A CALCULUS PROBLEM BOOK

Leila Miller

Sarajevo, 2021

1
IMPRESSUM

A CALCULUS PROBLEM BOOK

Autor: Leila Miller

Izdavač: Internacionalni univerzitet u Sarajevu

Orginalni naziv izdanja: A calculus problem book

Za izdavača: Rektor, prof. dr. Ahmet Yıldırım

Recenzenti:

Doc. dr. Džejla Međedović

Doc. Dr. Nima Rabiei

Copyright © 2021 Internacionalni univerzitet u Sarajevu

Sva prava zadržana. Nijedan dio ove knjige ne smije se printati, fotokopirati, snimati ili na drugi način reproducirati,
spremati u obliku pogodnom za umnožavanje ili prenositi u bilo kojem obliku elektroničkim ili mehaničkim putem
bez prethodne dozvole autorice i izdavača.

CIP - Katalogizacija u publikaciji

Nacionalna i univerzitetska biblioteka Bosne i Hercegovine, Sarajevo

https:

ISBN

[Link]-ID

Sarajevo, april 2021

2
CONTENTS
Preface 4
Chapter 1 Limits and Continuity 5
1.1 Limits, Basic properties 6
1.2 Definition of limit 8
1.3 One-sided limits 10
1.4 Trigonometric limits 12
1.5 Limits involving infinity 13
1.6 Continuity 16

Chapter 2 Derivatives 18
2.1 Definition of derivative 19
2.2 Derivatives, Basic properties 21
2.3 The chain rule 23
2.4 Implicit differentiation 26

Chapter 3 Derivatives and the Behavior of Functions 27

3.1 Maxima and minima on a closed interval 28
3.2 First derivative test 32
3.3 Second derivative, Concavity 35
3.4 Graphing 38

Chapter 4 Basic Integration 45

4.1 Antiderivatives 46
4.2 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus 48
4.3 Integration by substitution 50

Bibliography 53

3
PREFACE
After teaching Calculus for over 20 years at 7 universities, using a variety of textbooks
it seemed natural to accumulate a vast number of good problems and exercises for
students. The purpose of this problem book is to offer students a useful supplement
to standard Calculus textbooks that includes a good number of exercises on all the
standard topics, ranging from elementary to more challenging. It is meant to be used
by university students in various fields (engineering, natural or social sciences etc.) as
a valuable aid in studying Calculus.

The topics cover limits, continuity, derivatives and their applications, graphing,
antiderivatives and basic integration.

4
CHAPTER 1 LIMITS AND CONTINUITY

1.1 Limits, Basic properties

1.2 Definition of limit
1.3 One-sided limits
1.4 Trigonometric limits
1.5 Limits involving infinity
1.6 Continuity

5
 1.1 LIMITS, BASIC PROPERTIES

Evaluate the following limits:

2x
1. lim x +
x →1 4 x +10
x−2
2. lim 2
x →2 x + 7 x+10

x −2
3. lim 2
x →2 x −7 x +10
2
x−2 x
4. lim 2
x →0 x −5 x

1 1
−
5. lim x+ 2 4
2
x →2 x −7 x +10

1 1
−
6. lim x 4
2
x→ 4 x −16

9 x−x 3
7. lim 2
x →3 x −5 x+ 6
2
1−x
lim
8. x →1 1 1
−
x+1 2
9. lim
√ x+ 3−2
x →1 1−x
10. lim
√ 4 + x−√ 4−x
x →0 3x
x− √ x
11. lim 2
x →1 x −x

1−√ x
12. lim 2
x →1 2 x −2

x −2
13. lim
x →2 2− √ x +2

¿ lim ¿ √ x2 + x− √ x 2 +1
14. x →1 2 x−2
¿

6
 15. lim
√ x−1−1
x →2 √ x +2−2

√ x2 + x−4−√ 2
16. ¿ lim ¿
x →2
2
x −4
¿
1
17. lim ¿ x sin 2
x →0 x
1
18. lim ¿ x sin
x →0 x

8 x (1−2 x ) 1−2 x 1
SELECTED SOLUTIONS: 1. , 2. 0, 4. lim =lim = - ,
7 x →0 x ( x−5 ) x →0 x−5 5
4−x −1
−1 −1
6. lim 4x = lim 4 x = lim =
x→ 4 4 x (x+ 4) 128
x→ 4 ( x−4)(x + 4) x→ 4 ( x+ 4)

( 4 + x )−(4−x ) lim 2 x
10. lim
√ 4 + x−√ 4−x √ 4+ x+ √ 4−x = lim
x→0 = x→0
=
x →0 3x √ 4+ x+ √ 4−x 3 x ( √ 4+ x + √ 4−x) 3 x ( √ 4+ x + √ 4−x)
lim 2 1
x→0 =
3( √ 4 + x+ √ 4−x) 6

√ x2 + x− √ x 2 +1 √ x 2 + x+ √ x 2 +1 lim x−1
14. ¿ lim ¿ 2 x−2 = x→ 1
==
x →1
¿ √ x + x+ √ x +1 2( x−1)( √ x 2 + x+ √ x 2 +1)
2 2

lim 1
x →1 1
=
2( √ x + x + √ x +1) 4 √2
2 2

17. 0 and 18. 0 (using the squeeze theorem).

7
1.2 DEFINITION OF LIMIT

In the following examples, given a, L and ε > 0, find δ > 0 satisfying the definition of limit.

1. f(x) = 2 x−1 , a= 1, L=1, ε= 0.1

2. f(x) = 2 x−1 , a= 2, L=3, ε= 0.1

3. f(x) = x +3 , a= -1, L=2, ε= 0.01

4. f(x) = −x +4 , a= 1, L=3, ε= 0.01

5. f(x) = −3 x−1 , a= 0, L= -1, ε= 0.3

1
6. f(x) = 2 x−1 , a= , L=0, ε= 0.5
2

1
7. f(x) = x+ 1, a=4, L=3, ε= 0.1
2

1 1
8. f(x) = - x+ 1, a=1, L= , ε= 0.1
2 2

8
 2
x −1
9. f(x) = , a= 1, L=2, ε= 0.1
x−1

x2 −4
10. f(x) = , a= 2, L=4, ε= 0.5
x −2
2
x −4
11. f(x) = , a= -2, L=-4, ε= 0.5
x+ 2

12. f(x) = x 2, a= 1, L=1, ε= 0.1

13. f(x) = x 2, a= 2, L=4, ε= 0.1

14. f(x) = 1−x 2, a= 2, L=-3, ε= 0.1

In the following examples, given a, L using the definition of limit show that lim f ( x )=L.
x→ a

15. f(x) = 2 x−1 , a= 1, L=1

16. f(x) = 2 x−1 , a= 2, L=3
17. f(x) = −x +4 , a= 1, L=3
18. f(x) = −3 x−1 , a= 0, L= -1
1
19. f(x) = 2 x−1 , a= , L=0
2
2
x −1
20. f(x) = , a= 1, L=2
x−1
2
x −4
21. f(x) = , a= 2, L=4
x −2
x2 −4
22. f(x) = , a= -2, L=-4
x+ 2

SELECTED SOLUTIONS:
1. δ = 0.05 since: 0 < ∣ x – 1 ∣ < 0.05 → 2∣ x – 1 ∣ < 0.1 → ∣ 2x – 2 ∣ < 0.1 → ∣ 2x – 1 - 1∣ <

0.1 → ∣ f(x) - 1∣ < 0.1, 2. δ = 0.05, 3. δ = 0.01, 5. δ = 0.1, 8. δ = 0.2, 10. δ = 0.5 since: 0 <

9
 2
x −4
∣ x – 2 ∣ < 0.5 → 0 < ∣ (x + 2) - 4 ∣ < 0.5 → ∣ – 4 ∣ < 0.5, 15. δ = ε/2 since: 0 < ∣ x –
x −2

1 ∣ < ε/2 → 2∣ x – 1 ∣ < ε → ∣ 2x – 2 ∣ < ε → ∣ 2x – 1 - 1∣ < ε → ∣ f(x) - 1∣ < ε. 16. δ =

2
x −4
ε/2 17. δ = ε 21. δ = ε since: 0 < ∣ x – 2∣ < ε → 0 < ∣ (x + 2) - 4 ∣ < ε → ∣ –4∣<
x −2

ε. 22. δ = ε.

