Select Collage
Undergraduate Program
Computer Science
Artificial Intelligence
By Samuel M. Nov. 2022
Chapters Content
Chapter:1- Introduction to AI
1.1. Why AI?
1.2 Definitions, Approaches and Foundations of AI
1.3 History of AI
Chapter:2- Basics of Search
[Link]
[Link] is search?
[Link] and state space
[Link] Strategies
Chapter:3 – Knowledge Representation and Reasoning
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Representation and Reasoning
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Assessment
Assessment
Class Test/mid : 30%
Assignment : 20 %
Final Exam: 50%
Assignments may in group or individual
Student with class absence more than 15%
will not seat for final exam
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What is Artificial Intelligence ?
Making computers that think?
The automation of activities we associate with
human thinking, like decision making, learning ... ?
The art of creating machines that perform
functions that require intelligence when performed
by people ?
The study of mental faculties through the use of
computational models ?
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What is Artificial Intelligence… ?
The study of computations that make it possible to
perceive, reason and act ?
A field of study that seeks to explain and emulate
intelligent behaviour in terms of computational
processes ?
A branch of computer science that is concerned with the
automation of intelligent behaviour ?
Anything in computing science that we don't yet know
how to do properly ? (!)
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What is Artificial Intelligence… ?
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What is Artificial Intelligence… ?
►Artificial Intelligence is composed of
Artificial: "man-made,"
Intelligence: "thinking power"-“the ability to learn and
solve problems”
Artificial Intelligence: "a man-made thinking power."
►AI a branch of cs used create intelligent machines which
can act like a human, think like humans, and able to make
decisions.
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What is Artificial Intelligence… ?
THOUGHT Systems that thinkSystems that think
like humans rationally
Systems that act Systems that act
BEHAVIOUR like humans rationally
HUMAN RATIONAL
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What is Artificial Intelligence ?
THOUGHT Systems that thinkSystems that think
like humans rationally
Systems that act Systems that act
BEHAVIOUR like humans rationally
HUMAN RATIONAL
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Systems that think like humans: cognitive modeling
Humans as observed from ‘inside’
How do we know how humans think?
Introspection vs. psychological experiments
Cognitive Science
“The exciting new effort to make computers think
… machines with minds in the full and literal sense”
(Haugeland)
“[The automation of] activities that we associate
with human thinking, activities such as decision-
making, problem solving, learning …” (Bellman)
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What is Artificial Intelligence
?
THOUGHT Systems that thinkSystems that think
like humans rationally
Systems that act Systems that act
BEHAVIOUR like humans rationally
HUMAN RATIONAL
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Systems that think ‘rationally’
"laws of thought"
Humans are not always ‘rational’
Rational - defined in terms of logic?
Logic can’t express everything (e.g. uncertainty)
Logical approach is often not feasible in terms of
computation time (needs ‘guidance’)
“The study of mental facilities through the use of
computational models” (Charniak and McDermott)
“The study of the computations that make it
possible to perceive, reason, and act” (Winston)
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What is Artificial Intelligence ?
THOUGHT Systems that thinkSystems that think
like humans rationally
Systems that act Systems that act
BEHAVIOUR like humans rationally
HUMAN RATIONAL
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Systems that act rationally:
“Rational agent”
Rational behavior: doing the right thing
The right thing: that which is expected to maximize goal
achievement, given the available information
Giving answers to questions is ‘acting’.
I don't care whether a system:
replicates human thought processes
makes the same decisions as humans
uses purely logical reasoning
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History of AI
Note: Read the details….
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Goals of ArtificialIntelligence
1. Replicate human intelligence
2. Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks
3. An intelligent connection of perception and action
4. Building a machine which can perform tasks that
requires human intelligence
5. Creating some system which can exhibit intelligent
behavior, learn new things by itself, demonstrate,
explain, and can advise to its user.
6. To make computers more useful by letting them take over
dangerous or tedious tasks from human
7. Understand principles of human intelligence
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The Foundation of AI
The power of computer makes
computation of large and
difficult problems more easily
How do humans and
animals think and act?
Mathematics contributed to AI
by means of logic, computability
(NP completeness) & Probability
How do brains process
information?
