Differential Calculus and Applications Guide
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Powered by AIThe circumference of a full circle is \( 2\pi a \). Using parametric equations, compute the arc length \( L = \int_0^{\pi} \sqrt{\left( \frac{dx}{dt} \right)^2 + \left( \frac{dy}{dt} \right)^2} \, dt \). \( \frac{dx}{dt} = -a\sin t \) and \( \frac{dy}{dt} = a\cos t \), therefore \( L = \int_0^{\pi} a \, dt = a\pi \). This is half the circumference, so the total is \( 2a \pi \).
To find maxima and minima, calculate the derivative \( f'(x) = 6x^2 - 30x + 36 \) and set it to zero: \( 6x^2 - 30x + 36 = 0 \). Factor it as \( 3(x-2)(x-3) = 0 \), giving critical points at \( x = 2 \) and \( x = 3 \). Evaluate \( f(x) \) at these points and endpoints: \( f(1) = 23 \), \( f(2) = 32 \), \( f(3) = 27 \), \( f(5) = 55 \). The maximum value is 55 at \( x=5 \), and the minimum value is 23 at \( x=1 \).
To determine \( \frac{dy}{dx} \), use \( \frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{\frac{dy}{dt}}{\frac{dx}{dt}} \). From the equations \( x = t^2 \) and \( y = 2t \), \( \frac{dx}{dt} = 2t \) and \( \frac{dy}{dt} = 2 \). Substituting \( t = 0.5 \), \( \frac{dx}{dt} = 1 \) and \( \frac{dy}{dt} = 2 \). Thus, \( \frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{2}{1} = 2 \).
To find \( \frac{dy}{dx} \) using implicit differentiation for \( x^3 + y^3 = 3xy \), differentiate both sides with respect to \( x \), obtaining \( 3x^2 + 3y^2 \frac{dy}{dx} = 3y + 3x \frac{dy}{dx} \). Rearrange to solve for \( \frac{dy}{dx} \); this gives \( \frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{y - x^2}{y^2 - x} \). At the point \( \left( \frac{3}{2}, \frac{3}{2} \right) \), the slope is zero, so the tangent line is horizontal. Thus, the equation of the tangent line at this point is \( y = \frac{3}{2} \).
To find the rate of change of length \( \frac{dl}{d\theta} \) in mm/°C, differentiate \( l = 1 + 0.00005\theta + 0.0000004\theta^2 \) with respect to \( \theta \). This gives \( \frac{dl}{d\theta} = 0.00005 + 2 \cdot 0.0000004\theta \). At 100°C, \( \frac{dl}{d\theta} = 0.00005 + 0.0000008 \times 100 = 0.00013 \) m/°C or 0.13 mm/°C. At 400°C, \( \frac{dl}{d\theta} = 0.00005 + 0.0000008 \times 400 = 0.00037 \) m/°C or 0.37 mm/°C.
The volume \( V = \pi r^2 h \) and lateral surface \( A = 2\pi rh \). Errors \( \Delta V \approx \frac{\partial V}{\partial r} \Delta r + \frac{\partial V}{\partial h} \Delta h \) and \( \Delta A \approx \frac{\partial A}{\partial r} \Delta r + \frac{\partial A}{\partial h} \Delta h \). \( \Delta r = 0.05 \) cm (radius), \( \Delta h = 0.1 \) cm. \( \Delta V = \pi(2rh \Delta r + r^2 \Delta h) = 1.256 \) cm³, \( \Delta A = 2\pi(r \Delta h + h \Delta r) = 1.884 \) cm².
First, find \( \frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{\frac{dy}{dt}}{\frac{dx}{dt}} \). Here, \( \frac{dy}{dt} = -6\cos t\sin t = -3\sin 2t \) and \( \frac{dx}{dt} = 2\cos t \). Thus, \( \frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{-3\sin 2t}{2\cos t} \). For \( \frac{d^2y}{dx^2} \), differentiate \( \frac{dy}{dx} \) with respect to \( t \) and divide by \( \frac{dx}{dt} \), then substitute back values accordingly. This requires advanced-level trigonometrical identities and implicit differentiation accuracy to derive.
The spring constant \( k \) is given by Hooke’s Law \( F = kx \), where \( k = \frac{F}{x} = \frac{5}{1} = 5 \) N/m. Work done \( W = \int_0^{1.8} 5x \,dx = 5 \left[ \frac{x^2}{2} \right]_0^{1.8} = 5 \times \frac{3.24}{2} = 8.1 \) J.
Differentiate \( u(x,t) = \sin(x-ct) \) with respect to \( t \) twice: \( \frac{\partial u}{\partial t} = -c\cos(x-ct) \), \( \frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial t^2} = -c^2\sin(x-ct) \). Differentiate with respect to \( x \) twice: \( \frac{\partial u}{\partial x} = \cos(x-ct) \), \( \frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial x^2} = -\sin(x-ct) \). The form matches \( \frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial t^2} = c^2 \frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial x^2} \), confirming it solves the wave equation.
Use substitution \( u=x^2+1 \), \( du=2x \, dx \). Then, \( \int x(x^2+1)^3 \,dx = \frac{1}{2} \int u^3 \,du \). Change the limits of integration: when \( x=0, u=1 \) and when \( x=2, u=5 \). Thus, the integral becomes \( \frac{1}{2} \int_1^5 u^3 \,du = \frac{1}{2} \left[ \frac{u^4}{4} \right]_1^5 = \frac{1}{2} \left( \frac{625}{4} - \frac{1}{4} \right) = \frac{312}{4} = 78 \).