DevOps-Notes Documentation

Release 2.0.23

Vinay Hegde

Nov 29, 2022

 Basic-Concepts

1 Overview 1
1.1 Tech Stack: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 How-To-Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.3 Please Note: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

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 CHAPTER 1

Overview

Welcome to my notes on various topics related to the DevOps / SRE terminology such as -
• Linux Operating Systems
• Networking
• Web / Email / DNS / Database Servers
• GIT
• Configuration Management Tools (Chef, Ansible, Puppet)
• Programming (Python, Ruby, Shell Scripting)..and many more

1.1 Tech Stack:

• reStructuredText (RST) - To write .rst files for the formatting. You can start learning via this
• Sphinx - The engine generating content in HTML, LaTeX, ePub. A beginner’s guide can be found on their
page
• GitHub - For maintaining the source code in version control.
• ReadTheDocs - Hosting my documentation. Refer this excellent document to help you get up and running in
no time.

1.2 How-To-Use

• Please click any link on the Left Hand side of this webpage to read more such as Utilities, CPU, Monitoring
among others.
• Then you will find subsections (varies upon topics) expandable by clicking on the + icon to read them.

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• You can find keywords in the Search Box present in the top Left Corner of this webpage to return relevant
results.

1.3 Please Note:

• Due to dynamic content for any topic in here, this will forever be a work in progress. Feedback, suggestions and
queries are always appreciated!
• For contributions, please read the guidelines on how to share Contributing to this project.
• At all times, please refer to the Code-of-Conduct guidelines on interacting with other community members in a
respectful and cordial manner.

1.3.1 Boot Process

Some useful links to explain the concepts of the Boot Process

Concepts

Overview of the Linux Boot process

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Difference between commands for bringing down a linux server

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Difference between GRUB / LILO

• [Link]

Is a separate boot partition necessary in Linux OS?

• [Link]

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Commands

Configuration

• [Link]
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Troubleshooting & Log Parsing

1.3.2 CPU

Some useful links to explain the concepts of CPU processing

Concepts

• [Link]
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Types of Processes

• [Link]

Output of ps command - Explained

• [Link]

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Commands

NoHUP &

• [Link]
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top

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SAR

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Nice / Renice / IOnice

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KILL

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• [Link]
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HTop

Visual representation of all HTop parameters

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HTop command - Explained

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SysDig

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• [Link]
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Configuration

Troubleshooting & Log Parsing

• Find the most number of processes running on the system

1 sudo ps -AL --no-headers | awk -F: '{print $3}' | cut -d' ' -f2 | sort | uniq -c |
˓→sort -n | tail -10

• Check for zombie processes with PPID

1 sudo ps axo stat,ppid,pid,comm | grep -w defunct

• View Column Headers in ps output

1 sudo ps aux | head -1 && sudo ps aux | grep <process-name> | grep -v grep

1.3.3 Memory

Some useful links to explain the concepts of Memory

Concepts

• [Link]
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Commands

Free Command - Explained

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Other Commands

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• [Link]

Configuration

• [Link]

Create a RAM Disk

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Troubleshooting & Log Parsing

1.3.4 Swap

Some useful links to explain the concepts of Swap

Concepts

• [Link]
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Commands

• Check total swap space used & sort it descending

1 for file in /proc/*/status ; do awk '/VmSwap|Name/{printf $2 " " $3}END{ print ""}'
˓→$file; done | sort -k 2 -nr | head -10
2 for file in /proc/*/status ; do awk '/VmSwap|Name/{printf $2 " " $3}END{ print ""}'
˓→$file; done | awk '{print $1 " " $2/1024 " MB" }'|sort -k 2 -n -r | head -10

• Alternatively - run below command

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1 sudo nice top (Press Shift+o → p (To sort processes by swap usage)

Configuration

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Troubleshooting & Log Parsing

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1.3.5 Storage

Some useful links to explain the concepts of Storage, I/O

Concepts

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• [Link]
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GRUB

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LVM

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RAID

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• [Link]
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GlusterFS

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NFS

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SCP

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Rsync

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LsyncD

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Explanation of [Link] parameters

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Max User Watches Error of Lsyncd