At that time, the study of human intelligence
began with no formal expression
Initiate the idea of mind as a machine and its
internal operations
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The Foundation of AI
Philosophy
At that time, the study of human intelligence began with no formal
expression
Initiate the idea of mind as a machine and its internal operations
Mathematics
Mathematics formalizes the three main area of AI: computation, logic, & probability
Computation leads to analysis of the problems that can be computed
complexity theory
Probability contributes the “degree of belief” to handle uncertainty in AI
Decision theory combines probability theory and utility theory (bias)
Psychology
• How do humans think and act?
• The study of human reasoning and acting
• Provides reasoning models for AI
• Strengthen the ideas
Humans and other animals can be considered as information processing machines
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The Foundation of AI
Computer Engineering
How to build an efficient computer?
Provides the artifact that makes AI application possible
The power of computer makes computation of large and difficult
problems more easily
AI has also contributed its own work to computer science, including:
time-sharing, the linked list data type, OOP, etc.
Linguistics
For understanding natural languages
different approaches has been adopted from the linguistic work
Formal languages
Syntactic and semantic analysis
Knowledge representation
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Advantages of Artificial Intelligence
Some main advantages of AI are:
► High Accuracy with fewer errors: AI has high accuracy as it
takes decisions as per pre-experience or information.
► High-Speed: Fast-decision making b/c AI can beat a chess
champion.
► High reliability: Performing the same action multiple times.
► Useful for risky areas: Defusing a bomb, exploring the ocean
floor.
► Digital Assistant: E-commerce show the products as per customer
requirements.
► Useful as a public utility: Facial recognition for security, spelling
checker, translation like google translate.
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and Technology
Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence
Following are disadvantages of AI:
High Cost: cost of HW & SW-as it requires lots of
maintenance.
Can't think out of the box: only work for which they are
trained or programmed.
No feelings and emotions: cannot make emotional attachment
with humans.
Increase Dependence on machines: People dependence on
devices and losing their mental capabilities.
No Original Creativity: AI machines cannot be creative &
imaginative.
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and Technology
Types of AI
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and Technology
Types of AI…
BASED ON THE FUNCTIONALITY
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and Technology
Types of AI (1)
Artificial Intelligence can be divided into two types based on
capabilities and based on functionally of AI.
A. BASED O N CAPABILITIES
1. Weak A I or Narrow AI:
Narrow: AI is able to perform a dedicated task with
intelligence.
It cannot perform beyond its field-it is only trained for one
specific task. Hence it is also termed as weak AI.
Examples: Google translate, playing chess, purchasing
suggestions on e- commerce sites, self-driving cars, speech
recognition, and image recognition.
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Types of AI…
A. BASED ON CAPABILITIES…
2. General AI or Strong AI:
It could perform any intellectual task with efficiency like a human.
Idea: AI to make system that could be smarter & think like a human
on its own.
Currently, there is no such system exists which could come under
general AI and can perform any task as perfect as ahuman.
It may arrive within the next 20 or more years.
General AI systems are still under research, and it will take lots of
effort and time to develop such systems.
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Types of AI …
A. BASED O N CAPABILITIES…
3. Super AI:
Is a level of Intelligence of Systems at which machines could
exceed human intelligence, and can perform any task better
than a human.
This refers aspects like general wisdom, problem solving and
creativity.
still a hypothetical concept of Artificial Intelligence.
The development of such systems in real is still a world-
changing task.
Super AI is where machines become self-aware, solve the
puzzle, make judgments, plan, learn, and communicate on its
own 2
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Types of AI …
BASED ON THE FUNCTIONALITY
2
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Types of AI …
B. BASED ON THE FUNCTIONALITY
1. Reactive Machines
It do not store memories or past experiences for future actions.
Only focuses on current scenarios & react on it as per possible
best action.
Examples: IBM's Deep Blue, Google's AlphaGo.
2. Limited Memory
It can store past experiences or some data for a short period of
time.
These machines can use stored data for a limited time period only.
Examples: Self-driving cars, store nearby cars speed, distance, etc.
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Types of AI …
B. BASED ON THE FUNCTIONALITY…
3. Theory of Mind
It should understand human emotions, people, beliefs, and be able
to interact socially like humans.
Not developed yet, researchers are making lots of efforts and
improvement for developing such AI machines.
4. Self-Awareness
Self-awareness AI is the future of Artificial Intelligence.
This will be superintelligent & will have their own
Understanding, opinions, and self-awareness.
These machines will be smarter than the human mind.
It does not exist in reality still and it is a hypothetical concept. 2
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Influencers of AI
Influencers of AI are the reasons why AI is taking off now.