1.3 ONE SIDED LIMITS

Evaluate the following limits or explain why they don’t exist

1. f(x) = {x2−x−3:: xx≤1>1

2

Find

lim ¿, lim ¿
−¿
+¿
x→ 1 f (x)¿ x→ 1 f (x),lim f (x), f (1)¿
x→1

10
 {
2: x ≤ 0
2
x +1 : 0< x <1
2. f(x) =
3 : x=1
5−x : x >1

Find

lim ¿, lim ¿
−¿
+¿
x→ 0 f (x)¿ x→ 0 f (x), lim f (x), f (0 )¿
x→ 0

lim ¿, −¿
lim ¿
+¿
x→ 1 f (x)¿ x→ 1 f (x),lim f (x), f (1)¿
x→1

{
−x : x ≤−1
2
x :−1< x<1
3. f(x) =
0: x =1
2 x+3 : x >1

Find

lim ¿, lim ¿
−¿
+¿
x→−1 f (x)¿ x→−1 f (x), lim f (x), f (−1)¿
x→−1

lim ¿, lim ¿
−¿
+¿
x→ 1 f (x)¿ x→ 1 f (x),lim f (x), f (1)¿
x→1

4. For y=f(x) find a so that , lim

x→ 1
f ( x ) exits

f(x) = {a2−x : x ≤1
2
x −3 : x>1

5. For y=f(x) find a,b so that , lim

x→ 1
f ( x ) exits

{
ax +b : x< 0
f(x) = 2−x : 0≤ x ≤ 1
a x 2−3 : x >1

Evaluate the following limits or explain why they don’t exist:

lim ¿
6. x→ 2
+¿ |x−2|
¿
x−2

11
 lim ¿
7. x→ 2
−¿ |x−2|
¿
x−2
|x−2|
8. lim
x−2
x →2

|x−2|
9. lim 2
x →3 x
lim ¿
10. x→ 4 |x−4| ¿
+¿
4 −x
|x−4|
11. lim
x→ 4 4−x
lim ¿
12. x→ 1 +¿
|2 x−1|
¿
2 1−2 x
|2 x−1|
13. lim1 1−2 x
x→
2
lim ¿
14. x→ 2 |x−2|¿
−¿
2
x −4
x+ 2
15. lim
x→−2 | x2 −4|
16. lim
| x2 −4|
x→−2 3 x +6

SELECTED SOLUTIONS:

1. lim ¿, lim ¿
−¿
+¿
x →1 f ( x ) =−2 ¿ x→ 1 f ( x ) =1 ,lim f (x)DNE ,f ( 1) =1 ¿
x→1

2. lim ¿, lim ¿
−¿
+¿
x →0 f ( x ) =1 ¿ x→ 0 f ( x ) =2 , lim f (x) DNE , f ( 0 ) =2¿
x→ 0

lim ¿ = 4, lim ¿
−¿
+¿
x→ 1 f (x)¿ x→ 1 f ( x ) =2 ,lim f ( x ) DNE , f ( 1) =3 ¿
x→1

4. a=4, 6. 1, 7. -1, 8. DNE, 10. -1, 11. DNE, 14. -1/4, 15. DNE.

1.4 TRIGONOMETRIC LIMITS

12
 1. lim
x →0
cos 5 x

2. lim sin 2 x
x→ π
lim sin 3 x
3. x→
π
2
lim tan 3 x
4. x→
π
3
sin 4 x
5. lim
x →0 x
x
6. lim
x →0 sin 4 x
tan 4 x
7. lim
x →0 2x
sin2 x
8. lim
x→ π x
2
lim ¿ sin 3 x
9. x →0 2
3x
2 2
10. lim x cot 3 x
x →0

tan 2 3 x
11. lim ¿
x →0
x2
x
lim ¿ sin2
12. x →0 2
2
x
sin 4 x
13. lim
x →0 sin 16 x
sin 25 x
14. lim
x →0 sin 5 x
tan 4 x
15. [Link]
x →0 sin 8 x

16. lim ¿ 1−cos 2 x

2
x →0
x
17. lim ¿ 1−cosx
x →0 x
18. lim ¿ 1−cosx
x →0 sinx

SELECTED SOLUTIONS:

13
 sin 4 x
sin 4 x x 4 1
1. 1, 2. 0, 3. -1, 5. 4, 7. 2, 13. lim = lim = = , 16.
x →0 sin 16 x x →0 sin 16 x 16 4
x
2
lim ¿ 1−cos 2 x = lim ¿ 2sin x = 2, 17. 0, 18. 0.
x →0
x2 x →0
x
2

1.5 LIMITS INVOLVING INFINITY

Evaluate the following limits:

lim ¿
1. x→ 0
+¿ 1 2
− ¿
x2 x
lim ¿
2. x→−2
+¿ x−1
¿
x+2
lim ¿
3. x→−2
−¿ x−1
¿
x+2
x−1
4. lim ⁡
x →−2 x +2

5. lim ¿ 2 x
x→ 3 ¿
+¿
x−3
lim ¿
6. x→ 3
−¿ 2x
¿
x−3
lim 2 x
7. x→3
x−3
lim ¿
8. 1−2 x
+¿
x→ 1 2 ¿
x −1
lim ¿
9. x→ 1
−¿ 1−2 x
¿
x 2−1
lim 1−2 x
10. x→ 1
2
x −1
lim ¿
11. x→ 1
+¿ 1−x
¿
x 2−1
lim 1−x
12. x→ 1
2
x −1

14
 lim ¿
13. x→
1
+¿
5
¿
2 1−2 x
lim ¿
14. x→ 0
−¿ 1 2
− ¿
x2 x
1
¿ lim ¿
15. x→∞ 2x
¿

1
¿ lim ¿
16. x →−∞ 2 x 2
¿
x−1
¿ lim ¿
17. x → ∞ x+ 2
¿
x+1
¿ lim ¿
18. x →−∞ 2 x−1
¿
x+ 2
¿ lim ¿ 2
19. x → ∞ x +1
¿
x2−2
20. ¿ xlim
→∞
¿ 2
x +1
¿
3
x −2
21. ¿ lim ¿
x→∞
2
x +1
¿
x3 −2
¿ lim ¿
22. x →−∞ x 2+1
¿
2 x 3−x +1
23. ¿ lim ¿
x→∞
4
x +1
¿
4
2 x +3
24. ¿ x lim
→−∞
¿
1−x
4

15
 ¿ lim ¿ √ x 2 +1
25. x→∞ 2x
¿

¿ lim ¿ √ x 2 +1
26. x →−∞ 2x
¿

√ x 2 + x+ 1
27. ¿ lim ¿
x→∞ 2−x
¿

28. lim √ x+ 3−√ x−3

x→ ∞

29. lim √ x +3−x

2

x→ ∞

30. lim
x→−∞
√ x 2+ 3−x

31. lim √ x + x +1−x

2

x→ ∞

32. lim
x→−∞
√ 2
x +1−x

Find vertical and horizontal asymptotes:

x−1
33. y =
x+ 2
x+1
34. y =
2 x−1
2
x −2
35. y =
x 2+1

2 x2
36. y = 2
x −1
1
37. y = 2
4−x

38. y= √
x 2+1
x
SELECTED SOLUTIONS:

16
1. lim ¿ lim ¿ lim ¿ lim ¿
+¿1 2
x →0 2 − ¿
= x→ 0 1−2 x ¿ = ∞ , 2. -∞ , 3. ∞ , 4. DNE, 5. ∞ , 11. x→ 1 1−x ¿ = x→ 1
+¿ +¿ +¿ 1−x
= lim ¿ ¿ =
x x x2 x 2−1 (x−1)(x+1) x→1 −1 ¿
+¿

x+ 1

1 1
x (1+ ) (1+ )
x+1 x ¿ lim ¿ x 1
−1 −1 ¿ lim ¿ ¿ lim ¿ = x→−∞ =
, 12. , 18. x →−∞ 2 x−1 = x →−∞ 1 1 2 , 22. -∞ , 25.
2 2 x(2− ) ( 2− )
¿ x x
¿
¿
¿ lim ¿
√ 2
x +1
¿ lim ¿
x √ 1+ 1/x
2
√ 1+1/ x
2
=¿ 1 , 26. - 1 , 28. lim ( √ x +3−√ x −3)
2 x = x→∞ 2x = ¿ xlim ¿
2
x →∞ →∞ 2 2 x→ ∞
¿ ¿ ¿
√ x +3+ √ x−3 = lim 6 1
x→ ∞ = 0, 31. , 32. ∞ , 33. From 2. and 3., x = -2 is the vertical
√ x +3+ √ x−3 √ x +3+ √ x−3 2

x−1 ¿ lim ¿ x−1

¿ lim ¿ = x →−∞ x +2
asymptotes, and x→∞ x+ 2
¿
¿
1 1
= 1 so y = 1 is the horizontal asymptote. 34. x = vertical asymptote, y = horizontal
2 2
asymptote. 36. x = -1, x = 1 vertical asymptotes, y = 2 horizontal asymptote. 38. x = 0 vertical
asymptote, y = -1, y = 1 horizontal asymptotes.

17
1.6 CONTINUITY

For the following functions, state for which x they are continuous:
1. f(x) = x 2+ 3 x −1

x−1
2. f(x) =
x+ 2

x
3. f(x) = 2
x −1

x−1
4. f(x) = 2
x −1

5. f(x) = tan 2x

6. f(x) = cot 2x

For the following functions, find their discontinuities (explain):

7. f(x) = { 2−x : x ≤1
x2 −3: x >1

{
2: x ≤ 0
2
x +1 : 0< x <1
8. f(x) =
3 : x=1
5−x : x >1

18
 {
2 : x ≤−2
2
x −3:−2< x <2
9. f(x) =
7 : x=2
3−x : x >2

{
−x : x ≤−1
2
x :−1< x<1
10. f(x) =
0: x =1
2 x+3 : x >1

11. For y=f(x) find a so that f is continuous for all x:

f(x) = {a2−x : x ≤1
2
x −3 : x>1

12. For y=f(x) find a,b so that f is continuous for all x:

{
ax +b : x< 0
f(x) = 2−x : 0≤ x ≤ 1
a x 2−3 : x >1

13. For y=f(x) find a,b so that f is continuous for all x:

{
ax+ b : x←1
f(x) = x+2 :−1≤ x ≤ 1
a x2 +b : x >1

(2 k +1)π
SELECTED SOLUTIONS: 1. All x. 2. All x ≠ -2. 5. All x ≠ , k integer. 7.
4
lim ¿
Discontinuity at 1 since: x→ 1 lim
f ( x ) =−2 ¿
¿,
x→ 1
+¿ −¿
f ( x ) =1 →lim f (x)DNE ¿ . 8. Discontinuities at 0 and 1
x→1

lim ¿, lim ¿
since: +¿
x→ 0 f ( x )= 1 ¿
−¿
x→ 0 f ( x ) =2 so lim f ( x)DNE ,¿
x →0

lim ¿ = 4, lim ¿ lim f ( x) = f(-1) = 1, only

+¿
x→ 1 f (x)¿
−¿
x→ 1 f ( x ) =2 ,so lim f ( x ) DNE .¿ 10. Continuous at -1 since x→−1
x→1

lim ¿
discontinuity at 1, since x→lim
1 f (x)¿
¿ = 5,
+¿
−¿
x→ 1 f ( x ) =1 ,so lim f ( x ) DNE .¿ 12. a=4, b=2.
x→1

19
CHAPTER 2 DERIVATIVES

2.5 Definition of derivative

2.6 Derivatives, Basic properties
2.7 The chain rule
2.8 Implicit differentiation

20
2.1 DEFINITION OF DERIVATIVE

For the following functions find f ' (x) using the definition of derivative:

1. f ( x )=x 2 +1
2. 2
f ( x )=x −x
3. 2
f ( x )=2 x + x
4. f ( x )=x 2 +4 x+1
5. 3
f ( x )=x +1
6. f ( x )=x 4
1
7. f ( x )=
x
1
8. f ( x )=
x +3
1
9. f ( x )=
1−x
1
10. f ( x )=
2 x+1
x
11. f ( x )=
x +1
12. f ( x )= √ x +2

21
 13. f ( x )= √2 x+ 1
1
14. f ( x )=
√ x+1

In the following examples, find the derivative of the function, from definition and find the
equation of the tangent line.

15. f ( x )=x 2 +1 , tangent for x = 1

16. f ( x )=x 2 + x , tangent for x = 0
17. f ( x )=2 x 2+ x , tangent for x = -1
18. 2
f ( x )=−x + 4 x , tangent for x = 2
1
19. f ( x )=
1−x , tangent for x = 0
1
20. f ( x )=
2 x+1 , tangent for x = -1
x
21. f ( x )=
x +1 , tangent for x = 2
22. f ( x )= √ x +2 , tangent for x = -1
23. f ( x )= √2 x+ 1 , tangent for x = 4

SELECTED SOLUTIONS:
2 2 h( x+ h+ x)
(x +h)2 +1−x 2−1 ¿ lim ¿ (x+ h) −x =¿ lim ¿
¿ lim ¿ = h →0 h h→ 0 h
1. f '(x) = h → 0 h ¿ = 2x. 2. f ' (x) =
¿
¿
2x-1, 5. f '(x) =
2 2
3 3 ( x+ h)
3
−x
3 h( ( x+ h ) + ( x+ h ) x + x )
( x +h) +1−x −1 ¿ lim ¿ = ¿ lim ¿
¿ lim ¿ = h →0 h h →0 h
h→0 h ¿ = 3 x 2 . 7. f '
¿
¿

22
 1 1 x−x−h
−
(x) = ¿ lim ¿ x+h x = ¿ lim ¿ ( x+ h ) x = lim ¿ −h = lim ¿ −1 = −1 . 12. f ' (x)
h→0 h h→0 h h→ 0 h ( x+h ) x h→ 0 ( x+ h ) x x 2
¿ ¿
¿√
x+ h+2−√ x +2 √ x +h+2+ √ x +2 1
= ¿ lim lim ¿ x+ h+2−x−2 = lim ¿ h =
h→0 h √ x +h+2+ √ x +2 = h→ 0 h¿¿ h→ 0 h ¿ ¿ 2 √ x +2
¿
15. From 1. f (x) = 2x, f ' (1)=2, f(1)=2
'

1
Y – 2 = 2(x – 1) so y = 2x. 16. y = x. 19. y = x+1. 22. From 12. f ' (x) = , f ' (-1) =
2 √ x +2
1 1 1 3
, f(-1) = 1, y – 1 = ( x+ 1 ) so y = x + .
2 2 2 2

