Linear Equations

Ch-5,10,14
Fatima Hussain
Graph the function y = f(x) = 2(x) – 1 for values of x from -2 to
2.
Table of Values

f (x) = 2(x) – 1 = y POINTS

(2, 3)
f (-2) = 2(-2) – 1 = -5 (-2, -5)
f (-1) = 2(-1) – 1 = -3 (-1, -3) (0.5, 0)

f (0) = 2(0) – 1 = -1 (0, -1) (1, 1)

f (1) = 2(1) – 1 = 1 (1, 1)

▪
f (2) = 2(2) – 1 = 3 (2, 3) (0, -1)

(-1, -3)

(-2, -5)
DEFINITIONS
rise y2  y1
slope = m = =
run x2  x1 m = +1

▪ Slope-Intercept Form
m = -1

y = mx + b

slope y-intercept
Find the slope of the line connecting the points (-3, 5) and
(4, -6)

rise y 2 - y1
slope = m = =
run x 2 - x1
(5)  (  6 )
 m = slope

(  3)  ( 4 )
▪
 11

7
11 4
A N S: slope =  or  1 or  1.571
7 7
 EXAMPLE
Write the equation of the straight line, in slope-intercept form,
that has a slope m = 2 and a y intercept = 3. Make a graph.

y = mx + b
(0, 3)

y = 2x + 3
(-1.5, 0)

ANS: y  2x  3
The formula for the power P dissipated in a resister carrying a current of
i amperes (A) is P  i 2 R watts (W) where R is the resistance in ohms.
Graph P verses i for a resistance of 10 000 . Take i from 0 to 10 A.

Table of Values
i (A) P (kW) (10, 1 000)

0 0
1 10
2 40
3 90
(6, 360)
4 160
5 250
6 360 (0. 0)

7 490
8 640
9 810
10 1 000
Linear Equations

▪ Equations of a straight line

▪ Having degree 1
▪ Set of 2 or more equations working together is system of equations
and also called simultaneous equations.
▪ Solving system of equations:
▪ Graphing method
▪ Elimination method
▪ Substitution method
Solve by the addition-subtraction method
3x  y  1
x y 3

Solve for x Check:

3x  y  1 3( x)  ( y)  1
x y 3
 __________ (x)  ( y )  3
Add
4x 4 3(1)  (2)  1
x 1 (1)  (2)  3
Solve for y 3 - 2 = 1 (checks)
3( x)  y  1 1+ 2 = 3 (checks)

3(1)  y  1
y2 ANS: x 1
y2
 2 x  3 y  4
x y 3
▪ Solve by the addition-subtraction method:
Solve for x
2 x  3 y  4 2 x  3 y  4
x y 3 Multiply by 3 3x  3 y  9
 _____________ Add
5x 5
x 1

Solve for y Check:

2(1)  3(2)  4 2 - 6 = -4 (checks)
2( x)  3 y  4 (1)  (2)  3 1+ 2 = 3 (checks)
2(1)  3 y  4
y2 ANS: x 1
y2
 5 x  3 y  19
EXAMPLE 7x  4 y  2
▪ Solve by the addition-subtraction method:
Solve for x
5 x  3 y  19 Multiply by 4 20 x  12 y  76
7 x  4y  2 Multiply by 3 21x  12 y  6
 _______________ Add
41x  82
x2

Solve for y Check:

5(2)  3(3)  19 10 + 9 = 19 (checks)
5( x)  3 y  19 7(2)  4(3)  2 14 -12 = 2 (checks)
5(2)  3 y  19
y  3 ANS: x2
y  -3
Solve by the substitution method
7x  9 y  1
y  5 x  17

Solve for x Check:

Substitute (5x – 17) into the
7 x  9( y)  1 first equation (instead of y ).7( x)  9( y )
1
7 x  9(5 x  17)  1 ( y)  5( x)  17
7 x  45 x  153  1 7(4)  9(3)  1
38 x  152 (3)  5(4)  17
x4 28 - 27 = 1 (checks)
Solve for y 3 = 20 -17 (checks)
7( x)  9 y  1
7(4)  9y  1
ANS: x4
28  9 y  1 y3
y 3
 x y 5
 
2 3 6
▪ Solve for x and y: x y 7
 
4 2 4

Solve for x
x y 5
 
3x  2 y  5
Multiply by 6
2 3 6
x y 7
x  2y  7
 ___________ Add
  Multiply by 4
4x  12
4 2 4
x3
Solve for y Check:
(3) ( 2) 5 5 / 6 = 5 / 6 (checks)
3( x)  2 y  5 2