The following are influencers of AI:
Big data: Structured data versus unstructured data
Advancements in computer processing speed & new chip
architectures
Cloud computing
Big data
Big data refers to huge amounts of data.
Big data requires innovative forms of information processing to
draw insights, automate processes, and help decision making.
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Influencers of AI…
Advancements in computer processing speed and new chip
architectures
In the past, statisticians and early data scientists were limited to
working with sample data sets.
In recent years, big data and the ability to process a large amount of
data at high speeds have enabled researchers and developers to
access and work with massive sets of data.
Processing speeds and new computer chip architectures contribute to
the rapid evolution of AI applications.
Large manufacturers of computer chips such as IBM and Intel are
prototyping “brain-like” chips whose architecture is configured to
mimic the biological brain’s network of neurons and the connections
between them called synapses. 3
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Influencers of AI…
Cloud Computing
Cloud computing is: general term that describes the delivery of
on-demand services, usually through the internet, on a pay-per-
use basis.
Companies worldwide offer their services to customers over
cloud platforms.
These services might be
Data analysis,
Social media,
Video storage,
e-commerce, and
A I capabilities that are available through the internet and supported
by cloud computing.
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Applications of AI
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Applications of AI
Currently, AI is being applied across several industries. But
we cannot say that AI is replacing humans but it is certainly
making the work of human beings more efficient.
AI is making our daily life more comfortable and faster,
because it can solve complex problems.
1.A I in agriculture
Agriculture is applying AI as agriculture robotics, soil and crop
monitoring, control pests, organize data for farmers, predictive
analysis, harvesting crops at a higher volume and faster pace
than human laborers.
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Applications of AI…
2. AI in Healthcare
Healthcare Industries are applying AI to make a better and faster
diagnosis thanhumans.
AI can help doctors with diagnoses and can inform when patients are
worsening so that medical help can reach the patient before
hospitalization.
Example:Apple Watch, Precision Medicine, Medical Imaging Analysis.
3. AI in education:
AI can automate grading so that the tutor can have more time to teach.
AI chatbot can communicate with students as a teaching assistant.
AI in the future can be work as a personal virtual tutor for students.
Example: Smart Tutors,Virtual Lectures,Teachers’Support, etc.
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Applications of AI…
4. AI in Finance and E-commerce
The finance industry is implementing automation, chatbot, and machine
learning into financial processes.
In e-commerce AI is helping shoppers to discover associated products
with recommended size, color, or even brand.
5. AI in Gaming:
AI can be used for gaming purposes. The AI machines can play strategic
games like chess, where the machine needs to think of a large number of
possible places.
6. AI in Data Security:
AI can be used to make your data more safe and secure.
Example: AEG bot, AI2 Platform, are used to determine software bugs and
cyber-attacks in a better way. 3
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Applications of AI…
7. AI in Social Media
Social Media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Snapchat contain
billions of user profiles, which need to be stored and managed in a
very efficient way.
AI can organize and manage massive amounts of data.
AI can analyze lots of data to identify the latest trends & hashtags.
8. AI in Travel & Transport:
AI is used in various travel works like making travel arrangements,
suggesting the hotels, flights, and best routes to the customers.
9. AI in the Automotive Industry:
Automotive industries are currently working for developing self-
driven cars which can make your journey more safe and secure. 7/3
Example: Tesla has introduced TeslaBot, an intelligent virtual assistant.
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/2
Sample AI application (State of the Art)
I. Commuting
Google’s AI-Powered Predictions
Ridesharing Apps Like Uber and Lyft
Commercial Flights Use an AI Autopilot
II. Email
Spam Filters
Smart Email Categorization
III. Social Networking
Facebook- When you upload photos to Facebook, the service automatically
highlights faces and suggests friends tag.
Pinterest - Pinterest uses computer vision, an application of AI where
computers are taught to “see,” in order to automatically identify objects in
images (or “pins”) and then recommend visually similar pins.
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Sample AI application (State of the Art)..
Instagram- uses machine learning to identify the contextual meaning of
emoji, which have been steadily replacing slang.
Snapchat - Snapchat introduced facial filters, called Lenses. These
filters track facial movements, allowing users to add animated effects.
IV. Online Shopping
Search - Your Amazon searches quickly return a list of the most relevant
products related to your search.
Recommendations - You see recommendations for products
you’re interested in,“customers who bought this item also bought”.
Example: Amazon uses artificial neural networks to generate these
product recommendations.
Note: Read the details and others
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