2.2 DERIVATIVES, BASIC PROPERTIES

Evaluate the derivatives of the following functions using basic properties:

1. y=x 3 + x 2−3 x

2. y=2 x 4 +3 x 2−x +5

23
3. y=−2 x 5 +3 x 4−10 x

4. y=x −3 +2 x−2−3 x
1 3 −2
5. y= 5
+ 4 −x −x
x x
2
6. y= √ x +
√x
5
7. y= √ x + 3
3

√x
1
8. y=2 √ x − 3
3
2

√ x4
9. y=(√ x+ 2)( √ x−1)

10. y=( x3 +1 ) ( x 2−2 x )

11. y=( x−2+1 ) ( x 2−4 )

3 x +1
12. y=
5 x−1

x 2+1
13. y =
x2 −1
3 x+ 2
14. y=
1−x 2
3 x +2
15. y=(x +1) 2
1−x
x+1
16. y=(x +2) 2
x −4

17. y=
√ x +1
5 x−1

18. y=
√ x +1
√ x−1
19. y=2 sinx−cosx + x
sinx+1
20. y=
sinx−1
21. y=3 tanx−cotx+ secx

24
 tanx+1
22. y=
tanx−1
23. y=x 2 cosx

24. y=5 x 2 tanx

25. y=xsinx−3 secx
secx+1
26. y=
secx−1

SELECTED SOLUTIONS:
' 1 1
y =3 x + 2 x−3 , 4. y =−3 x −4 x −3 , 6. y = −
' 2 ' −4 −3
. 10.
2√x √ x3
2 x ( x 2−1 )−2 x ( x 2 +1 ) −4 x
y =3 x ( x −2 x ) + ( x + 1 ) ( 2 x−2 ) . 13. y ' =
' 2 2 3
2 2
= 2 2 19.
(x −1) ( x −1)
'
y =2 cosx+ sinx+1
cosx ( sinx−1 )−( sinx+1 ) cosx −2 cosx
20. y ' ¿ 2 = ' 2
2 23. y =2 xcosx−x sinx 25.
(sinx−1) ( sinx−1)
'
y =sinx+ xcosx−3 secxtanx .

25
 2.3 THE CHAIN RULE

'
(f ( g ( x ) ) ) =f ( g (x) ) g' (x)
'

(f ( u ))' =f ' ( u ) u'

Evaluate the following:

1. ¿¿
2. ¿¿

( √ x +1)
'
3. 2

4. ¿¿

5. ( √ x 3+ 4)
'

6. ¿¿

7. ¿¿
8. ¿¿
9. ¿¿
'
tan 3 x−1
10. ( )
tan3 x +1

Find y ' :

11. y=
√ 5 x−1
5 x+1
12. y= √ x + √ x

13. y= √ x + √ 1−x

14. y=x √ 2 x +1

26
15. y=x √ x+ √ x

16. y=sin ( sin( sinx) )

17. y=sin5 6 x

18. y=xsin5 6 x

19. y=cos2 3 x
3 2
20. y=x cos 3 x
5 2
21. y=x tan 3 x

y= √ x sin 2 x
3
22.
3
23. y=sec 4 x
24. y= √ x sec 3 4 x

SELECTED SOLUTIONS:
1. ¿¿ = cos ( 2x ) 2 = 2cos2x
2. ¿ ¿ = - sin (5x ) 5 = - 5sin5x
1 −1 −1
( √ x +1) = 2 (x 2+ 1) 2 (2x) = x (x 2+ 1) 2
'
3. 2

4. ¿¿ = cos ( 7x ) (7 x)' =cos ( 7x )

1 3 −1 1 3 −1
( √ x 3+ 4)
' 3 ' 2
5. = 2 ( x +4) = 2 3x
2 (x +4) 2 ( x +4)

' 1
6. ¿ ¿ = - sin (√ x ) ( √ x) = - sin (√ x ¿
2√ x
7. ¿ ¿ = cos ( cosx ) (cosx )' = cos (cosx) (- sinx) = - cos(cosx) sinx

8. ¿ ¿ = sin(2x) + x ¿ ¿ = sin(2x ) + x cos(2x)2

= sin(2x) + 2xcos2x

9. ¿ ¿ = 5 x 4 sin(6x) + x 5 ¿ ¿ = 5 x 4 sin(6x) + x 5cos (6x)6

27
 = 5 x 4sin(6x) + 6 x 5 cos ⁡(6 x )
' '
tan 3 x−1 ' ( tan 3 x−1) ( tan3 x +1 )−(tan 3 x−1)(tan 3 x+ 1)
10. ( ) = 2
tan3 x +1 (tan3 x +1)

2 2
3 sec 3 x ( tan 3 x+1 )−(tan 3 x −1)3 sec 3 x 2
6 sec 3 x
= 2 = 2
(tan 3 x+1) (tan 3 x +1)

1 5 x −1 −1 5 x −1 ' 1 5 x −1 −1 5 ( 5 x +1 )− (5 x−1 ) 5
'
11. y = ( ) (
2
)= ( )2
2 5 x+1 5 x+1 2 5 x+1 (5 x+1)2

1 5 x −1 −1 10
= ( )2
2 5 x+1 (5 x +1)
2

x
14. y =√ 2 x +1+
'
16. y ' =cos ( sin ( sinx )) cos ( sinx ) cosx .20.
√ 2 x +1
1
y =3 x cos 3 x−6 x cos 3 x sin 3 x . 24. y =
' 2 2 3 '
sec 3 4 x+ 12 √ x sec 3 4 xtan 4 x .
2√x

28
 1.4 Implicit differentiation

Find y ' implicitly:

1. x 2+ y 2=4
2. x 2+ y 2=25
3. 4 x2 + y 2=16
4. 4 x2 +9 y 2=36
5. x 2− y 2=4
6. 9 y 2−4 x 2=36
7. x 3+ y 3=1+ xy
8. x 3+ y 3=9−xy
9. x 4 + y 4 =1+ x 2 y 2
10. x 4 + y 4 =1+3 x y 2
11. cos ( x + y )=1−x 2
12. sin ( xy )=1− y 2

In the following examples find y ' and the equation of the tangent line:

13. x 2+ y 2=25 , tangent at (3,4).

14. x 2+ y 2=25 , tangent at (3,-4).
15. x 3+ y 3=1+ xy , tangent at (1,0)
16. x 3+ y 3=1+ xy , tangent at (1,-1)
17. x 3+ y 3=1+ x 2 y , tangent at (1,-1)

Find y ' ' implicitly:

18. x 2+ y 2=25
19. 4 x2 + y 2=16
20. x 2− y 2=4
21. x 3+ y 3=1+ xy

29
22. x 4 + y 4 =1+ x 2 y 2

SELECTED SOLUTIONS:

' −x ' −x ' −4 x ' x ' y−3 x 2 ' 2 x y 2 −4 x 3

1. y = , 2. y = , 3. y = , 5. y = , 7. y = 2 , 9. y = 3 .
y y y y 3 y −x 4 y −2 x y
2

' −2 x +sin ⁡( x+ y) ' 3 3

11. y = 14. y = , y +4= (x−3), 15. y ' =3 , y=3 x−3 ,
sin ⁡( x + y ) 4 4
' ' −25 ' ' −4
18. y = 3 , 20. y = 3 .
y y

CHAPTER 3 DERIVATIVES AND BEHAVIOR OF FUNCTIONS

3.1 Maxima and minima on a closed interval

3.2 First derivative test
3.3 Second derivative, Concavity
3.4 Graphing

30
 3.1 MAXIMA AND MINIMA ON A CLOSED INTERVAL

In the following examples find the critical points:

1. f ( x )=x 4 −2 x2 + 3 .2 . f ( x ) =4 x 3−3 x 4

3. f(x) = 3 x 5 – 5 x 3

x4 x2
4. f(x) = −
4 2
9
5. F(x) = x +
x
4
6. F(x) = x +
x−1
2 16
7. F(x) = x + 2
x
x
8. F(x) = sin
2

Find the MAX/MIN of the function on a given interval:

9. F(x) = 3 x 5 – 5 x 3 on [0, 2]
x4 x2
10. F(x) = − on [-1, 1]
4 2

31
 9
11. F(x) = x + on [1,6]:
x
9
12. F(x) = x + on [-3,-1]:
x
2 16
13. F(x) = x + 2 on [1,4]:
x
14. f(x) = √ 4−x 2 on [-2,2]

15. f(x) = x √ 4−x on [-1,4]

π π
16. f(x) = sin 2x on [- , ¿
4 4

SELECTED SOLUTIONS:

1. f(x) = x 4 −2 x 2 + 3

f ' ( x ) = 4 x 3 – 4x = 0 so 4x( x 2−1 ¿ = 4x(x-1)(x+1) = 0

Critical points are 0, -1, 1
3.f(x) = 3 x 5 – 5 x 3
'
f ( x ) = 15 x 4 – 15 x 2 = 0 15 x 2( x 2−1 ¿= 15 x 2 ( x−1 ) ( x+ 1 )=0

Critical points are 0, -1, 1

9
5.f(x) = x +
x
−9 x2 −9
f '(x) = 1 2 =0 so = 0 i.e. x 2−9 = (x-3)(x+3) = 0
x x2
Critical points are -3, 3.
2 16
7.f(x) = x + =0
x2
−32 2 x 4 −32
f ' ( x ) = 2x =0 so = 0 i.e. 2(x ¿¿ 4−16)¿ =
x3 x
3

32
 2( x 2−4 ¿(x 2+ 4)=¿2 (x-2)(x+2)(x 2+ 4) = 0

Critical points are -2, 2.

8. Critical points: (2k+1)𝝅, k integer.
In the following solutions, we make use of the next theorem.
THEOREM Suppose that y = f(x) is continuous function on a closed interval [a,b]. Then f has
points of (global) maximum and minimum in [a,b].
Suppose we have a function continuous on [a,b], differentiable in (a,b).
To find the MAX and MIN of y = f(x) for [a,b]:
1. MAX/MIN must occur at a, b or critical points in (a,b)
2. Find the critical points inside (a,b)
3. Compare the values of f(x) at a,b, critical points in (a,b)

9. Find the MAX/MIN of F(x) = 3 x 5 – 5 x 3 on [0, 2]:

MAX/MIN will occur among 0,2, crit. points in (0,2)

Find critical points in (0,2):

f ' ( x ) = 15 x 4 – 15 x 2 = 0 15 x 2( x 2−1 ¿= 15 x 2 ( x−1 ) ( x+ 1 )=0

Critical points are 0, -1, 1 so crit. points in (0,2): x=1

Compare:
f(0) = 0 , f(1) = -2 , f(2) = 96 – 40 = 56
MAX IS AT 2, MIN IS AT 1
9
11. Find MAX/MIN of F(x) = x + on [1,6]:
x
MAX/MIN will occur among 1,6, crit. points in (1,6)
Find critical points in (1,6):
2
' −9 x −9
f (x) = 1 2 = 0 so 2 = 0 i.e. x 2−9 = (x-3)(x+3) = 0
x x
So critical points are -3,3 so crit. points in (1,6): x=3
Compare:
f(1) = 10 , f(6) = 6 + 9/6 = 15/2 , f(3) = 6

33
 MAX IS AT 1, MIN IS AT 3
9
12. Find MAX/MIN of F(x) = x + on [-3,-1]:
x
MAX/MIN will occur among -3,-1, crit. points in (-3,-1)
Find critical points in (-3,-1):

' −9 x2 −9
f (x) = 1 2 = 0 so = 0 i.e. x 2−9 = (x-3)(x+3) = 0
x x2
So critical points are -3,3 so crit. points in (-3,-1): NONE
Compare:
f(-3) = -6 , f(-1) = -10
MAX IS AT -3, MIN IS AT -1
2 16
13. Find MAX/MIN of F(x) = = x + 2 on [1,4]:
x
MAX/MIN will occur among 1,4, crit. points in (1,4)
Find critical points in (1,4):

' −32 2 x 4 −32

f ( x ) = 2x =0 so = 0 i.e. 2(x ¿¿ 4−16)¿ =
x3 x
3

2( x 2−4 ¿(x 2+ 4)=¿2 (x-2)(x+2)(x 2+ 4) = 0

Critical points are -2, 2 so crit. points in (1,4): x=2

Compare:
f(1) = 17 , f(4) = 17 , f(2) = 8
MAX IS AT 1,4 MIN IS AT 2

14. MAX at f(0) = 2, MIN at f(-2) = f(2) = 0.

34
 3.2 FIRST DERIVATIVE TEST

The Mean Value Theorem

Suppose a function y = f(x) is:
1. Continuous on [a,b] ,
2. Differentiable in (a,b).
f ( b ) −f ( a)
Then, there exists c in (a,b) such that f '(c) = .
b−a
Consequences of the Mean Value Theorem:

1. If f ' =0 in an open interval I, then f = CONST in I.

2. FIRST DERIVATIVE TEST:

35
 Suppose f is differentiable in I.
If f ' > 0 ,then f is increasing in I.
If f ' < 0 ,then f is decreasing in I.

In the following problems, use the First derivative test to find the intervals of
monotonicity:

1. f(x) = x 4 −2 x 2 + 3
2. f(x) = x 3−2 x 2
3. f(x) = 3 x 4 −4 x 3
4. f(x) = 3 x 5−5 x3
5. f(x) = x 4 + x 2
4
6. f(x) = x +
x
4
7. f(x) = x−
x
9
8. f(x) = x +
x
2 16
9. f(x) = x + 2
x
2 81
10. f(x) = x + 2
x
2
2x
11. f(x) = 2
x −1
1
12. f(x) = 2
4−x
x
13. f(x) = 2
x −1

SELECTED SOLUTIONS:

1. f(x) = x 4 −2 x 2 + 3

f ' ( x ) = 4 x 3 – 4x = 0 so 4x( x 2−1 ¿ = 4x(x-1)(x+1) = 0

The critical points are 0, -1, 1
We make a table:

36
 X -1 0 1

4x ---- ---- + +
x-1 ---- ---- ---- +
x+1 ---- + + +
f '(x) ---- + ---- +
f DEC INC DEC INC

f decreases on (-∞,-1), (0,1) and increases on (-1,0), (1,∞).

f has local minima at -1.1 and a local maximum at 0.

4. f ' ( x ) = 15 x 4 – 15 x 2 = 0

15 x 2( x 2−1 ¿= 15 x 2 ( x−1 ) ( x+ 1 )=0, critical points are 0, -1, 1

We make a table:
X -1 0 1
2 + + + +
15 x
x-1 ---- ---- ---- +
x+1 ---- + + +
' + ---- ---- +
f (x)
f INC DEC DEC INC

f decreases on (-1,0), (0,1) and increases on (-∞,-1), (1,∞). It has a a local

maximum at -1, and a local minimum at 1.
4 x2 −4
6. f ' ( x ) =1-
= -2,2 are the critical points and 0 is the point where the
x2 x
2

denominator is 0

x -2 0 2

x 2−4 + --- --- +

2 + + + +
x
f '(x) + --- --- +
f INC DEC DEC INC

f increases on (-∞,-2), (2,∞), decreases on (-2,0), (0,2) .

f has local maximum at x=-2 and local minimum at x=2.