3

6 7 / 4  7 / 4 (checks)

3(3)  2 y  5 (3) ( 2) 7

 
4 2 4
y  2 ANS: x3
y  2
 10 9
 6
x 2y

▪ Solve for x and y: 20 15

 1
3x y

Solve for y
10 9
 6
20 y  9 x  12 xy
Multiply by 2xy
x 2y
20 y  45 x  3xy
 __________________ Subtract
20 15
 1
3x y
Multiply by 3xy 54 x  9 xy
y  6
Solve for x Check:
(21/ 4) - (-3 / 4)  6 ( checks )
20( y )  9 x  12 x( y)
10 9
 6
 40  2  6  (7 / 2)  (-15 / 6)  1 ( checks )
 
 21 
20(6)  9 x  12 x(6) 20 15
 1
40  40  (6)
x 3 
 21 
ANS: x  40 / 21
21
y  6
 2 3
  17
3x 5 y

▪ Solve for x and y: 3


2
 19
4x 3y

Solve for x
22  1   33 1   17 1 Subtract
Mx   5  Ny   17 Let M =
33 5  Multiply by 15 x10 M  9 N  255 Multiply by 8 80M  72 N  2040
3  1  22 1  Multiply by 12
1 9M  8 N  228
Multiply by 9 81M  72 N  2052
 _______________
M    N   1199 Let N =
M  12 (x 
1
4  x  33 y  y )
12

Solve for y Check:

10( M )  9 N  255
2 3 8  9  17 ( checks )
  17
1 1 9  10  19 ( checks )
3  5  
 12   15 
10(12)  9 N  255 3 2
  19
120  9 N  255 1
4   3 
1

1
 12   15  ANS: x  1 / 12
N  15 (y  ) y  1 / 15
15
 9 y  7 x  15
17  5 x  8 y
▪ Solve for x and y using Eqs. 63:

b2c1  b1c2 a1c2  a2c1

x y
a1b2  a2b1 a1b2  a2b1

7 x  9 y  15 (8)(15)  (9)(17) (7)(17)  (5)(15)

x y
5 x  8 y  17 (7)(8)  (5)(9) (7)( 8)  (5)(9)
Re-write both equations in Standard Form.

a1  7 b1  -9 c1  15 x
33
y
44
a2  5 b2  -8 c2  17 11 11
Substitute values given for a, b and c into Eq. 63.

ANS: x  -3
y  -4
 C  H  255000
H  1.75C
A coal plant and a hydroelectric plant together supply a city of 255000
people, with the hydro plant producing 1.75 times the power of the coal
plant. How many people could each plant service alone?

Solve for C
Substitute (1.75C) into the
C  H  255000 first equation (instead of H ).

C  (1.75C )  255000
2.75C  255000 Check:
C  92727 people (C )  ( H )  255000
( H )  1.75(C )
Solve for H (92727)  (162272)  255000
H  1.75C (162272)  1.75(92727) (approx. checks)

H  1.75  92727 
H  162272 people ANS: C=92727 people
H=162272 people
▪ Use Kirchhoff’s Law to write a pair of equations for the circuit
shown below and solve the equations for I1 and I2 .

EQ1: 18.2  207 I1  126 I1  207 I 2  0 EQ2: 9  207 I1  207 I 2  156 I 2  0

Solve for I1
EQ1: 207 I1  126 I1  207 I 2  18.2
EQ2: 207 I  207 I  156 I  9
1 2 2 Subtract

EQ1: 333I1  207 I 2  18.2 Multiply by 363 EQ1:120879 I1  75141I 2  6606.6

EQ2: 207 I  363 I  9 EQ2: 42849 I  75141I  1863
1 2 Multiply by 207
 ________________________
1 2