• [Link]
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Configuration

• [Link]
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Creating & mounting a 2nd Hard drive in linux

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Good explanation fstab parameters

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Troubleshooting & Log Parsing

• [Link]
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• [Link]
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Online Visual RAID Calculator

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1.3.6 File Systems

Some useful links to explain the concepts of File Systems

Concepts

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ext(2|3|4)

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File Descriptors

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Proc File Systems

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[Link]

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ULimit

• [Link]
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Directory Structures

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Inodes

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Commands

S-Trace command

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1.3.7 Provisioning

Some useful links to explain the concepts of Cobbler / Kickstart

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html

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1.3.8 Package-Management

Some useful links to explain the concepts of Package-Management

Concepts

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Difference between yum update / yum upgrade

RPM

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• [Link]
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YUM

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DNF

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Configuration

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Rollback or Revert YUM Changes

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Downloading packages for RPM based OS

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Delta-RPMs

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Troubleshooting & Log Parsing

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APT

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Working With Packages

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Configuration

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• [Link]

Troubleshooting & Log Parsing

Is apt-get autoremove safe

• [Link]
393215

Difference between apt-get update / apt-get upgrade

• [Link]

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1.3.9 Hardware

Some useful links to explain the concepts of Hardware (Dell / SuperMicro)

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Dell OMSA

Concepts

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Commands

• We use 2 commands to monitor / change parameters in Dell servers

1 omreport - Checks the server details via specified parameters.

2

3 omconfig - Modifies the server details via specified parameters.

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Examples :

• Will list all possibly available system / chassis / storage domain commands

1 sudo omreport system -? | omreport chassis -? | omreport storage -?

• Retrieve general system information

1 sudo omreport system summary | less

• Display the Hardware logs

1 sudo omreport system esmlog

• Retrieve the RAID configuration

1 sudo omreport storage vdisk controller=0

• Clearing the logs

1 sudo omconfig system esmlog action=clear (Replace esmlog with alertlog or cmdlog,
˓→esmlog is the hardware log)

Configuration

• [Link]
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IPMITool

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MegaCLI

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1.3.10 SSH

Some useful links to explain the concepts of SSH

Concepts

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Commands

Configuration

SSH key-based logins

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10197697

Tuning & Hardening

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Correct permissions of .ssh directory

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Run same commands via SSH on multiple servers

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TMux

Some useful links to cover the working of TMux.

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Troubleshooting & Log Parsing

1.3.11 Editors

Some useful links to explain the concepts of Editors

VIM Basics

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Customizing VIM

VIM Color Schemes

• [Link]
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Making your own .vimrc

• [Link]

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VI Editor Cheat Sheet

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To delete all lines in vim

SED && AWK

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Converting New-Lines to Spaces

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AWK Notes

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Markdown

Syntax

• [Link]

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• [Link]

Online Editors

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Atom

Configuration

• [Link]
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1.3.12 Utilities

Environment Variables {ENV}

Some useful links to explain the concepts of Environment Variables

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Crontab

Some useful links to cover the working of Crontab

• [Link]
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Online Utilities to generate crons

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GREP

Some useful links to cover the working of Grep

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Grepping ps output without showing the grep process

• [Link]
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FIND

Some useful links to cover the working of Find

• [Link]
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User Management

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File Permissions

Some useful links to cover the working of File Permissions

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Why sudo cd <path-to-dir> doesn’t work

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Sudoers

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UserMod Command

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SetUID and SetGID

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UMask Values

• → UMask contains default permissions for newly created files / directories based on base permissions for those

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• → Base permissions for files is 666 (read-write permissions for owner-group-other : execute permissions are
excluded by for files as security measure)
• → Similarly, the base permissions for directories are 777 (read-write-execute permissions for owner-group-
other)
• → The UMask values are inverse to regular file permissions → i.e: chmod
• → UMask values = Base permissions - required permissions All UMasks
• [Link]
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SymLinks

Some useful links to cover the working of SymLinks

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Others

XArgs vs Exec

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NTP

• [Link]
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Renaming / Deleting multiple files

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• [Link]
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Rename multiple files with different extensions

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Command Prompt Tweaks

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profile–mac-30515
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Random Tools