37
 ' 4 x ( x 2−1 )−2 x 2 2 x −4 x
11. f ( x )= 2 2 = 2 2
(x −1) ( x −1)

x=0 is the only critical point and -1,1 are where the denominator is 0
x -1 0 1

-4x + + --- ---

2 2 + + + +
(x −1)
f '(x) + + --- ---
f INC INC DEC DEC

f increases on (-∞,-1), (-1,0) and decreases on (0,1), (1,∞).

f has local maximum at x=0.

3.3 SECOND DERIVATIVE, CONCAVITY

CONCAVITY TEST:
Suppose f is twice differentiable in an open interval I.
If f ' ' >0 ,then f is concave up in I
If f ' ' <0 ,then f is concave down in I.

38
 For the following functions, use the concavity test to find the intervals of concavity:

1. f(x) = x 4 −6 x2
2. f(x) = 3 x 5 – 5 x 3
3. f(x) = 3 x 4−4 x 3 + 1
4. f(x) = −x 4 + 4 x 2
9
5. f(x) = x +
x
8
6. f(x) = 2 x+
x
4
7. f(x) = x−
x

9
8. f(x) = x +
x
2 16
9. f(x) = x + 2
x
2 81
10. f(x) = x + 2
x
2 1
11. f(x) = x −
x
2
2x
12. f(x) = 2
x −1
1
13. f(x) =
1−x 2
x
14. f(x) = 2
x −4
1
15. f(x) = 2
√ x +1
x
16. f(x) = 2
√ x +1

SELECTED SOLUTIONS:

39
 1. f(x) = x 4 −6 x2 , f ' ( x ) = 4 x 3 – 12x

f ' ' ( x ) = 12 x 2 – 12 = 12(x-1)(x+1) = 0 so we make a table including -1,1

We make a table:
X -1 1

x-1 ---- ---- +

x+1 ---- + +
'' + ---- +
f ( x)
f Concave Concave Concave
up down up

f is concave up on (-∞,-1), (1,∞) and concave down on (-1,1).

-1.1 are called inflection points.

2. f(x) = 3 x 5 – 5 x 3 , f ' ( x ) = 15 x 4 – 15 x 2

f ' ' ( x ) = 60 x 3 – 30x = 30x (2 x 2−1 ¿ = 0 for x =0, -1/√ 2 , 1/√ 2

We make a table:
X -1/√ 2 0 1/√ 2

30 x ---- ---- + +
2 x 2-1 + ---- ---- +
f ' ' ( x) ---- + ---- +
Concave Concave Concave
f down Concave up down up

f is concave up on (-1/√ 2, 0), (1/√ 2,∞) and concave down on (-∞,-1/√ 2), (0,1/√ 2).
-1/√ 2 , 0 , 1/√ 2 are called inflection points.
9 −9 18
5.f(x) = x + '
f (x) = 1 so f ' ' ( x ) =
x x2 x3
We look at where the numerator/denominator is 0
So only x=0 goes in the table (0 is s not in the domain)
We make a table:

40
 X 0

18 ---- +
f ' ( x )=
x3
f Concave Concave
down up

f is concave down on (-∞,0), concave up on (0,∞).

9. f is concave up on (-∞,0) and concave up on (0,∞) 10. f is concave up on (-∞,0) and
concave up on (0,∞).

2 1 +1
11. f(x) = x − , f ' ( x ) = 2x 2
x x
2 x3 −1
f ( x ) = 2−
''
3 =2 We look at where the numerator and denominator
x x3
3
are 0. x −1=0→ x=1 and x 3=0 so x=0

So 0,1 go in the table

x 0 1

2 ¿ ¿-1) ---- ---- +

x3 ---- + +
' + ---- +
f ' (x)
f Concave Concave Concave
up down up

f concave up on (-∞,0), (1,∞) and concave down on (0,1). 1 is an inflection point.

12. f concave up on (-∞,-1), (1,∞) and concave down on (-1,1).
14. f concave up on (-2,0), (2,∞) and concave down on (-∞,-2), (0,2) , 0 is an inflection point.
16. f concave up on (-∞,0) and concave down on (0, ∞) , 0 is an inflection point.

41
3.4 GRAPHING
Graph the following functions, including domain, asymptotes, first and second derivative:
1. f(x) = x 4 −2 x 2 + 3
2. f(x) = x 3−4 x
3. f(x) = x 4 −2 x 3
4. f(x) = 3 x 5−5 x3
5. f(x) = −x 4 +2 x 2
2 x2
6. f (x) = 2
x −1
1
7. f (x) = 2
4−x
2x
8. f(x) = 2
x −1
x
9. f(x) = 2
4−x
1
10. f (x) = 2
x +1
x
11. f (x) = 2
x +1
4
12. f(x) = x +
x
1
13. f(x) = x−
x
2
x −5
14. f(x) =
x +1
x2
15. f(x) =
x−1
x2 −3 x +3
16. f(x) =
x−2
1
17. f(x) = 2
√ x +1
x
18. f(x) = 2
√ x +1

42
SELECTED SOLUTIONS:

1. DOMAIN: ALL x, NO ASYMPTOTES, f ' ( x ) = 4 x 3 – 4x = 0 so 4x( x 2−1 ¿ = 4x(x-1)

(x+1) = 0
Critical points are 0, -1, 1.
We make a table:
X -1 0 1

4x ---- ---- + +
x-1 ---- ---- ---- +
x+1 ---- + + +
' ---- + ---- +
f (x)
f DEC INC DEC INC

f decreases on (-∞,-1), (0,1) and increases on (-1,0), (1,∞).

f has local minima at -1.1 and a local maximum at 0. f '' ( x ) = 12 x 2 – 4 = 4(3 x 2-1) = 0 so we
make a table including – 1/√ 3, 1/√ 3 .
We make a table:
X -1/√ 3 1 /√ 3

x-1 ---- ---- +

x+1 ---- + +
f '' ( x) + ---- +
f Concave Concave Concave
up down up

f is concave up on (-∞,-1/√ 3), (1/√ 3,∞).

43
[Link]: ALL x, NO ASYMPTOTES, f ' ( x ) = 15 x 4 – 15 x 2 = 0

15 x 2( x 2−1 ¿= 15 x 2 ( x−1 ) ( x+ 1 )=0, critical points are 0, -1, 1

We make a table

X -1 0 1

15 x 2 + + + +
x-1 ---- ---- ---- +
x+1 ---- + + +
' + ---- ---- +
f (x)
f INC DEC DEC INC

f decreases on (-1,0), (0,1) and increases on (-∞,-1), (1,∞). It has a a local

maximum at -1, and a local minimum at 1.

f ( x ) = 60 x 3 – 30x = 30x (2 x 2−1 ¿ = 0 for x =0, -1/√ 2 , 1/√ 2

''

We make a table:
X -1/√ 2 0 1/√ 2

30 x ---- ---- + +
2 x 2-1 + ---- ---- +
f ' ' ( x) ---- + ---- +
Concave Concave Concave
f down Concave up down up

f is concave up on (-1/√ 2, 0), (1/√ 2,∞) and concave down on (-∞,-1/√ 2), (0,1/√ 2).
-1/√ 2 , 0 , 1/√ 2 are inflection points.