78030 I1  8469.6
I1  0.109 A (109 mA)
I 2  0.0867 A (86.7 mA)
 6 x  4 y  7 z  17
EXAMPLE
EQN 1

9 x  7 y  16 z  29 EQN 2

▪ Solve for x, y and z: 10 x  5 y  3 z  23 EQN 3

Eliminate x
EQN 1
6 x  4 y  7 z  17 Multiply by 3 18 x  12 y  21z  51
EQN 2
9 x  7 y  16 z  29 Multiply by 2 18 x  14 y  32 z  58
 ______________________ Subtract
2 y  11z  7
Eliminate x
EQN 1 6 x  4 y  7 z  17 Multiply by 5 30 x  20 y  35 z  85
EQN 3
10 x  5 y  3z  23 Multiply by 3 30 x  15 y  9 z  69
 ______________________ Subtract
5 y  26 z  16
Solve for z
2 y  11z  7 Multiply by 5 10 y  55 z  35
5 y  26 z  16 Multiply by 2 10 y  52 z  32
 __________________ Add
3 z  3
z  1 (con’t)
 6 x  4 y  7 z  17
EXAMPLE 9 x  7 y  16 z  29
▪ Solve for x, y and z: 10 x  5 y  3 z  23

Solve for y Check:

2 y  11z  7 6( x)  4( y )  7( z )  17
2 y  11(1)  7 9( x)  7( y )  16( z )  29
10( x)  5( y )  3( z )  23
2 y  11  7
6(3)  4(2)  7(1)  17 (checks)
y2
9(3)  7(2)  16(1)  29(checks)
Solve for x 10(3)  5(2)  3(1)  23(checks)
6( x)  4( y)  7( z )  17
6( x)  4(2)  7(1)  17
ANS: x3
6 x  8  7  17 y2
x3 z  -1
 x y 4
EXAMPLE xz 8
▪ Solve by the substitution method: x  y  z  10

Solve for x Check:

y  ( x  4)
x  ( y)  ( z )  10 ( x)  ( y )  4
x  ( x  4)  (8  x)  10 ( x)  ( z )  8 z  (8  x)
 ( y )  ( z )  10
( x)  ( y )  ( z ) x10
x  x  4  8  x  10 Re-write the first two

12  10  x (2)  (2)  4 (checks) equations in terms of

x such that y = (x – 4)
(2)  (6)  8 (checks) and z = (8 – x).

x2 (2)  (2)  (6)  10 (checks)

Substitute: (x - 4) into the last equation for y
and (8 – x) into the last equation for z.
Solve for y Solve for z
( x)  y  4 ( x)  z  8
ANS: x2
(2)  y  4 ( 2)  z  8 y  2
y  2 z6 z6
Quadratic Equations

▪ Equations with second degree is known as quadratic equation.

▪ Solve By:
▪ Factoring
▪ Quadratic Formula
W rite th e fo llo w in g q u ad ratic eq u atio n i n g en era l fo rm
an d id en tify a , b an d c .

5x2
7  4x 
3

5x2
 4x  7  0
3

 5x2  Ans: a  5, b  12
3  4 x  7   3 0 and c  21
 3 

5 x 2  12 x  21  0
▪Solve the equation for x by factoring:

x2  5x  0 Check
( x)2  5( x)  0 ( x)2  5( x)  0
( x)( x  5)  0
(0)2  5(0)  0 (5)2  5(5)  0

( x)  0 x0 0  0  0 (checks) 25  25  0 (checks)

( x  5)  0 x  5
Ans: x  0
x  5
▪Solve the equation for x by factoring:

x2  x  6  0 Check
( x) 2  ( x)  6  0 ( x) 2  ( x)  6  0
( x  3)( x  2)  0
(3)2  (3)  6  0 (2)2  (2)  6  0

( x  3)  0 x  3 9  9  0 (checks) 4  4  0 (checks)

( x  2)  0 x  2
Ans: x   3
x  2
▪Solve the equation for x by factoring:

x ( x  8 )  2 x ( x  1)  9 Check
( x)  ( x)  8  2( x) ( x)  1  9
x2  8x  2 x2  2 x  9 (3)  (3)  8  2(3)  (3)  1  9

x2  6 x  9  0 (3)  11  2(3)  4  9

33  24  9
( x  3)( x  3)  0
33  33 (checks)

( x  3)  0 x  3
A ns: x   3
( x  3)  0 x  3
EXAMPLE
▪Solve the equation for x by factoring:
3x  1 x  1

4x  7 x  7
L.C.D.
 3x  1   x  1  L.C.D.