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SysCTL

Some useful links to cover the working of SysCTL

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LSOF

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DIFF

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Comparing difference between files / directories on 2 servers

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1.3.13 Fundamentals

Some useful links to explain the concepts of Web-Servers

Concepts

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Load Balancing

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HTTP request lifecycle overview

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Difference between http 443 and https 80

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HTTP status codes

• [Link]
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Check website-availability issues - Tools

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cURL

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wGET

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1.3.14 Apache

Some useful links to explain the concepts of Apache

Concepts

• [Link]
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Information about MPM (Multi Processing Modules)

• [Link]
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Configuration

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Virtual Hosting

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HTaccess checks and guides

• [Link]
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Tuning & Hardening

Apache Server Status Page

• [Link]
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Other Optimizations

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Troubleshooting & Log Parsing

Find Original IPs of sites using CDNs like Cloudflare

• [Link]

Levels of traffic with Apache access log

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htm
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Commands

• Find hits by IP to server from access log in ascending order

1 sudo tail -n 10000 <path-to-log-file> | awk '{print $2}' | sort | uniq -c | sort -n
2 sudo grep 'text' <path-to-access-log> | cut -d' ' -f1 | sort | uniq -c | sort -r

• Finding connections to all server IPs source/destination & sorting in ascending order

1 sudo netstat -antulp | awk '{print $4}' | cut -d":" -f1 | sort | uniq -c | sort -n
2 sudo netstat -antulp | awk '{print $5}' | cut -d":" -f1 | sort | uniq -c | sort -n

1.3.15 Nginx

Some useful links to explain the concepts of NGinx

Concepts

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Configuration

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Nginx with HTTPS using SSL via LetsEncrypt

• [Link]
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Visual Editor for NGinx Config

• [Link]

Tuning & Hardening

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Troubleshooting & Log Parsing

• [Link]
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1.3.16 HAProxy

Some useful links to explain the concepts of HAProxy

Concepts

Official Documentation

• [Link]
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Configuration

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• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

Tuning & Hardening

SNI on HAProxy

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

Troubleshooting & Log Parsing

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

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1.3.17 SSL

Some useful links to explain the concepts of SSL

Concepts

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

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• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

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FAQs on SSL

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

Server Name Indication

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

Configuration

Basics of OpenSSL Commands for CSR, Keys & Certs

• [Link]

Wildcard SSL on sub-domain

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

Switching from HTTP to HTTPs

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

Creating SAN SSL certificate

• [Link]

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Tuning & Hardening

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

Hardening Your Web Server’s SSL Ciphers

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

Troubleshooting & Log Parsing

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

Commands

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

Free SSL Certificates : LetsEncrypt

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

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1.3.18 Monitoring

Some useful links to explain the concepts of Monitoring

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Concepts

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• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

Nagios

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

What Nagios does

• Monitoring of network services (SMTP, POP3, HTTP, NNTP, ICMP, SNMP, FTP, SSH)
• Monitoring of host resources (processor load, disk usage, system logs) on a majority of network operating
systems, including Microsoft Windows with the NSClient++ plugin or Check MK.
• Monitoring via remotely run scripts via Nagios Remote Plugin Executor or through SSH or SSL encrypted
tunnels.
• Contact notifications when service or host problems occur & get resolved (via e-mail, pager, SMS, or any user-
defined method through plugin system)
• The ability to define event handlers to be run during service or host events for proactive problem resolution.
Automatic log file rotation. Support for implementing redundant monitoring hosts
• An optional web-interface for viewing current network status, notifications, problem history, log files, etc. Data
storage via text files rather than database

Configuration

Host / Service Monitoring

• [Link]
• [Link]
service-and-servicegroups

Deploying SSH Checks For Nagios

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

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Check HTTP

• [Link]

1.3.19 Graphing

Some useful links to explain the concepts of Graphing

Concepts

Cacti
• [Link]
Metrics
• [Link]
• [Link]

Ganglia

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

What Ganglia does

• Graph different properties of a server such as CPU,memory,load,etc

• Compare the graphing trend of those properties with previous trend & identify which node or host is causing
the issue easily from the trend.
• Make custom metrics for graphing for different process.
• Machines from different data centers which are part of one single cluster must be represented in that single
cluster in a single interface.