[Link] : All x ≠ -1, 1 ASYMPTOTES : VERTICAL: x=-1, x=1

2 x2 2 x2
HORIZONTAL lim = lim = 2 so y=2
x→ ∞ x2 −1 2
x→−∞ x −1

4 x ( x −1 )−2 x 2 x
2 2
−4 x
f ' ( x )= 2 2 = 2 2
( x −1) ( x −1)

x=0 is the only critical point and -1,1 are where the denominator is 0

x -1 0 1

44
 -4x + + --- ---
2 2 + + + +
(x −1)
' + + --- ---
f (x)
f INC INC DEC DEC

f increases on (-∞,-1), (-1,0) and decreases on (0,1), (1,∞).

f has local maximum at x=0.
'
−4 x 2 (x¿ ¿2−1) 2 x
) =−4 ( x −1 ) +4 x 2
'' 2
f ( x ) =( 2 2 4
¿=
( x 2−1 ) ( x −1)
2
−4 [−3 x −1] 12 x 2 +4
−4(x ¿¿ 2−1)¿ ¿ ¿ = 2 3 = 2 3
(x −1) ( x −1)

The numerator has no zeroes but the denominator is 0 at

-1,1 (asymptotes)

We make a table:
X -1 1

12 x2 + 4 + + +
(x 2−1)3 + ---- +
f '' ( x) + ---- +
f Concave Concave Concave
up down up

f is concave up on (-∞,-1), (1,∞) and concave down on (-1,1)..

2x
8. f(x) = 2 DOMAIN All x ≠ -1, 1
x −1
2x 2x
ASYMPTOTES: VERTICAL: x=-1, x=1, HORIZONTAL lim 2 = lim 2 =0
x→ ∞ x −1 x→−∞ x −1

so y=0

' 2 ( x 2−1 ) −2 x 2 x −2 x 2−2 (x¿ ¿2+1)

f ( x )= 2 2 = 2 2 =
−2 2 2
¿
( x −1) ( x −1) ( x −1)

There are no critical points and -1,1 are where the denominator is 0

45
 x -1 1

−2 ¿ ¿) --- --- ---

2 2 + + +
( x −1)
f '(x) --- --- ---
f DEC DEC DEC

f decreases on (-∞,-1), (-1,1), (1,∞).

2 '
−2( x + 1) 2 (x ¿¿ 2−1)2 x
) =−4 x ( x −1 ) + 2( x¿ ¿2+1) 2
'' 2
f ( x ) =( 2 2 4
¿¿ =
( x2 −1 ) (x −1)

4 x (x 2 +3)
−4 x( x¿¿ 2−1)¿ ¿ ¿ =
(x 2−1)3

The numerator is zero when x=0 and the denominator is 0 at

-1,1 (asymptotes)
We make a table:

X -1 0 1

4x(x 2+ 3) --- --- + +

2 3 + --- --- +
(x −1)
f '' ( x) --- + --- +
f Concave Concave
down Concave Concave up
up down

f is concave down on (-∞,-1), (0,1) and concave up on (-1,0), (1,∞) , 0 is an inflection point.

P( x )
SLANT ASYMPTOTES: when f(x) = and deg P = deg Q +1
Q( x)

then we have a slant asymptote y = kx+n.

46
 f (x ) f ( x )−kx
To find it: k = lim and n= lim
x→ ∞ x x→ ∞

4 x2 + 4
12. f(x) = x + = DOMAIN: All x ≠ 0
x x
ASYMPTOTES : VERTICAL: x=0, HORIZONTAL : none
2
f (x ) 2 x +4
SLANT: k = lim =lim
x +4
= 1, n = lim f ( x )−kx=lim ⁡ −x = lim 4 =0
x→ ∞ x x→∞ x 2 x→ ∞ x x→ ∞ x
x→ ∞

4 x2 −4 '
So y=x is the slant asymptote. f ( x )=1- 2 = -2,2 are the critical points and 0 is the
x x2
point where the denominator is 0

x -2 0 2
2 + --- --- +
x −4
2 + + + +
x
' + --- --- +
f (x)
f INC DEC DEC INC

f increases on (-∞,-2), (2,∞), decreases on (-2,0), (0,2) .

'' 8
f has local maximum at x=-2 and local minimum at x=2, f ( x ) = 3
x
The numerator has no zeroes but the denominator is 0 at
0 (asymptote)
We make a table:
X 0

8 + +
3 --- +
x
f '' ( x) --- +
Concave Concave
f down up

f is concave down on (-∞,0) and concave up on (0,∞).

x2 −5
14. f(x) =
x +1
DOMAIN All x ≠ -1 ASYMPTOTES: VERTICAL: x=-1, HORIZONTAL : none

47
 2
f (x) x −5
SLANT: k = lim =lim 2 =1
x→ ∞ x x→∞ x + x

2
x −5
n = lim f ( x )−kx=lim ⁡ −x = lim −5−x =−1
x→ ∞ x +1 x→ ∞ x +1
x→ ∞

So y = x-1 is the slant asymptote.

'
4 ( x +1)2 + 4
f ( x )=1 + = 2 . There are no critical points and -1 is the point where the
( x +1)2 ( x +1)
denominator is 0
x -1
2 + +
(x +1) + 4
(x +1)2 + +
' + +
f (x)
f INC INC

−8 ''
f increases on (-∞,-1), (-1,∞). , f ( x) =
3 the numerator has no zeroes but the
(x+ 1)
denominator is 0 at -1 (asymptote). We make a table:

X -1

−8 --- ---
( x +1)3 --- +
'' + ---
f ( x)
Concave Concave
f up down

f is concave up on (-∞,-1) and concave down on (-1,∞).

48
 x lim x
18. f(x) = DOMAIN All x, HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES x →∞
=1
√ x 2 +1 √ x 2 +1
lim x
=−1 so y=1, y=-1.
x →− ∞

√ x +12

' 1 −3 x
f ( x )= 2
3 /2 f is increasing on (−∞ , ∞¿ , f ' ' ( x ) ¿ 2 so f is concave up on (-∞,0) and
( x +1) ( x + 1)5 /2
concave down on (0,∞), 0 is an inflection point.

CHAPTER 4 BASIC INTEGRATION

4.1 Antiderivatives
4.2 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
4.3 Integration by substitution

49
4.1 ANTIDERIVATIVES

Evaluate the following:

1. ∫ 4 x 2+ 5 x−3 dx
2. ∫ 2 x 3−x 2+ 7 x −1 dx
50
3. ∫−x 5 +2 x 4 +8 x 2 dx
4. ∫ 4 x−2 +5 x−3−3 dx
2 4
5. ∫ x 3 − x 4 dx
3
6. ∫ 2 √ x+ √ x + 5 dx
8
7. ∫ 4 √3 x− 3 x dx
√
8. ∫ 5 cos x dx
9. ∫ 3 sin x dx
10. ∫ 2 sinx−cosx dx
11. ∫ 4 sec x dx
2

12. ∫ 5 sinx−secxtanx dx
13. ∫ sec x +2 secxtanx dx
2

14. ∫ tan x dx
2

15. ∫ 3 csc x dx
2

16. ∫ 2 csc x−3 sec x dx

2 2

2 4
17. ∫ 5 cos x + 3 − 3 dx
x x √
18. ∫ sec x +5 x −3 √ x dx
2 3 4

19. ∫
√ x+1 dx
√x
x−1
20. ∫ dx
√x
4 3
2 x + x −2 x−1
21. ∫ 3 dx
x

(
22. ∫ x 1+5 x− dx
2 3
x )
( 1 3
23. ∫ x 1+ − 3 dx
3
x x )
1
( )
24. ∫ (x ¿¿ 2¿+ x ) 1+ dx ¿ ¿
x

51
SELECTED SOLUTIONS:

x3 x2 −1 5 −2
1. 1.∫ 4 x 2+ 5 x−3 dx=4 +5 −3 x +C , 4. ∫ 4 x +5 x −3 dx = −4 x − x - 3x +
−2 −3

3 2 2
C, 8. 5sinx + C, 9. -3cosx + C, 13. tanx + 2 secx + C,
x−2 x 2/ 3 2
17. ∫ 5 cos x +2 x −4 x dx = 5 sin x + 2
−3 −1/ 3
–4 + C = 5 sin x −x−2−6 x 3 +C .
−2 2/3
4 5
x 12
18. ∫ sec 2 x +5 x 3−3 √4 x dx=tan x+5 − x 4 + C
4 5

19. ∫
√ x+1 dx = 1+ x−1 /2dx = x + x 1/ 2 + C = x + 2 1/ 2 + C 21. 2 x 4+ x3 −2 x−1 dx =
√x ∫ 1/2
x ∫ x
3

−2
∫ 2 x +1−2 x−2−x−3dx = x 2 + x + 2 x−1 + x2 + C, 22.

