an under damped sine wave of frequency and

amplitude 2hi.

For ζ = 1.0, (critically damped)

h
=1−( 1+ ωn t ) ⅇ(
−ζ ω t )
…………………………..(9)
n

hi

For ζ > 1.0, (over damped)

(
( ) )
−t t
h 1 1−
=1+ T a ⅇ Ta −T b ⅇ Tb ………………………..(10)
hi T b−T a

Experimental values of and can be easily obtained from the under damped response curve. The

damping coefficient can be found either from the decay ratio which is the ratio of successive peak

heights or from maximum overshoot.

−2 πζ
Decay ratio= ⅇ √1−ζ 2 C ……………………………(11)
=
A

Max overshoot −πζ = decay ratio= A

2 πT
Period of oscillation T¿ =t 2−t 1 (13)
√1−ζ 2 ………………………………………….
EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP :

Fig 1: Schematic Diagram of Manometer

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
1) Note the base level (the level of liquid column in the U-tube manometer) before starting of

experiment.

2) Give a pressure input by blowing air into one of the limbs of the manometer and close the

corresponding limb air tight with your thumb.

3) Note the level in the other limb.

4) Release the pressure by loosening your thumb.

5) When the level reaches the first lower position start the stop watch and note the time at which it

reaches the second lower position. Also note the first peak, first lower position, second peak height

and second lower position.

6) Repeat the experiment for two different waves.

8) Using equation. (4), for the given value of L and D the value of τ and ζ can be obtained theoretically.

9) The values of τ and ζ obtained experimentally and theoretically are to be compared.

OBSERVATION:
 Observation with Mercury:

Time(sec) H1(mm)
0 90
0.5 -50
1 55
1.5 -30
2 25
2.5 0
3 -25
3.5 28
4 -22
4.5 9
5 5
5.5 -12
6 12
6.5 -10
7 0
7.5 2
8 -5
8.5 2
9 -2
9.5 0
10 -1
10.5 -2
11 -1
11.5 0
 12 0
12.5 0

 Observation with Water:

Time(sec) H2(mm)
0 180
2 -140
4 50
6 -50
8 40
10 25
12 12
14 -18
16 -11
18 0
20 -18
22 -10
24 -5
26 0
28 -10
30 -8
32 -12
34 -10
36 -8
38 -11
40 -10
42 -10
44 -10
46 -10
SAMPLE CALCULATION:

 Theoretical Calculation:

1. For Water :

L = 1170 mm

D = 22 mm

kg
ρ = 1000 3
m

−4 Pa
µ = 7.97∗10
sec

L 1.17
Ʈ2 = = = 0.0596
2 g 2∗9.8

L −3
Ʈ = 0.2443 , ξ=2 µ 2
=6.43∗10
ρg r Ʈ

1
K P= =5.10∗10−5
2 ρg

2. For Mercury,

L = 780 mm

D = 5 mm

kg
ρ = 13500
m3

−3 Pa
µ = 1.6∗10
sec
 L 1.17
Ʈ2 = = = 0.0397
2 g 2∗9.8

L −2
Ʈ = 0.1994 , ξ=2 µ 2
=1.51∗10
ρg r Ʈ

1 −5
K P= =3.77∗10
2 ρg

 Experimental Calculation:

1. For Mercury,

−πξ
Overshoot = a/b = exp ⁡( ), ξ=0.0338
√1−ξ2

By applying the Peak Time,

2 πƮ
T p=
√1−ξ 2

Ʈ =0.1562

2. For Water,

−πξ
Overshoot = a/b = exp ⁡( ), ξ=6.3∗10
−3

√1−ξ2

By applying the Peak Time,

2 πƮ
T p=
√1−ξ 2

Ʈ =0.6366

GRAPHS:

 Theoretical :

For Water Manometer:

 Experimental Graph:

For Water:
 For Mercury:

RESULTS:
Parameter Mercury Water
 Experimental Theoretical Experimental Theoretical
ζ 0.0338 0.0151 0.0063 0.0064
τ 0.1562 0.1994 0.6366 0.2443

DISCUSSION:
We have observed that the value of ζ in Experimental is greater than the value of Theoretical and the value
of τ is greater than the value of Experimental in Mercury Manometer due to some Experimental Errors it is
happening and the same we can observed in the Water Manometer.
REFERENCE:
1] Seborg, Edgar, Mellichamp and Doyle, Process Dynamics and Control (3rd Edition), John Wiley and
Sons, Inc., 2011.
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