Important points

• Node : SINGLE machine sending data to Ganglia monitoring daemon. (All individual servers are nodes, can
or can’t be part of a cluster)
• Cluster : All nodes that are used for any particular purpose is a CLUSTER.
• Grid : Collection of clusters is a GRID.

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Parts of Ganglia Monitoring Tool

• 1. Gmond :
– Ganglia Monitoring daemon (Service that needs to be installed on each & every node that needs to be
monitored)
– Sends data via XML over TCP & main configuration file : /etc/[Link]
• 2. Gmetad :
– Collects data from Gmond daemons & stores in RRD (Round robin database)
– Main configuration file is /etc/[Link] & should be installed on one node of each cluster
• 3. RRD tool :
– Used by Ganglia to store data for visualization (graphing) & store data of particular time intervals & then
graphs the same.
• 4. PHP Front-End :
– A web interface on the master node that displays graphs and metrics from data in the RRD tool.

Configuration

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

Troubleshooting & Log Parsing

• [Link]
• [Link]

1.3.20 Logging

Some useful links to explain the concepts of Logging

Concepts

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

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Linux Logs

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

Configuration

Log-rotate

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

Troubleshooting & Log Parsing

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

ELK Stack

Some useful links to explain the concepts of the ELK stack - ElasticSearch, Logstash and Kibana
• [Link]
• [Link]

ElasticSearch

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

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Logstash

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

Kibana

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

1.3.21 Networking

Some useful links to explain the concepts of Networking Protocols

Concepts

OSI Model Mnemonic : Please Do Not Teach Students Pointless Acronyms

• [Link]

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• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

Finding optimum MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit) size

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

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Category Cables

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

MAC Addresses : Explained

Private / Public / LocalHost IPs:

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

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• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

TCP

States of a TCP Connection

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

LIST of TCP / UDP Ports

• [Link]

UDP

ICMP

• [Link]

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• [Link]
• [Link]

VLAN

Simple Overview

• [Link]

Conceptual Overview

• [Link]
html

Difference between access & trunk ports

• [Link]

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Commands

• [Link]
• [Link]

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• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

PING

• [Link]
• [Link]

IFCONFIG

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

TRACEROUTE

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

TCPDUMP

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

NETSTAT

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

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IFTOP

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

NMap

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
Nmap Command - Free IPs in a particular subnet

1 for i in `sudo nmap -sP <subnet/CIDR> | grep -i 'Nmap scan report for' | awk '{print
˓→$5}'`;do ping -c 1 $i;done | grep from

ARP

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

NETCAT

• [Link]

LLDP

• [Link]

Configuration

Basic NIC configuration & Bonding

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

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• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
html

Virtual IPs

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

Static Routing

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

DHCP

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

VPN

• [Link]
• [Link]

Tuning, Troubleshooting & Log Parsing

Advanced Configuration

• [Link]
• [Link]

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• [Link]
• [Link]

Digging deeper into the Linux Networking stack

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

Disable Network Manager in Linux

• [Link]

Disable Network Manager from over-writing [Link] in Linux

• [Link]
my/

1.3.22 Security

Some useful links to explain the concepts of Security in Linux OS

Concepts

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

Rootkits

• [Link]
• [Link]
html
• [Link]

Fail2Ban

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

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• [Link]
• [Link]

TCP Wrappers

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

SELinux

Concepts of SELinux

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

DDoS

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

Configuration

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

1.3.23 IPTables

Some useful links to explain the concepts of IPTables

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Concepts

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

Configuration

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

Tuning and Hardening

• [Link]

IP Conntrack

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

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• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

1.3.24 Generic

Some useful links to explain the concepts of Programming

Concepts

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

Configuration

Online Interpreter for Multiple Languages

• [Link]

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DevOps

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• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

1.3.25 Python

Some useful links to explain the concepts of Python

Concepts

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

Official Python Documentation

• [Link]
• [Link]

Python Books

A Byte of Python - [Link]

Learn Python the Hard Way - [Link]

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Online Courses

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

Intermediate Python

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

Solving Python Problems to Learn Concepts

• [Link]

Configuration

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

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• [Link]