(4 x  7)( x  7)    (4 x  7)( x  7)

 4x  7   x  7 

( x  7)(3x  1)  ( x  1)(4 x  7) ( x  7)( x  2)  0

3x 2  20 x  7  4 x 2  11x  7 ( x  7)  0 x  7
( x  2)  0 x  2
x 2  9 x  14  0

(con’t)
EXAMPLE
▪Solve the equation for x by factoring:
3x  1 x  1
 Check
4x  7 x  7 3( x)  1 ( x)  1 20 8
 
4( x)  7 ( x)  7 35 14
( x  7)  0 x  7
3(7)  1 ( 7)  1 4 4
( x  2)  0 x  2   (checks)
4( 7)  7 (7)  7 7 7

21  1 7  1

28  7 7  7

(con’t)
EXAMPLE
▪Solve the equation for x by factoring:
3x  1 x  1
 Check
4x  7 x  7 3( x)  1 ( x)  1 5 3
 
4( x)  7 ( x)  7 15 9
( x  7)  0 x  7
3(2)  1 ( 2)  1 1 1
( x  2)  0 x  2   (checks)
4(2)  7 (2)  7 3 3

6 1 2 1

87 27

Ans: x   7
x  2
EXAMPLE 11
▪Solve the equation for x by factoring:
4
3 x 1  4
x 1

 
x 1  3

x 1 
4 
   4
x 1 
 x 1 

 
x 1 3  
x 1  
 4 
x 1     4
 x 1 
 x 1 

 
x 1 3 
x 1   4   4  x 1 
3( x  1)  4  4 x 1 3x  7  4 x 1
(con’t)
Solve 30 = 5t + 4.9t2
(sec) (sec) to three significant digits
4.9t 2  5t  30  0
(a  4.9 b  5 c  -30)

(5)  ( 5) 2  4( 4.9)(30) 5  24.8

t t
2( 4.9) 9.8

5  25  588 t
5  24.8
t  2.02 sec
t 9.8
9.8
5  24.8
t t  3.04 sec
9.8
5  613
t
9.8
Ans: t  2.02 sec
A certain train is to be replaced with a 'bullet' train that goes 40.0 km/h faster
than the old train and that will make its regular 850 km run in 3.00 h less time.
Find the speed of each train.

RATE (km/h) x TIME (h) = DISTANCE (km)

(Distance/Time=Rate) (Distance/Rate=Time) (Rate x Time =Distance)

Old Train
(slow)
x (850/x) (x)(850/x)=850
New Train
(fast) (x + 40) (850/x)-3.00 (x+40)[(850/x)-3.00]=850
TOTALS - - -

Equation

 850  3.00 x 2  34 000  120 x  0

( x  40)   3.00   850
 x 
x 2  40.0 x  11 333  0
34 000
850  3.00 x   120  850
x (con’t)
▪Solve x2 + 40.0x – 11 333 = 0 by the quadratic formula.
x 2  40.0 x  11 333  0
(a  1 b  40.0 c  11 333)

(40.0)  ( 40.0) 2  4(1)( 11 333) 40.0  217

x x
2(1) 2

40.0  217
x x  88.3 km/h
40.0  1 600  45 332 2
x
(old train)

2 40.0  217
x x  128.5 km/h
2 (old train)

40.0  46 932
x Old Train = 88.3 km/h
2
New Train = 128.3 km/h
(88.3 + 40.0=128.3)
 R1  R2  780
EXAMPLE 1 1 1
What two resistances will give a total resistance of 780  
when wired in series and 105 when wired in parallel? R1 R2 105
Solve for R1
Substitute (780 - R1)
1 1 1
  from the first equation
into the second equation
R1 (780  R1 ) 105 (instead of R2 ).
105R1 (780  R1 ) 105R1 (780  R1 ) 105R1 (780  R1 )

1 1 1 Multiply both sides of

  the equation by the LCD
R1 (780  R1 ) 105 105R1(780 - R1).

105(780  R1 )  105R1  R1 (780  R1 )

81900  105R1  105R1  780 R1  R12
81900  780R1  R12
R12  780 R1  81900  0 (con’t)
 R1  R2  780
EXAMPLE 1 1 1
What two resistances will give a total resistance of 780  
when wired in series and 105 when wired in parallel? R1 R2 105

R12  780 R1  81900  0

(a  1 b  780 c  81900)

(780)  (780) 2  4(1)(81900) 780  529.91

R1  R1 
2(1) 2

780  529.91
R1  R1  655
780  608400  327600 2
R1 
2 780  529.91
R1  R1  125
2

780  280800
R1 
2 Ans: R1  655 when R2  125
(R1  125 when R2  655)