( ) ( 1x ) dx ¿ ¿ =
3 4 2
∫ x 2 1+5 x− 3x dx =∫ x2 +5 x 3−3 x dx = x3 +5 x4 −3 x2 +C , 24. ∫ (x ¿¿ 2¿+ x ) 1+

3
∫ x 2 +2 x + 1 dx = x3 + x 2+ x+C .

52
4.2 The Fundamental theorem of Calculus

Evaluate the following integrals:

1. ∫ x 2 dx
0
1

2. ∫ x 2−x dx
0
1

3. ∫ x 3 dx
−1
1

4. ∫ 1−x 2 dx
−1
1

5. ∫ x 2 +5 x dx
0
2

6. ∫ 2 x + x12 dx
1
4

7. ∫ √ x +1 dx
1
4

8. ∫ √ √x+1
x
dx
1
π

9. ∫ sinx dx
0
π

10. ∫ sinx dx
−π
π

11. ∫ cosx dx
0
π /4

12. ∫ sec2 x dx
0
π/4

13. ∫ 2
sec x dx
−π / 4
π /4

14. ∫ sec2 x+2 cosx dx

0

53
 π /3

15. ∫ sec2 x + secxtanx dx

0
1

16. ∫ ∣ x ∣dx
−1
0

17. ∫ ∣ x +1∣ dx
−1
1

18. ∫ ∣ 2 x−1 ∣dx

0
1

19. ∫ ∣ x ∣−x dx
−1
3

20. ∫ ∣ x−1∣ dx
0
1

21. ∫ ( x 2+1)2 dx
0
1

22. ∫ x ( x +1) dx
2 2

0
1 4 3
2 x + x −2 x−1
23. ∫ 3
dx
0 x
2 4 3
24. ∫ 2 x + x x−2
3
x−1
dx
1

1 3 1 2
x 1 1 x 1
SELECTED SOLUTIONS: 1. ∫ x dx = = , 2. ∫ x −x dx = ¿ ¿ 1 = - .
2 2

0 3 0 3 0 2 0 6
4 4 π

3.0, 4. 4/3, 8. ∫
√ x+1 dx = 1+ x−1 /2 dx=¿x + x 1/ 2 ¿ 4 = 5, 9. sinx dx
√x
∫ 1/2 1
∫
1 1 0

π /3
π /3
= -cos 𝝅 + cos 0 = 2. 15. ∫ sec x + secxtanx dx = tanx + secx
2
=
0
0
1 0 1

(√ 3 + 2) – (0 + 1) = √ 3+1. 16. ∫ ∣ x ∣dx=¿ ∫ −x dx + ∫ x dx

−1 −1 0

4 3 1
x2 0 x2 1 1 1 28 2 x + x −2 x−1
= −¿ +¿ = + =1. 21. . 23. ∫ dx=¿
2 −1 2 0 2 2 15 0 x
3

1 −2
x 1 9
∫ 2 x +1−2 x −x dx = x 2 + x + 2 x−1 +
−2 −3
= .
2 0 2
0

54
 4.3 Integration by substitution

Evaluate the following limits:

1. ∫ 2 cos 2 x dx
2. ∫ cos 2 x dx
3.∫ sin 3 x dx

4. ∫ sinx cosx dx

55
5. ∫ sin x cos x dx
2

6. ∫ √2 x+1 2 dx

7. ∫ √2 x+1 dx

8. ∫ √ x +3 dx

9. ∫ √ x + 12 xdx
2

10. ∫ (x +1) x dx
2 2

11. ∫ tanx sec x dx

2

12. ∫ tan 2 x sec 2 x dx

2

1
13. ∫ 3 dx
( x +1)
xdx
14. ∫ 2 3
(x +1)
1
15. ∫ (2 x +1)4 dx
16. ∫ √ sinx cosx dx

17. ∫ (10 x+3) dx

5

x
18. ∫ 3
dx
(x +1)
sinx
19. ∫ dx
(cosx +1)3

20. ∫ √2−x dx
4

cos √ x
21. ∫ dx
√x
x
22. ∫ dx
√ x2 +1
22. ∫ x √ x +1 dx

x
23. ∫ √ x+1 dx

56
 x
24. ∫ dx
√ x−2
6

25. ∫ √ x +3 dx
1

π /2

26. ∫ cos 2 x dx
0

27. ∫ sinxcosx dx
−π

π /8

28. ∫ sec 2 x dx
2

π /4

29. ∫ tanxsec x dx
2

1
xdx
30. ∫ 2 2
dx
−1 ( x + 1)

SELECTED SOLUTIONS:

1. u=2 x , du=2 dx ∫ 2cos 2 x dx=∫ cos u du=sinu+C=sin 2 x+ C .

1 1 1
2. u=2 x , du=2 dx ∫ cos 2 x dx= ∫ cos u du= sinu+C= sin 2 x+C .
2 2 2
2 2
u sin x
4.u=sinx , du=cosxdx ∫ sinx cosx dx=∫ u du= + C = + C.
2 2
2u
3 /2
2( x +3)3 /2
8. u =x+3, du=dx ∫ √ x +3 dx = ∫ √u du= + C= +C .
3 3
3
2
tan x
9. u=x +1 , 2 ( x +1 ) +C
2 2
2
11. u=tanx , +C 15. u=2 x +1 ,
3 2

57
−( 2 x +1 )
−3
( 10 x +3 )6 cos √ x dx
+C . 17. u=10 x +3 , + C . 21. ∫ dx u=√ x , du=
3 60 √x 2 √x

∫ cos√ x√ x dx=2 ∫ cos u du=2 sinu+C=2 sin √ x +C . 24. u= x-2, du=dx, x=u+2 ,∫ √ x−2 dx
x

u+2 u3 /2 u1/ 2 2
=∫ du = ∫ √ u+2 u dx =
−1 /2 3 /2
+2 + C = ( x−2) +¿ 4(x−2)1/ 2 + C. 25. From
√ u 3/2 1/2 3
6 3 /2 π /2
2(x+ 3) 6 54−16 38
8. ∫ √ x +3 dx= = = . 26. From 1. ∫ cos 2 x dx =
1 3 1 3 3 0

π /4
1 π /2 tan2 x π /4 1
2
sin 2 x
0
= 0. 29. From 11. ∫ tanxsec x dx=
2
2 0
= . 30. 0.
2
0

58
BIBLIOGRAPHY

W. Rudin, Principles of Analysis, 3 ed., McGraw-Hill International Editions, Mathematics Series, 2006.

J. Stewart, Calculus Concepts & Contexts, 3 ed. Metric Version, Thomson Brooks/Cole, 2006.

G. B. Thomas Jr., M. D. Weir, J. R. Hass, Thomas’ Calculus, 12 th ed., Pearson, 2010.

G. B. Thomas Jr., M. D. Weir, J. R. Hass, Thomas’ Calculus: Early Transcendentals, 12 th ed., Pearson, 2010.

59