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• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

Visual IDE for Python

• [Link]
• [Link]

1.3.26 Bash

Some useful links to explain the concepts of Bash Scripting

Concepts

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

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Conditional Statements, Loops

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

Editing & Formatting Text

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

Configuration

Online IDE for Bash Scripts

• [Link]
• [Link]

Operators in Bash

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

Avoid Temp files in Shell scripts

• [Link]

Variables, Functions in Bash

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

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• [Link]
• [Link]

Configure Bash History Retention

• [Link]

• [Link]
48113

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• [Link]

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Troubleshooting & Log Parsing

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

1.3.27 Ruby

Some useful links to explain the concepts of Ruby

Concepts

Official Ruby Documentation

• [Link]
• [Link]

Configuration

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

Troubleshooting & Log Parsing

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

1.3.28 GIT

Some useful links to explain the concepts of GIT

Concepts

Official Git Documentation

• [Link]
• [Link]

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• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

Configuration

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

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• [Link]
• [Link]
• Update multiple git repos : [Link]

Self-hosted GitHub Clones

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

Reviews || Configuration of the above

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
[Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

Troubleshooting

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

Remove local commits NOT pushed to remote

• [Link]
• [Link]

Understanding .gitignore file

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

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Git Operations (Stash, Merge, Diff, Rebase)

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

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Git on Windows

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

Better GIT Workflow

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

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• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
3651867
• [Link]
3580764#3580764

Random Notes

• [Link]

1.3.29 Ansible

Some useful links to explain the concepts of Ansible

Concepts

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

Official Documentation

• [Link]

Configuration

[Link]

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

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Run one Task - Ansible Playbook

• [Link]

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Basic Ansible Tutorials

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

Ansible Roles

• [Link]

Managing Users with Ansible

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

NGinx Setup via Ansible

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

Troubleshooting

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

1.3.30 Puppet

Some useful links to explain the concepts of Puppet

Concepts

• [Link]
• [Link]

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Official Documentation

• [Link]
• [Link]

Others

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
[Link]
• [Link]

1.3.31 Chef

Some useful links to explain the concepts of Chef

Concepts

• [Link]
• [Link]

Configuration

Troubleshooting

1.3.32 Docker

Some useful links to explain the concepts of Docker

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Official Docker Documentation

• [Link]

Concepts

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

Good Explanation of Namespaces : needed for Docker

• [Link]

Difference between containers and VMs

• [Link]

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Docker Image Layers : Easy Explanation

• [Link]

Docker Swarm Working

• [Link]

Configuration

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

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• [Link]
• [Link]

Troubleshooting & Log Parsing

• [Link]
• [Link]
32622147
• [Link]

Tuning & Hardening

• [Link]
• [Link]

Training & Certification

Docker Training

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

Docker Certified Associate

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

1.3.33 Kubernetes

Some useful links to explain the concepts of Kubenetes

Concepts

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

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Official Documentation

• [Link]
• [Link]

Configuration

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

Tuning & Hardening

• [Link]

Troubleshooting

• [Link]
57161894#57161894
• [Link]
• [Link]

• [Link]

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1.3.34 AWS

Some useful links to explain the concepts of AWS

Official AWS Documentation

• [Link]

Concepts

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

Configuration

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

s3cmd

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

AWS Instances

• [Link]

Troubleshooting & Log Parsing

• [Link]
• [Link]

Tuning & Hardening

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

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Training & Certification

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

1.3.35 MySQL

Some useful links to explain the concepts of MySQl

Concepts

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

Difference between MyISAM and InnoDB Storage engines

• [Link]
• [Link]

Commands

• [Link]

Configuration

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
Administration/Maintaining+Log+Files/
• [Link]

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Backing Up | Restore Databases via Command Line

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

Configuring MariaDB for remote access

• [Link]

Removing a MySQL user with his privileges

• [Link]
• [Link]

Information on MySQL Bin logs

• [Link]

Replication (Master-Master)

• [Link]

Replication (Master-Slave)

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

Reset forgotten MySQL password

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

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Tuning & Hardening

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

To change the value of expire_log_days without MySQL restart

• [Link]

To enable various logs via [Link] or on the fly without restart

• [Link]

Perl script to analyses system MySQL variables & optimize accordingly

• [Link]

Tool to convert xls files into SQL

• [Link]

Troubleshooting

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

Checking for replication Lags

• [Link]
• [Link]

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Various MySQL error codes

• [Link]
• [Link]

Fix for the ERROR 1396

• [Link]

1.3.36 PostgreSQL

Some useful links to explain the concepts of PostgreSQl

Concepts

• [Link]
• [Link]

Commands

• [Link]

Configuration

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

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• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
postgresql-on-a-vps–2

Replication using Slony

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

Tuning & Hardening

• [Link]
• [Link]

Troubleshooting

• [Link]

FAQ - When pg-cancel-backend / pg-terminate-backend doesn’t work

• [Link]

Removing PostgreSQL queries on TCP Level - when pg-cancel-backend / pg-terminate-backend fails

• [Link]

Official Links

• [Link]
• [Link]

1.3.37 NoSQL

Some useful links to explain the concepts of NoSQL

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Concepts

• [Link]
• [Link]

Configuration

Troubleshooting

1.3.38 Redis

Some useful links to cover the concepts of Redis

Concepts

Official Redis Documentation

• [Link]

Configuration

Tuning & Hardening

• [Link]

Troubleshooting & Log Parsing

• [Link]

1.3.39 Kafka

Some useful links to cover the concepts of Kafka

Concepts

• [Link]

Official Kafka Documentation

• [Link]

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Configuration

Tuning & Hardening

Troubleshooting & Log Parsing

1.3.40 Email

Some useful links to explain the concepts of Email

Concepts

E-Mail status Codes

• [Link]

Article on E-Mail Ports

• [Link]

1.3.41 Postfix

Some useful links to explain the concepts of Postfix

Concepts

Configuration

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

SSL/TLS on Postfix

• [Link]

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Queue Management

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

Commands

• Sorting queued mails by From address

1 sudo mailq | awk '/^[0-9,A-F]/ {print $7}' | sort | uniq -c | sort -n

• Holding queued mails by From address

1 sudo mailq| grep '^[A-Z0-9]'| grep <sender-ID>| cut -f1 -d' ' | tr -d \*|sudo
˓→postsuper -h -

• Holding queued mails by To address

1 sudo mailq | tail -n +2 | grep -v '^ *(' | awk 'BEGIN { RS = "" } { if ($8 == "
˓→<recipient>") print $1 } ' | tr -d '*!' | sudo postsuper -h -

• Holding queued mails by Domain

1 sudo mailq| grep '^[A-Z0-9]'| grep @<domain>| cut -f1 -d' ' | tr -d \*|sudo postsuper
˓→-h -

• Holding emails from the [active|deferred] queue based on subject

1 sudo find /var/spool/postfix/[active|deferred]/ -type f -exec grep -il '<subject>' '

˓→{}' \; | xargs -n1 basename | sudo postsuper -h -

• Removing Mails based on sender Address

1 sudo mailq| grep '^[A-Z0-9]'| grep <sender-ID>| cut -f1 -d' ' | tr -d \*|sudo
˓→postsuper -d -

• Removing Mails based on Domain

1 sudo mailq| grep '^[A-Z0-9]'| grep @<domain>| cut -f1 -d' ' | tr -d \*|sudo postsuper
˓→-d -

• Delete mails to a specific mail address

1 sudo mailq | tail -n +2 | grep -v '^ *(' | awk 'BEGIN { RS = "" } { if ($8 == "
˓→<recipient-ID>") print $1 } ' | tr -d '*!' | sudo postsuper -h -

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1.3.42 Exim

Some useful links to explain the concepts of Exim

Concepts

Configuration

Queue Management

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

1.3.43 Dovecot

Some useful links to explain the concepts of Dovecot

Concepts

• [Link]
• [Link]

Configuration

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

Troubleshooting & Log Parsing

1.3.44 Milters

This section covers the basics of how Milters works

Concepts

Email RBLs (real-time block-hole lists) Primer

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

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• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

Configuration

Check multiple global RBLs online

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

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1.3.45 SPF & DKIM

Some useful links to explain the concepts of SPF & DKIM

Concepts

SPF Records

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

Configuration

• [Link]
• [Link]
html
• [Link]
#ssl
• [Link]
• [Link]

Troubleshooting and Log Parsing

1.3.46 ClamAV

Some useful links to explain the concepts of ClamAV

Concepts

• [Link]
• [Link]

Configuration

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

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1.3.47 DNS

Some useful links to explain the concepts of DNS

Concepts

• Authoritative NS
– When a DNS query is made to a server which has the domain’s data, it is an authoritative NS, other-
wise it will point to other NS or serve cached copies of other NS
• Zone file
– simple text file containing the mapping between domain names and IP addresses, e.g :
[Link]
• Root Servers
– 13 servers - a to h, routed to the nearest mirror of the server
• TLD servers :
– .com [others are : .org, .net, .edu etc]
• Domain Level NS
– the server containing the actual records of the requested domain ([Link], [Link]
etc)
• TTL - Time to live
– A timer. Caching name servers can use this until the TTL runs out
• Records

1 [Link]. IN SOA [Link]. [Link]. (

2 12083 ; serial number - incremented on zone file change, slave NS checks if master
˓→NS serial > cached serial & if yes, slave NS requests for updated zone else serves

˓→same zone file.

3 3h; refresh interval - Slave NS waits this period to poll the master NS for changes
4 30m; retry interval - Slave NS will retry querying master NS every this period for
˓→zone transfer updates

5 3w; expiry period - if slave NS can not contact master for this time, it will no
˓→longer return authoritative response for the queried zone

6 1h ; negative TTL - a NS will cache errors for this period

7 )

Domain Transfer (AXFR)

• The original DNS specifications RFC-1034 & RFC-1035 envisaged that slave (or secondary) DNS servers would
poll the master.
• The time between such ‘polling’ is determined by the refresh value on the domain’s SOA Resource Record
• The polling process is accomplished by the ‘slave’ sending a query to the master and requesting its current SOA
record.

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• If serial number of this record is higher than the current one maintained by the slave a zone transfer (AXFR) is
requested & done on TCP Port 53.

DNS uses UDP for DNS queries over port 53

• DNS uses UDP for to replying to client DNS queries such as client asking DNS server for a Name to IP or IP to
NAME resolution.
• The reason is that UDP is not connection oriented, so its light-weight & fast, resulting in faster data transmission
of results to client compared to TCP.
• At the same time, if needed then DNS can also work over TCP to serve the DNS queries, but UDP is always
preferred because of greater speed.

Why DNS uses TCP for Zone files transfer over port 53

• DNS uses a master & slave architecture, in which one main authoritative Name server having all the entries &
others are replicated (zone files transferred) from master & also serve DNS queries.
• As there can’t be any inconsistency in Zone files, so to transfer these Zone files DNS uses TCP as the commu-
nication protocol, which makes sure that the zone files are transferred reliably.

Resource Records

• A record
– map a host to an IP address
host IN A IPv4_address host IN AAAA IPv6_address
• MX Record
– map a mail exchange used for the domain
IN MX 10 [Link]. (where 10 is record priority. Priority is given to
MX with lower values at DNS lookup)
• PTR
– maps an IP address to a reverse name

How do resolvers work

• What happens when you set resolvers in PC (Windows) And / Or Router

– A browser 1st checks its internal cache of recent queries which it checks initially otherwise it asks the
system resolver for DNS queries (/etc/hosts) else it forwards requests to another resolver.

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Types of DNS Servers

• Recursive:
– A DNS server which queries other servers until it finds answer to the queried domain. They maintain
a cache which is initially checked before sending the app’s query to another NS.
• Iterative:
– To be explained
• Authoritative-Only :
– Only answers those queries for which it stores the zones. Does not respond to recursive queries &
cache query results.
• Caching :

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– It handles recursive queries from clients which handles queries received from the OS stub resolver
(/etc/hosts).
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• DNS Explained via YouTube

Why are there are only 13-root DNS servers

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

Configuration

Bind Configuration / Tweaks

• [Link]
• [Link]

Managing DNS Better

• [Link]
• [Link]

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Troubleshooting & Log Parsing

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

Check DNS Propagation Issues

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

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